肝大部切除术前选择性门静脉栓塞(PVE)的临床应用

肝大部分切除（半肝或三叶肝切除）术后所保存的残余肝脏容积（remnant liver volume，RLV）不足是术后并发肝功能衰竭的主要危险因素。正常成人切除超过70％有功能的肝组织是发生术后肝衰竭的高危因素。术前选择性门静脉栓塞（portal vein embolization，PVE）可使未栓塞侧的肝组织增生肥大，增大肝脏容积；栓塞侧肝组织萎缩，肿瘤可缩小。使原来不能耐受手术切除的部分病例可以耐受手术切除，提高肝切除手术的安全性，并且不会增加使肝切除手术难度。PVE还可减少肿瘤通过门静脉系统发生转移的机会和增加肝动脉栓塞化疗的抗癌作用。本文就肝大部切除术前选择性门静脉栓塞的发展、原理、方法和临床应用作一综述。     

选择性门静脉栓塞在肝叶切除术中的临床应用

手术切除肝脏巨大肿瘤或多发性转移瘤的安全性已大为提高,但半肝或肝三叶切除术后残余肝脏的功能不全仍困扰着外科医师。1986年,日本学者Kinoshita等提出选择性门静脉栓塞（portal vein embolization,PVE）作为扩大肝切除术前准备,并应用于肝癌的治疗。PVE使栓塞侧肝叶萎缩,而非栓塞侧肝叶代偿性增生,     

门静脉栓塞术在肝胆肿瘤手术治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨门静脉栓塞术在肝胆肿瘤手术治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾2017年1月1日至2019年5月31日我院收治的所有诊断为肝胆肿瘤且术前行门静脉栓塞术(PVE)的病例,比较患者行PVE前后残余肝体积(FLR)及残余肝体积与标准肝体积(SLV)比值(FLR/SLV)的变化,分析门静脉栓塞术对手术相关指标及患者预后情况的影响。结果本次研究共纳入了12例病人,他们PVE术前平均FLR为374.96±48.77 mL,术后平均FLR为518.47±102.98 mL,平均增加了145.70±75.81 mL(P0.001);术前FLR/SLV平均为(32.06±4.01)%,术后FLR/SLV平均为(44.45±8.54)%,平均增加了(12.44±6.3)%(P0.001)。病人PVE后等待时间平均为31.2±9.53天,其中9例进行了根治性手术,7例达到了R0切除,共1例病人出现了术后并发症(Ⅲa级)。结论门静脉栓塞术可以显著增加患者残余肝体积,使原本无法耐受手术的肝胆肿瘤患者获得手术机会,提高根治性手术率及R0切除率,减少术后肝衰竭的发生,同时可以降低术后并发症发生率,有助于改善患者预后。     

术前经皮选择性门静脉栓塞术在肝胆肿瘤的应用体会

目的探讨术前经皮选择性门静脉栓塞术在肝胆肿瘤治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾近2年来我院收治的因预计术后残余肝脏体积(FLR)不足而不宜一期手术切除的5例肝胆肿瘤患者,选择术前行经皮门静脉栓塞术(PVE),观察PVE治疗后的全身反应、各肝叶体积的动态变化,二期手术切除率及对患者预后情况的影响。结果 5例患者PVE后均有一过性肝功能损害,表现为轻度黄疸、肝功转氨酶增高等,但经过对症处理后很快好转,无严重并发症发生。PVE前平均FLR为397.7±41.6mL,FLR/SLV为33.8±1.9%;PVE后平均FLR为486.8±46.4mL,平均增加了22.4%,FLR/SLV为42.5±5.6%,平均增加了25.7%。其中4例患者行了根治性切除手术,均能达到了R0切除。PVE至手术切除间隔时间平均为20.2天,术后无1例发生肝功能衰竭。术后随访3个月～1.5年,手术切除患者目前均无肿瘤复发。结论术前经皮选择性门静脉栓塞术可以显著增加患者残余肝体积,使原本无法耐受手术的肝胆肿瘤患者获得手术切除机会,减少术后肝功能衰竭的发生,有效改善肝胆肿瘤患者的预后。     

门静脉栓塞术在二期精准肝切除中的应用

目的: 探讨门静脉栓塞术在二期精准肝切除的应用。方法: 分析7例在超声扫描及X线数字减影血管造影引导下,经皮经肝穿刺门静脉栓塞术后,行二期精准肝切除术的肝癌病人临床资料。分成肝硬化组3例和无肝硬化组4例,分别检测门静脉栓塞术前和术后肝功能指标及肝体积变化,总结二期手术切除。结果: 7例病人均成功实施经皮经肝穿刺门静脉栓塞术,其中6例病人达到肝脏体积代偿增大的预期效果,顺利完成二期精准肝切除术。1例结肠直肠癌肝转移病人在门静脉栓塞8周后,未栓塞肝脏代偿性增大体积未达到精准肝切除的条件,转外院顺利行拯救性联合肝脏离断和门静脉结扎的二步肝切除术。两组经皮经肝穿刺门静脉栓塞术后1 d,肝功能指标较术前升高（P<0.05）,予护肝治疗3~7 d后降至术前水平。未发生严重并发症。结论: 门静脉栓塞技术成功率高、安全可行。剩余肝脏代偿性增大明显,可显著提高二期精准肝切除手术率。     

腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术在二期肝癌肝切除术中的应用

目的 探讨腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术在二期肝癌肝切除术中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析2009年3月至2012年2月四川省人民医院收治的23例无法一期手术切除的原发性肝癌患者的临床资料.先行腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术,术后3～4周,经CT检查了解各肝叶体积及预计肝切除体积的动态变化,评估肝癌可切除性后再行二期开腹肝癌肝切除术.组间比较采用方差分析,两两比较采用q检验(方差不齐数据行对数转换).结果 选择性门静脉结扎术:23例患者均行门静脉右支结扎,其中22例于腹腔镜下成功结扎门静脉右支(2例因暴露门静脉右支困难,同时行胆囊切除),1例患者因分离门静脉时出血,中转开腹行门静脉右支结扎.3例多发肿瘤患者行腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎后1周加行TACE,其中2例行右半肝切除+健侧肝脏肿瘤RFA治疗.23例患者术后出现不同程度的肝区隐痛不适、低热、恶心、呕吐等非特异性反应,无腹腔出血、胆汁漏、肝脓肿等并发症发生;术后出现程度不同的肝功能损害,术后1周AST、ALT和TBil恢复至术前水平.术后右半肝体积逐渐缩小,术后3周患者右半肝体积为(590 ± 154) cm3,较术前(698±135)cm3明显缩小,术前与术后右半肝体积比较,差异有统计学意义(F=15.62,P＜0.05);术后3周左半肝体积为(408±149) cm3,较术前(331±68) cm3增生,术前与术后左半肝体积比较,差异有统计学意义(F=17.48,P＜0.05);预计肝切除体积占全肝体积百分比由术前的67％±15％缩小至术后3周时的60％±18％,术前与术后1、2、3周预计肝切除体积占全肝体积百分比比较,差异有统计学意义(F=12.35,P＜0.05).二期肝癌肝切除术:经CT检查评估后,23例患者中,2例因左半肝增生不明显、2例因术后(其中1例患者术前健侧肝脏发现转移癌)3周出现广泛肝内转移失去手术机会,2例失访,3例主动放弃二期肝癌肝切除术,14例在腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术后2～4周行二期肝癌肝切除术.手术切除率为60.9％(14/23).其中扩大右半肝切除2例、右半肝切除8例、不规则右半肝切除4例.二期肝癌肝切除术后患者恢复良好,无肝衰竭、严重腹腔积液、腹腔内感染等严重并发症发生,康复出院.结论 腹腔镜选择性门静脉结扎术治疗后预留剩余肝脏增生,使部分肝癌患者获得二期手术机会,且二期肝癌肝切除术后患者恢复良好.     

骶骨肿瘤动脉术前选择性栓塞的临床意义

目的探讨选择性术前栓塞骶骨肿瘤动脉的临床应用价值。方法对71例骶骨肿瘤切除术前患者行1~6次[平均(1.45±1.01)次]肿瘤动脉栓塞。记录患者术中和术后24h出血量和与栓塞相关的并发症。单次栓塞与多次栓塞后手术切除患者的出血量比较采用独立样本t检验。结果 54例患者在1次动脉栓塞后行肿瘤切除术;17例患者于2~6次栓塞后行肿瘤切除术。栓塞后手术患者术中和术后24h平均出血量(2457.75±1508.14)ml。单次栓塞后接受手术治疗患者的平均出血量(2200.00±1350.47)ml,多次栓塞后手术患者的平均出血量为(3276.47±1724.29)ml,差异无统计学意义(t=1.588,P=0.212)。骨巨细胞瘤、脊索瘤、软骨肉瘤和转移瘤患者出血量差异无统计学意义(F=0.592,P=0.623)。结论骶骨肿瘤切除术前的动脉栓塞可有效减少术中和术后出血,保证手术顺利进行。     

门静脉栓塞术在肝脏肿瘤二期切除中的应用

目的 探讨门静脉栓塞术在肝脏肿瘤二期切除过程中的作用与安全性。方法 分析总结5例难以一期切除肝脏肿瘤,先行门静脉栓塞术后再行二期肿瘤切除患者的临床资料。所有患者均采用B超及DSA引导下经皮肝门静脉左支穿刺法对门静脉右支进行栓塞。检测门静脉栓塞术后肝功能及肝叶体积变化,总结门静脉栓塞与肿瘤二期切除手术成功率。结果 5例患者均成功实施PVE术,术后出现一过性的肝功能减退,经保肝治疗短期恢复,未栓塞侧肝脏体积代偿性增大明显,达到预期效果;所有病例均顺利完成二期肝叶切除术,术后肝功能良好。结论 门静脉栓塞术成功率高、安全可行,对侧肝脏代偿性增大明显,达到预期目的,使得难以一期切除的肝脏肿瘤可以切除,从而提高肝脏肿瘤的切除率。     

