肝移植术后胆道并发症的危险因素分析

目的 探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的临床特点及危险因素.方法 回顾性分析施行的172例肝移植患者的临床资料.选取围手术期45个独立变量进行单因素分析及Logistic回归分析,筛选出与肝移植术后胆道并发症相关的危险因素.结果 32例发生胆道并发症,患病率为18.6%,包括10例胆瘘,14例无胆瘘的胆管狭窄,5例无胆瘘或胆管狭窄的胆道结石,2例单纯胆道感染,1例单纯胆道出血.其发生的中位时间为22(3～585 d)d.Logistic回归分析显示急性排斥反应(P＜0.001),慢性排斥反应(P=0.030),留置T管(P=0.005),术后1个月的肝动脉阻力指数(RI)≤0.66(P=0.026)是术后胆道并发症的独立危险因素.结论 肝动脉血流动力学的严密监测、必要的预防性抗凝治疗、规范的抗排斥治疗、不留置T管的胆管重建方式有助于降低胆道并发症发生率.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症病因及预防

目的分析原位肝移植术后胆1道并发症的病因。方法回顾性分析307例尸体供肝和40例活体供肝原位肝移植的临床资料,总结术后胆道并发症的病因。结果40例活体肝移植受体术后胆道并发症的发生率5.0%,307例尸体供肝肝移植受体术后胆道并发症的发生率为18.9%;肝内胆道狭窄和胆道铸型结石形成等严重胆道并发症在活体肝移植和放置“T”管的尸肝移植未发生。结论缺血时间尤其热缺血时间是导致严重胆道并发症的最主要的原因,放置“T”管引流能降低胆道并发症的发生率。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防与处理

回顾性研究20例原位肝移植的临床资料，并结合相关文献探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的发生原因及防治措施。20 例患者中术后发生胆道并发症3例(15%) 。1例为术后1周内T管致胆管梗阻；1 例为术后3个月拔除T 管后胆漏，均经及时介入、置管引流而愈；1例为术后4个月弥漫性肝内外胆管狭窄经再次肝移植治愈。提示胆道并发症与留置T管、吻合等技术因素有关，而再灌注损伤、缺血性损伤是引起肝移植术后远期胆道并发症的重要原因。改进手术技术，缩短供肝缺血时间和确保供肝胆管系统的血供可减少胆道并发症的发生。     

肝移植手术相关并发症的防治

目的总结和探讨原位肝移植手术相关并发症发生的原因、预防及治疗。方法对1993年4月至2004年12月所实行的647例次原位肝移植患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果肝移植手术后共发生并发症73例,发生率11．3％（73／647）,包括血管并发症39例（6．0％,39／647）,其中肝动脉23例（3．6％）,门静脉6例（0．9％）,腔静脉10例（1．5％）,其中腔静脉并发症均发生在非腔静脉整形患者;放置内支架治疗肝动脉狭窄2例,均成功;肝动脉血栓形成者行再次移植治疗,成功率为4／6,再血管化和气囊扩张成功率分别为3／7和2／7;放置内支架治疗门静脉吻合口狭窄和腔静脉狭窄的成功率为3／3和10／10。发生胆道并发症34例（5．3％）,其中放置T管患者发生胆道并发症27例,未放置T管患者7例,两组吻合口胆漏、胆道狭窄和感染的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论传统背驮式肝移植术能有效预防腔静脉并发症的发生;放置内支架技术治疗血管狭窄性病变效果好;早期肝动脉血栓形成应采取再次肝移植;确保供肝胆道系统的血供是减少胆道并发症的关键;不放置T管的胆管端端吻合术,是胆道重建的首选术式。     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症治疗经验

目的总结原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的治疗经验。方法1999年2月至2004年2月,我中心采用胆总管-胆总管端端吻合术施行原位肝移植236例,96例采用置“T”管引流的胆管间断吻合;39例采用未置“T”管的胆管间断吻合技术;101例采用未置“T”管、前壁间断后壁连续的胆管吻合。结果全组术后32例(13·3%)发生胆道并发症,其中胆管狭窄24例(10·0%),胆漏6例(2·5%),胆管结石2例(0·8%)。3组胆道并发症发生率分别为17·7%、15·4%和7·9%,其中肝门部/肝内胆管狭窄发生率分别为8·3%,2·6%和1·0%。第3组胆道并发症发生率和胆管狭窄发生率显著降低(P<0·05)。20例胆管狭窄患者接受放射和/或内镜介入治疗,其中单纯吻合口狭窄治愈率90%,肝门部/肝内胆管狭窄治愈率60%。结论弃用“T”管的胆管前壁间断后壁连续的吻合方式能显著减少胆道并发症;非缺血相关性胆管吻合口狭窄和单纯肝门部胆管狭窄应首选介入治疗。     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防与诊治

