2016—2022年河南省驻马店市182份小麦粉及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物污染水平与膳食风险评估

目的 分析小麦粉及制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）及其衍生物污染水平,并评估膳食暴露风险。方法 收集2016—2022年驻马店市小麦粉及制品182份,采用同位素稀释-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定DON、3-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（3-AC-DON）和15-乙酰基脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（15-AC-DON）的含量,分析DON及其衍生物的污染水平,根据成人膳食消费量评估膳食暴露风险。结果 小麦粉及制品样本中DON总检出率为87.4%。检出率分别为挂面96.4%、小麦粉92.0%、馒头86.2%、湿面条78.3%;超标率分别为湿面条10.9%、馒头8.6%、挂面7.1%、小麦粉4.0%。风险评估显示,慢性暴露量范围成年男性0.4～0.9μg/(kg·bw),成年女性0.5～1.1μg/(kg·bw);急性暴露量范围成年男性3.9～9.6μg/(kg·bw),成年女性4.6～11.3μg/(kg·bw)。结论 小麦粉及其制品中DON污染较为普遍,湿面条存在较高的DON膳食暴露风险,相同条件下成年女性的暴露风险高于成年男性。应持续关注小麦从农田到餐桌的全过程DON...     

烟台谷类食品脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物污染状况及暴露评估

目的了解烟台谷类食品脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物污染状况及居民膳食来源暴露水平。方法 2011年至2020年在烟台市13个县市区的种植环节、收购环节和销售环节按照随机抽样的原则采集谷类食品共375份。高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定样品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物,点评估方法估算人群脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物暴露量。结果谷类食品中DON检出率为62.13%(233/375),均值为83.04μg/kg; 3-DON均未检出;15-DON检出率为3.47%(13/375),均值为3.70μg/kg。谷类食品存在DON和15-DON的双重污染。DON在小麦及其制品中检出率高于玉米及其制品,χ~2=53.73,P0.05,具有统计学意义;15-DON在玉米及其制品中检出率高于小麦及其制品,χ~2=22.71,P0.05,具有统计学意义。不同采样环节污染状况无明显差异。烟台市居民谷类食品中DON及其衍生物每日膳食暴露量为0.2492μg/(kg·bw·d)。小麦及其制品造成的膳食暴露量分别占DON和15-DON暴露量的97.47%和91.67%。结论 DON总体检出率和均值均高于3-DON和15-DON,是主要的污染品种。小麦及其制品是主要的脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物来源食品类型。小麦及其制品和玉米及其制品的HQ分别为24.24%和0.68%,均小于1,证明风险处于可接受水平。     

河南省小麦粉及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物的分析检测

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定小麦粉及其制品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol,DON)及其衍生物(3-AC-DON,15-AC-DON)的方法,初步了解本省小麦粉及其制品中DON及其衍生物的污染状况,为相关部门制定政策及加强监管提供科学依据.方法 采集2019年-2020年河南省18地市...     

新疆市售小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的污染水平调查

目的建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)检测面粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的方法,并了解新疆市售小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的污染状况。方法采用负离子多反应监测模式,以~(13)C-DON为内标,样品用乙腈-水(86∶14,V/V)萃取后再用Mycosep TM 226净化柱净化。同时对新疆部分地州超市和农贸市场销售的84份小麦粉中DON、3-ADON、15-ADON的含量进行测定,数据结果采用GB 2761—2011《食品中真菌毒素限量》中规定的限量值,评价小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的污染水平。结果 3种毒素的浓度为0.5 ng/ml~500 ng/ml时,线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均0.990。在抽检的84份小麦粉中,3-ADON均未检出,DON与15-ADON的检出率分别为51.2%、28.6%,DON与15-ADON的联合污染率为22.6%。结论该方法适用于小麦粉中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的检测,新疆市售小麦粉中存在脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的污染状况。     

2022年山东省市售小麦粉真菌毒素污染情况调查

目的探讨2022年山东省市售小麦粉中15种真菌毒素的污染情况,为我国真菌毒素污染防治提供理论依据。方法2022年8-10月采用简单随机抽样法,在山东省8个城市采集260份市售小麦粉样品,采用同位素稀释液相色谱-串联质谱法检测小麦粉真菌毒素污染情况。结果山东省市售小麦粉样品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)检出率最高,为92.31%;其次为玉米赤霉烯酮(3.08%);再次为15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(1.54%)和伏马毒素B1(1.15%);黄曲霉毒素B1、伏马毒素B2和3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检出率均为0.38%;其余8种真菌毒素未检出。所有样品均未超标,15种真菌毒素的检出率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=3315.520,P<0.05)。DON污染的样品中,中低含量的样品占比高,鲁西北地区和半岛地区小麦粉中DON的含量总体分布均高于鲁中地区和鲁南地区(H=48.862,P<0.05),散装样品和定型包装样品的DON污染水平差异无统计学意义(Z=-1.268,P>0.05)。结论2022年山东省市售小麦粉样品中15种真菌毒素污染情况整体较轻,未有样品超出我国限量标准,DON是小麦粉污染的主要真菌毒素。     

UPLC-MS/MS测定婴幼儿谷物辅食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物

目的建立婴幼儿谷物辅食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)及其衍生物3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(3-ADON)和15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(15-ADON)的超高效液相色谱-质谱联用法(UPLC-MS/MS)。方法样品经乙腈-水(84∶16,V/V)提取,Mycosep226多功能净化柱净化。色谱柱采用Agilent EC-C18柱(2.1 mm×75 mm,2.7μm),流动相为乙腈-0.1%氨水溶液,进行梯度洗脱;质谱采用电喷雾离子源,在负离子多反应监测模式下进行检测。结果 DON、3-ADON和15-ADON在10 ng/ml~500 ng/ml时线性关系良好(r0.999),检出限(LOD)和定量限(LOQ)分别为0.8μg/kg和2.0μg/kg;在低、中、高3种浓度(4μg/kg、20μg/kg、40μg/kg)添加水平下,DON、3-ADON和15-ADON的回收率为87.1%~119.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.19%~6.20%。结论该方法简便、灵敏、准确、稳定,适用于婴幼儿谷物辅食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其衍生物的测定。     

