UPPP、颏前徙术及舌骨悬吊术对OSAS患者上气道影响的初步分析

目的:本研究通过不同手术方法对上气道影响的初步定量分析，为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者选择手术方法及术后疗效评估提供有关依据。方法：对10例经手术治疗的OSAS患者做头影测量分析，比较手术前后上气道结构的变化。结果：悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)术后腭后气道最小矢径平均增加(2.0±0.58)mm，软腭切除长度与腭后气道最小矢径增加程度无相关性；颏前徙术后舌后气道最小矢径平均增加(4.1±2.2)mm，须点前移与舌后气道最小矢径增加值呈显著正相关；舌骨悬吊术后下咽气道矢径平均增加(2.93±1.2)mm，舌骨前移值与下咽气道矢径增加值呈正相关。结论：UPPP术式对扩大腭后气道矢径有意义；颏前徙术及舌骨悬吊术可以扩大舌后气道及下咽气道。骨组织的前移与咽前壁软组织的前移呈正相关。     

肥胖伴OSAHS患者X线头影测量研究

目的 分析肥胖伴OSAHS患者头影软硬组织的测量特征。方法 采用本科开发的OSAHS患者计算机头影测量分析系统，对67例年龄在40～60岁、BMI≥30以上的OSAHS患者(诊断经nPSG监测确立，患者AHI≥51和12例同年龄组的正常人头影软硬组织进行测量对照分析。结果 本组肥胖伴OSAHS患者头影硬组织测量特征表现为下颌骨后缩，舌骨向后下移位；软组织测量特征上表现为舌、软腭矢状面积显著增加，舌、软腭占口咽腔比明显增加，软腭后和舌后咽径明显减小。口咽部狭窄(软腭和舌后区)最多见(54．02％)，软腭水平咽腔阻塞占29．89％，上、中、下咽腔同时阻塞为1．15％，87．35％肥胖伴OSAHS患者存在上气道狭窄，72．41％患者为多部位阻塞。结论 大部分肥胖伴OSAHS患者头影硬组织测量存在异常，此类患者睡眠时上气道通气不畅多发生于口咽区，大部分患者为多部位狭窄或阻塞。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者不同体位下上气道变化的临床观察

目的:对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)患者不同体位下上气道的变化做了观察比较,初步探讨了仰卧位时上气道软组织及骨组织位置及结构的变化,为OSAS的诊治提供有关依据.方法:对10例经PSG确诊的OSAS患者分别拍摄常规坐位头影测量侧位片及仰卧位头颅侧位片.测量两种体位下腭后气道前后径、软腭下垂角度、最小矢状咽径、下颌平面角及舌骨至咽后壁水平距离等.结果:两种体位比较,仰卧位时最小矢状咽径、悬雍垂顶点至咽后壁的水平距离及软腭中点至咽后壁的水平距离均小于坐位时;软腭下垂角度及下颌平面角大于坐位时;∠SNB小于坐位时;舌骨无明显前移或后退.结论:OSAS患者仰卧位时腭后气道的前后径及最小矢状咽径更趋狭小,软腭向咽后壁方向移位,下颌骨以颞下颌关节为中心呈向下向后方旋转运动,从而使上气道在腭咽气道、舌咽气道及下咽气道多个水平趋于狭小.OSAS患者多在卧位时发病,在OSAS患者术前评估时,仰卧位X线头颅侧位片可以更客观的反映患者上气道解剖情况,为OSAS患者的治疗提供更为可靠的依据.     

OSAS患者的颅面上气道结构的矢状面测量分析

目的:研究OSAS患者的颅面上气道形态异常,探讨OSAS患者的结构性致病因素。方法:31名男性OSAS患者与16名无自觉症状的男性组成的对照组进行颅面结构上气道的头影测量比较。结果:与对照组相比,OSAS患者存在ANB角大,颌凸角大,具有安氏II类骨型的趋势。表现出舌骨位置靠前,舌体长大,骨性鼻咽高度降低,软腭后间隙窄。结论:OSAS患者颅面形态倾向于安氏II类骨型,气道狭窄处在鼻咽、腭咽,说明结构性致病因素不容忽视。     