目的　探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防、诊断和治疗。　方法　对 1993年 4月～2 0 0 1年 11月我科实施的 12 3例肝移植患者临床资料进行回顾性分析。　结果　 12 3例肝移植患者中11例通过胆道造影确诊为肝移植术后胆道并发症 ,9例治愈 ,1例好转 ,死亡 1例。胆道并发症发生率为 8 9% ( 11/ 12 3) ,与胆道并发症相关的死亡率为 0 8% ( 1/ 12 3) ,与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率为4 2 % ( 5 / 119) ,与肝动脉供血相关的胆道并发症发生率为 1 6 % ( 2 / 12 3)。热缺血时间 >3min、冷缺血时间 >8h组胆道并发症发生率明显升高 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论　保存性损伤和缺血性损伤是肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要原因。修肝时应维护肝外胆管的血供和警惕变异胆管的存在。改进T管置管方法可显著降低与T管相关的胆道并发症发生率。术后早期胆道造影有助于及时诊断胆道并发症。介入技术是胆道并发症的主要治疗手段。     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的内镜治疗

目的:探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)在治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症方面的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析2002年8月-2012年12月采用ERCP治疗8例肝移植术后胆道并发症患者的临床资料,其中胆道狭窄5例(吻合口狭窄4例,肝内型胆道狭窄1例),胆瘘1例,胆石和胆泥形成2例.8例患者共行ERCP治疗21次,对胆道狭窄患者行括约肌切开、胆管扩张、鼻胆管引流和内支架置放术等治疗;对胆瘘患者行鼻胆管引流及塑料内支架置放术等治疗;对结石患者行括约肌切开、鼻胆管冲洗引流术及取石网篮取石等治疗.结果:ERCP手术成功率为100％ (21/21);4例吻合口狭窄、1例胆瘘和2例结石患者均治愈,1例肝内型胆道狭窄治疗未成功,建议再次肝移植;术后胆道感染的发生率为14.3％(3/21),胰腺炎发生率为19.0％ (4/21),经对症治疗后均痊愈.结论:ERCP是治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症微创、安全和有效的方法.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防和治疗

目的探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症预防和治疗。方法回顾性分析我院24例肝移植患者临床资料。结果3例患者通过MRCP和ERCP确诊为肝移植术后胆道并发症,经内镜微创治疗1例1年后死亡,2例随访2年仍健康存活。胆道并发症发生率为12.5%,没有与肝动脉相关胆道并发症发生。热缺血时间>5 min,冷缺血时间>12 h,胆道并发症发生率呈明显升高倾向。结论保存性损伤和缺血性损伤是肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要原因,修肝时肝外胆管的血供和警惕变异血管的存在,不放置T管和肝动脉、门静脉同步开放可显著降低胆道并发症。MRCP、ERCP和肝活检是早期诊断胆道并发症的主要手段,内镜微创和再次肝移植则是主要治疗措施之一。     

经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入治疗肝移植术后胆道狭窄30例

目的 探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的可行性及其效果.方法 对292例原位肝移植术后出现胆道狭窄的30例患者分别行胆道球囊扩张术、胆道引流术和胆道支架置入术.结果 3例胆道狭窄合并胆瘘患者和3例单纯吻合口狭窄患者,经气囊扩张术和胆道引流后痊愈.8例肝内外胆管多发狭窄患者,经气囊反复扩张胆道狭窄段后,7例狭窄纠正而获得痊愈;1例经气囊扩张治疗后出现肝内血肿,再次行肝移植.14例肝内外胆管多发狭窄合并胆泥的患者,经反复球囊导管扩张后,12例狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解;1例置入胆道支架,后因大量胆泥造成支架阻塞而再次行肝移植;1例治疗后狭窄仍存在,黄疸无缓解而再次行肝移植.2例T型管引流口段狭窄行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后,狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解.结论 经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入是治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的良好方法.     

肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断和处理

目的 研究肝移植后胆道并发症的诊断和处理及分析相关因素。方法 回顾性研究Pittsburgh移植中心96例肝移植病人。结果 94例（97次移植）存活2d以上的病人，92例为端端＋T管的胆道吻合，随访时间为5.8个月（0.3-10.2个月）。分析发现92例病人中8例有胆道并发症（8.51%）；T管拔除时胆漏2例，术后早期胆漏2例，狭窄2例。75％胆道并发症有诱因，诱因：肝动脉狭窄2例，其中1例合并严重排斥反应；肝动脉血栓3例；供一受体胆管直径不匹配1例。冷缺血时间无显著性差异。5例有肝动脉血栓和（或）狭窄＞50％行再移植，另3例无肝动脉血栓和（或）狭窄＜50％经皮穿刺和内窥镜＋支架或行气囊扩张，所有病人均获得良好疗效。结论 肝移植术后胆道并发症发生率为8.51％（胆－胆端端吻合＋T管），胆道狭窄晚于胆漏，肝动脉检塞和（或狭窄是最重要的相关因素；无肝动脉栓塞和（或）狭窄，则无需手术治疗，若有肝动脉栓塞和（或）狭窄＞50％，应尽早做再次肝移植。     

T-tube drainage for biliary stenosis after living donor liver transplantation

The optimal strategies for bile duct stenosis after living donor liver transplantation with duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction remain unclear. Patients who underwent liver transplantation with duct-to-duct bile duct reconstruction (n=182) and were complicated with biliary stenosis (n=34) were analyzed. Treatment of biliary stenosis was attempted using an endoscopic approach or transhepatic biliary drainage. When this failed, the T-tube drainage technique was indicated. T-tube placement was performed in 14 patients. Intraoperative ultrasonography was performed to identify the bile duct. The common bile duct was cut open, a Kelly clamp was inserted and the stenotic portion was dilated, and a T-tube was inserted. The patients were scheduled to have the tube removed 1 year after insertion. Complications following T-tube placement or T-tube removal were negligible. The present technique can be an effective therapeutic option when endoscopic treatment is unsuccessful.     

Technique and results of biliary reconstruction using side-to-side choledochocholedochostomy in 300 orthotopic liver transplants.

OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated the complication rate and outcome of side-to-side common bile duct anastomosis after human orthotopic liver transplantation. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Early and late biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation remain a serious problem, leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Commonly performed techniques are the end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy and the choledochojejunostomy. Both techniques are known to coincide with a high incidence of leakage and stenosis of the bile duct anastomosis. The side-to-side bile duct anastomosis has been shown experimentally to be superior to the end-to-end anastomosis. The authors present the results of 316 human liver transplants, in which a side-to-side choledochocholedochostomy was performed. METHODS: Biliary tract complications of 370 transplants in 340 patients were evaluated. Three hundred patients received primary liver transplants with side-to-side anastomosis of donor and recipient common bile duct. Thirty-two patients with biliary tract pathology received a bilioenteric anastomosis, and in eight patients, side-to-side anastomosis was not performed for various reasons. Clinical and laboratory investigations were carried out at prospectively fixed time points. X-ray cholangiography was performed routinely in all patients on postoperative days (PODs) 5 and 42. In patients with suspected papillary stenosis, endoscopic retrograde cholangioscopy and papillotomy were performed. RESULTS: One biliary leakage (0.3%) was observed within the early postoperative period (PODs 0 through 30) after liver transplantation. No stenosis of the common bile duct anastomosis was observed during this time. Late biliary stenosis occurred in two patients (0.6%). T tube-related complications were observed in 4 of 300 primary transplants (1.3%). Complications unrelated to the surgical technique, including papillary stenosis (5.7%) and ischemic-type biliary lesion (3.0%), which must be considered more serious in nature than complications of the anastomosis or T tube-related complications, were observed. Papillary stenosis led to frequent endoscopic interventions and retransplantations in 1.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Side-to-side common bile duct anastomosis represents a safe technique of bile duct reconstruction and leads to a low technical complication rate after human orthotopic liver transplantation. Ischemic-type biliary lesion evoked by preservation injury, arterial ischemia, cholestasis, and cholangitis may represent a new entity of biliary complication, which markedly increases the morbidity after human liver transplantation. Therefore, this complication should be the subject of further research.     