原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的治疗方式探讨

目的　探讨原发性肝癌 (HCC)伴门静脉癌栓 (TTPV )的有效治疗方式。方法　回顾性分析和总结 1995年 1月至 2 0 0 3年 5月期间收治的 95例原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓患者的临床资料。结果　 5 8例行手术治疗 ,其中 6例行单纯肝肿瘤切除术 ,1、3年生存率为 3 3 .3 %、0 % ;5 2例行肝肿瘤切除加门静脉癌栓取栓术 ,其中 43例术后采用了肝动脉和门静脉双插管微量泵灌注化疗 ,其 1、3、5年生存率为 10 0 %、5 5 .8%、13 .9% ,9例未行插管化疗 ,1、3、5年生存率为 77.7%、2 2 .2 %、0 %。另 3 7例未行手术者中 10例行单纯肝动脉栓塞 (HAE) ,1、3年生存率为 2 0 %、0 % ;2 1例行选择性门静脉栓塞 (SEPV)联合肝动脉栓塞 ,1、3、5年生存率为 71.4%、2 8.6%、9.5 % ;6例未作任何治疗者均 1年内死亡。结论　手术治疗原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓有效 ,术后使用肝动脉和门静脉双插管灌注化疗可提高疗效 ,选择性门静脉栓塞联合肝动脉栓塞对不能切除的肝癌伴门静脉癌栓有重要作用     

经皮经肝选择性门静脉栓塞化疗术在原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓治疗中的应用

目的探讨选择性门静脉栓塞化疗对原发性肝癌的治疗效果。方法对38例合并门静脉瘤栓的原发性肝癌患者在行肝动脉栓塞化疗（TAE）基础上,联合应用经皮经肝选择性门静脉栓塞化疗术（SPVE）。33例为块状型,5例为结节型,其中直径大于10cm24例,5～10cm11例,小于5cm3例,肿瘤位于肝右叶29例,肝左叶6例,左右叶3例。血清AFP检测＞400ug／L21例,在200ug／L～400ug／L之间6例,（一）／＜200ug／L11例。门静脉瘤栓位于右支19例,左支者7例,右支＋主干6例,左支＋主干2例,左右支＋主干4例。结果治疗后门静脉瘤栓消失和缩小率为68．4％,肿瘤缩小率为76．3％,AFP转阴14例,4例呈一过性转阴或下降,总有效率为85．7％。9例获二期手术切除,术后病理证实,门静脉癌栓坏死率100％。术后随访,1年,3年存活率分别为73．7％和18．4％,远比单纯TAE治疗组高。结论选择性门静脉栓塞化疗是治疗肝癌合门静脉癌栓的有效方法。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Intrathecal administration of sameridine to patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery

Background: Sameridine, a new substance with both local anesthetic and opioid effects, was administered intrathecally for the first time to humans, i. e. in patients subjected to arthroscopic knee joint surgery.
Method: A dose-escalating (10, 15, 20 and 25 mg), open study was performed in 33 patients. Only two patients were included in the 25 mg group.
Results: Sameridine provided good quality of surgical anesthesia in all patients except those receiving 10 mg. The maximum level of sensory block, Th5–Th7, was reached within 30 min with a median duration of 3.6–3.9 h. The motor block was more profound with increasing dose, but never lasted longer than the sensory block. The influence on heart rate and blood pressure was minor and atropine and ephedrine were needed in four patients. No clinically significant ECG-changes were detected and no arrhythmias were recorded. Oxygen saturation and respiratory rate did not decrease in a clinically significant way and were not affected by concomitant morphine given i. v. postoperatively. There were few side-effects, the most frequent being mild pruritus (10/33).
Conclusion: Sameridine provided clinically adequate anesthesia for the patients receiving the doses of 15, 20 and 25 mg. Further studies are needed to evaluate the substance and it is of great interest to clinically investigate the opioid component with respect to postoperative analgesia.     

Reduction of Plasma Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin M Concentrations by Immunoadsorption Therapy with Tryptophan and Phenylalanine Adsorbents

Abstract Immunoadsorption (1A) therapy with tryptophan (TR-350) or phenylalanine (PH-350) adsorbents has been used to reduce the concentration of serum antibodies in human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)-immunized patients. Other forms of plasma purification have been reported to reduce the level of fibrinogen, which affects the blood properties. In this study we investigated the effects of IA therapy using both adsorbents on plasma fibrinogen and immunoglobulins G and M in 13 patients (8 patients were treated with TR-350, and 5 patients were treated with PH-350). During each session 1 plasma volume (2.8 ± 0.4 L of plasma) was processed through the immunocolumn and then returned to the patient together with the blood cells. Compared with the pretreatment values, the plasma fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM concentrations were significantly reduced after IA therapy (p < 0.01 for TR-350; p < 0.04 for PH-350). There was a positive correlation between the degree of reduction of plasma proteins and the number of IA treatments given. A nonpara-metric test (Wilcoxon's signed-rank test or the Mann-Whitney test) was used for statistical analysis. We conclude from our study that IA therapy effectively lowers the plasma levels of fibrinogen, IgG, and IgM and thus can be considered a valuable alternative to other blood purification methods.