中国谷物制品中重要镰刀菌毒素膳食暴露评估研究

目的了解我国居民膳食暴露脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(NIV)和玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)水平。方法超高效液相色谱串联质谱法对2009年国产小麦粉和玉米制品中DON等10种镰刀菌毒素含量进行检测,结合小麦粉和玉米制品的膳食消费量,重点对我国居民膳食暴露DON、NIV和ZEN3种毒素进行点评估。结果 (1)在平均消费水平,仍有2.5%的成人和10%的儿童摄入DON的量超过每日耐受摄入量(TDI)。在P75消费水平,人群通过不同DON污染水平的小麦粉和玉米制品(成人:小麦粉P90,玉米制品P97.5;儿童:小麦粉P50,玉米制品P75)暴露DON的量分别为TDI的1.72和2.02倍(成人)、1.19和1.09倍(儿童);无论小麦粉还是玉米制品,在毒素平均水平,儿童高消费(P90、P97.5及P99)人群的DON暴露量均超过TDI,分别是TDI的1.81～3.17倍(小麦)及1.47～3.97倍(玉米);在一般消费模式和高毒素污染水平(P99)、消费量P75和毒素污染水平P97.5以及消费量和毒素污染水平均为P90及以上的情况下,成人通过玉米制品暴露ZEN的量超过TDI,在消费量P50、P75、P90、P97.5和P99模式下,分别有多于1%、2.5%、25%、25%和50%的儿童通过玉米制品暴露ZEN的量超过TDI。(2)由成人和儿童小麦粉高消费量(P90、P97.5及P99)计算的DON关注水平、由玉米制品高消费量(成人:P99,儿童:P97.5和P99)计算的DON和ZEN的关注水平均低于各自的平均污染水平。(3)无论成人还是儿童,对污染高水平DON(P97.5及P99,儿童还有P90)的小麦粉和玉米制品的最大安全摄入量均低于各自的平均膳食消费量。成人由玉米制品中ZEN高污染水平(P99)计算的最大安全摄入量、儿童由小麦粉和玉米制品中ZEN高污染水平(P97.5及P99)计算的最大安全摄入量均低于各自的平均膳食消费量。结论儿童对3种真菌毒素的膳食暴露量均高于成人,是膳食暴露DON、NIV和ZEN的高危人群。长期摄入DON、ZEN高污染水平的小麦粉和玉米制品对健康造成危害的风险也较高。根据评估结果,我国现行DON和ZEN限量标准应下调。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定食品中4种真菌毒素残留量

目的建立同时检测食品中3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（3-ADON）、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（15-ADON）、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（NIV）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）的超高效液相色谱一串联质谱（UPLC-MS／Ms）分析方法。方法采用WatersAcquityUPLCBEHC18色谱柱（1．7μm,50mm×2．1mm）、乙腈一0．1％氨水流动相、柱温35℃、质谱采用电喷雾电离（ESI）多反应监测（MRM）负离子模式进行检测,样品以乙腈一水为提取溶剂,经C-18固体萃取吸附剂除去基质干扰,取10μl注入UPLC-MS／MS。结果3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（3-ADON）、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（15-ADON）、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（NIV）和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）在5～200μg／L范围内呈良好的线性关系,加标回收率在85．9％～109．8％,所测定的相对标准偏差在2．34％～5．20％之间。结论该方法灵敏、快速,经济,结果准确可靠,可为食品中4种真菌毒素检测提供可靠的分析方法。     

粮食中隐蔽型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇等多组分真菌毒素协同检测技术

隐蔽型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(masked deoxynivaleno1)是一类强极性结合态脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON),其在谷物中与谷物基质成分以结合态形式存在,用常规毒素分析方法检测不到[1-2].目前发现的隐蔽型DON主要有脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷(deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside,DON-3-G)和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-15-葡萄糖苷(deoxynivalenol-15-glucoside,DON-15-G)两种,其中以DON-3-G研究最多.为了在国际食品贸易中应对各国针对该物质采取的贸易壁垒措施,迫切需要建立快速、灵敏、准确协同检测隐蔽型DON及多组分真菌毒素的方法.     

液质联用同位素内标法同时测定小麦粉中7种真菌毒素

目的建立液质联用同位素内标法同时测定小麦粉中雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、隐蔽型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、镰刀菌烯酮、15-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、3-乙酰脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、玉米赤霉烯酮7种真菌毒素的方法。方法样品中添加同位素内标U-[13C15]-脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和U-[13C18]-玉米赤霉烯酮,经乙腈-水溶液(84∶16,v/v)提取,Romer Myco Sep 226多功能净化柱净化,Waters ACQUITY UPLCTMBEH C18(2.1×100 mm,1.7μm)色谱柱分离,三重四级杆质谱多反应监测方式检测,同位素内标法定量。结果 7种真菌毒素在线性范围内线性相关性r≥0.9996,检出限在0.020μg/kg~0.280μg/kg之间,加标回收率在83.5%~115.5%之间,相对标准偏差在2.15%~7.91%之间。结论该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、回收率好,适用于小麦粉中多种真菌毒素的同时检测。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.