原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的预防和治疗(附43例肝移植报告)

目的：探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的防治。方法：回顾性分析2001年10月至2003年3月的43例原位肝移植的临床资料。结果：本组43例行原位肝移植术的病人中，6例发生了胆道并发症，发生率为13．95％；计胆道狭窄3例，拔T管时胆漏2例，胆总管漏1例。前25例用UW液冲洗胆道，有5例发生胆道并发症．发生率为20．00％．后18例先用林格液彻底冲洗胆道，再用UW液灌注保存，仅1例发生胆道并发症，发生率为5．56％。留置T管的18例病人中3例发生胆道并发症，未放T管的25例中也有3例发生胆道并发症，发生率分别为16．67％和12．00％。6例胆道并发症病人中仅1例实施再次手术，1例死于严重的肺部感染，其余经PTCD充分引流、放射介入和(或)内镜气囊扩张并放置支架等治疗，均取得了满意疗效。结论：在切取供体早期用林格液彻底冲洗胆道系统，是降低胆道并发症的一种有效方法；是否放置T管取决于胆道两端口径的匹配情况和手术医生吻合技术的熟练程度，T管至少宜放置4个月；而胆道并发症的治疗大多可经非手术治愈。     

Randomized trial of choledochocholedochostomy with or without a T tube in orthotopic liver transplantation

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of biliary complications after liver transplantation in patients undergoing choledochocholedochostomy reconstruction with or without T tube in a multicenter, prospective, randomized trial. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Several reports have suggested that biliary anastomosis without a T tube is a safe method of biliary reconstruction that could avoid complications related to the use of T tubes. No large prospective randomized trial has so far been published to compare the two techniques. METHODS: One hundred eighty recipients of orthotopic liver transplantation were randomly assigned to choledochocholedochostomy with (n = 90) or without (n = 90) a T tube in six French liver transplantation centers. All types of biliary complications were taken into account. RESULTS: The overall biliary complication rate was increased in the T-tube group, even though these complications did not lead to an increase in surgical or radiologic therapeutic procedures. The major significant complication was cholangitis in the T-tube group; this did not occur in the other group. The incidence of biliary fistula was 10% in the T-tube group and 2.2% in the group without a T tube. Other biliary complications were similar. The complication rate of cholangiography performed with the T tube was greater than with other types of biliary exploration. The graft and patient survival rates were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSION: This study is the first large prospective, randomized trial of biliary complications with or without a T tube. The authors found an increase in the biliary complication rate in the T-tube group, which was linked to minor complications. The T tube did not provide a safer access to the biliary tree compared with the others types of biliary explorations. The authors recommend the performance of choledochocholedochostomy without a T tube in liver transplantation.     

Biliary Complications in Orthotopic Liver Transplantation Using Choledochocholedochostomy with a T-tube

Despite significant advances in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), biliary tract reconstruction is still a major source of complications. Choledochocholedochostomy with a T-tube used to be the standard procedure for biliary reconstruction after OLT. However, many centers currently avoid use of the T-tube because of the high incidence of complications. Our aim was to study the biliary complications occurring at our center when end-to-end choledochocholedochostomy (EE-CC) over a T-tube was used as the standard procedure for biliary reconstruction. A retrospective review was conducted of all patients who underwent liver transplantation from February 1, 1996, to April 30, 2010. Only patients requiring any therapy to treat biliary complications were considered, whereas those with concomitant hepatic artery complications were excluded. The study cohort consisted of 743 patients who had EE-CC with a T-tube.Of these, 73 patients (9.8%) experienced any biliary complication. Anastomotic strictures occurred in 17 patients (2.3%), and non-anastomotic strictures in 2 (0.3%). Fifteen patients with anastomotic strictures were successfully treated by dilatation and stenting. Bile leakage was diagnosed in 39 patients (5.2%). Leakage occurred at the anastomosis in 15 patients (2%), and at the exit site of the T-tube in 24 patients (3.2%). Tube opening was the only treatment used in 30 patients with bile leakage (76.9%). Seven patients experienced leaks after elective T-tube removal (1%). Overall, repeat surgery to manage biliary complications was needed in 9 patients (1.2%). The mortality rate from biliary complications was 0.13%. In conclusion, EE-CC with a T-tube was followed by a low incidence of biliary complications. The complication rate after elective T-tube removal and the repeat surgery rate were extremely low. These results might challenge the current trend to avoid T-tube stenting in OLT.     

活体肝移植的胆道重建技术及并发症分析

目的 探讨活体肝移植的胆道重建方法及并发症防治措施.方法 回顾性分析77例活体肝移植临床资料,其中74例行右半肝移植(带肝中静脉29例,不带肝中静脉45例),左半肝带肝中静脉1例,左外叶切取2例.胆道重建采用胆肠吻合或供肝肝管与受体肝管端端吻合.结果 供肝断面1个胆管开口为54例,多个胆管开口为23例;胆肠吻合2例,胆管端端吻合75例,63例留置T管;术后总体胆道并发症发生率为36.4%(28/77),其中胆漏为10.4%(8/77),胆道狭窄为26.0%(20/77).供肝单支胆道以及单个吻合口术后胆道狭窄的发生率明显低于多支胆道及多个吻合口(P<0.05).8例胆漏病人经过B超指引穿刺引流全部治愈,20例吻合口狭窄病人经T管窦道放置支撑管或通过ERCP进行扩张,肝功能全部或部分好转.结论 活体肝移植供肝切取术中注意对断面胆管血供的保护以及尽可能获得单一的肝管开口可有效减少术后胆道并发症的发生;内镜和放射介入技术是治疗胆道并发症的有效手段.     

A Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Biliary Anastomosis With or Without T-tube after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation

Biliary reconstruction continues to be a major source of morbidity following orthotopic liver transplantation. We wished to determine if choledochocholedochostomy without a T-tube was associated with fewer biliary complications and was less costly than choledochocholedochostomy with a T-tube. A retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent liver transplantation was performed. Patients were stratified into two groups: group I had bile duct reconstruction with T-tube and group II did not have a T-tube. The results were interpreted on an intention-to-treat analysis. We identified 147 adult patients who underwent initial liver transplantation. There were 76 patients in group I and 71 patients in group II. There were no statistical differences between the two groups regarding underlying cause of liver disease, patient age, gender or United Network for Organ Sharing status. As the decision to use a T-tube was made at the time of surgery, the two groups may not be strictly comparable. The mean hospital stay was longer in group I (31.1 +/- 27.9d) than in group II (18.8 +/- 15.5d) (p = 0.001). Biliary complications were statistically more frequent in patients from group I patients (25/76, 32.9%) than in patients from group II (11/71, 15.5%) (p = 0.01). There was a trend for the costs associated with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures for the management of biliary complications to be greater for group I than for group II, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.235). Our study suggests choledochocholedochostomy without T-tube reconstruction is the preferred strategy for biliary reconstruction in orthotopic liver transplantation. It is not only associated with fewer biliary complications, but also less costly than using choledochocholedochostomy over a T-tube. Randomized prospective studies are needed to confirm our results.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗

目的探讨原位肝移植术后胆道并发症的介入治疗疗效。方法回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2005年9月诊治的173例原位肝移植患者的临床资料。结果术后出现胆道并发症14例(8.1%),其中胆管狭窄6例,胆管狭窄合并胆漏1例,胆泥淤积或结石3例,肝断面胆漏2例(劈离式肝移植患者),T管拔除后胆漏1例,Oddi括约肌功能失常1例。除1例胆道狭窄再次行肝移植,因发生严重感染导致肝功能衰竭死亡外,其余患者经介入治疗均获得满意的效果。结论介入治疗是诊断和治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的首选方法。     

肝移植胆道重建的手术技巧

目的探讨原位肝移植手术中胆道重建的手术技巧。方法回顾性分析132例原位肝移植患者的临床资料,总结胆道重建的手术技巧。结果132例患者的手术成功率为93.94%,术后出现胆道并发症者12例(9.85%),其中胆管狭窄6例,胆泥淤积或结石3例,肝断面胆漏者2例(劈离式肝移植患者),T管拔除后胆瘘1例。除1例胆道狭窄者行再次肝移植,因发生严重感染导致肝功能衰竭死亡外,其余患者获得满意的效果。结论胆道并发症是肝移植术后的常见并发症,而良好的胆道重建技术是预防肝移植术后胆道并发症的重要保证。     

Biliary reconstruction and complications of left lobe living donor liver transplantation

Postoperative biliary tract complications remain one of the most serious problems facing patients who undergo living donor liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical implications of three methods of biliary reconstruction in left lobe adult living donor liver transplantation. We retrospectively compared three groups of patients who underwent various biliary reconstructions: those who had Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) (n = 11); duct to duct hepaticohepaticostomy (HH) with an external stent (n = 11); or HH with T-tube (n = 6). The median follow-up for each group was 29, 28, and 8 months, respectively. Bile leaks were observed in 45.5% of both the HJ and the HH with external stent groups. Biliary anastomotic strictures occurred in 9.1% of the Roux-en-Y HJ patients and in 27.2% of those who had HH with an external stent. No biliary complications were observed in the HH over a T-tube group (P = .049). Biliary reconstruction using HH with a T-tube may decrease the incidence of biliary complications. Despite the relatively short follow-up, these encouraging preliminary results warrant further studies of this biliary reconstruction technique for left lobe adult living donor liver transplantations.