下颌升枝矢状劈开截骨术对骨性下颌前突舌骨位置和气道宽度的影响

目的:探讨严重骨性下颌前突患者施行下颌升枝矢状劈开截骨术(sagittal split ramus osteotomy,SSRO)后,其舌骨位置及气道宽度的变化。方法:选择16例(男性5人,女性11人)严重骨性下颌前突,用固定矫治器治疗且只施行下颌SSRO术式的患者,对其正畸-正颌治疗前后的头颅侧位片进行测量和统计学分析。结果:骨性下颌前突患者施行SSRO后,气道宽度(P<0.05)、颏舌骨肌附着点间的距离(P<0.01)减小;而男性患者茎突舌骨肌附着点间的距离虽有减少,但无统计学意义。结论:严重骨性下颌前突患者单纯施行下颌骨SSRO后,气道宽度以及舌骨与下颌骨颏部间的距离明显减小,但未发现舌体和气道明显的临床症状。提示下颌施行SSRO后,舌体以及气道软组织可能存在某种生理性代偿机制。     

阻鼾器对无鼾正常年轻人上气道形态影响的磁共振研究

目的运用核磁共振手段,研究无鼾正常人群戴入阻鼾器后上气道及周围软组织结构的影像学变化,探讨阻鼾器的作用机制,为临床了解阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征（OSAS）病因机制及对其阻塞部位定位诊断和制定适合患者的治疗方案提供科学依据。方法选择无鼾正常年轻人30例,在严格固位条件下进行核磁共振扫描。利用核磁共振设备的固有软件及特定公式进行测量和计算,分析戴入阻鼾器后上气道及周围软组织结构的影像学变化。结果获得阻鼾器戴入前后上气道各段及周围组织形态的线距、面积和体积等各项测量指标,经统计学分析,戴入阻鼾器后,上气道各段（鼻咽、腭咽、舌咽、喉咽）的平均截面积、最小截面积及体积明显增大;上气道各段宽度增加;气道周围软组织形态改变,软腭最大面积、软腭厚度及软腭长度、舌体长度、舌体最大面积减小,舌体高度增加,舌体更直立,软腭前移。结论戴入阻鼾器后上气道大小和形状可发生改变,提示阻鼾器是治疗OSAS的一种有效方法。     

OSAHS患者上气道磁共振影像研究

目的：研究清醒状态下阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者与正常健康人在磁共振（MRI）上的上气道参数差异和阻塞平面情况。方法：OSAHS患者和正常健康人各20例，进行MRI检查和测量。结果：①．OSAHS组RP区，RG区气道截面积明显小于对照组（p〈0．01）；②．OSAHS组RP区、RG区、EPG区气道前后径／左右径（AP／LR）比值均明显大于对照组（p〈0．05）；③．OSAHS组RP区、RG区、EPG区咽侧壁厚度均明显大于对照组（p〈0．05）；RG区，EPG区咽后壁厚度明显大于对照组（p〈0．01）；④．OSAHS组软腭长度、厚度和截面积均明显大于对照组（P〈0．05）：⑤．95％的OSAHS患者在清醒状态下即可见上气道阻塞平面。70％的OSAHS患者为多平面阻塞，阻塞多发生于软腭后区。结论：OSAHS患者上气道参数与正常健康人有显著性差异。软腭后区是OSAHS患者上气道最狭窄的部位。     

上气道三维CT重建在睡眠呼吸障碍中的应用价值

目的:通过对睡眠呼吸障碍(SDB)患者和对照组的上气道三维CT测量分析,评价上气道三维CT重建在SDB诊断和定位中的应用价值。方法:对来院就诊的100例成年男性SDB患者(经PSG确诊)和正常男性对照者60例进行上气道三维CT检查,分区测量上气道的各种参数,包括软腭后区舌根后区的前后径、左右径和横截面积等,在GEAdvantage工作站上以容积重建技术进行上气道体积测量。应用SPSS11.5统计软件包对所得数据进行t检验和比较分析。结果:上气道CT三维重建可以显示上气道的精细解剖结构和阻塞定位。统计分析显示,SDB患者的软腭、舌根后区的前后径、左右径、横截面积和体积等均较正常者小,软腭长度和厚度、咽后壁软组织厚度较正常者大,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。同时,Müeller检查可以观察上气道的顺应性,有助于判断上气道的狭窄或阻塞位置。结论:上气道CT三维重建在SDB诊断和定位中有独特的优越性,值得推广应用。     

正颌手术前后舌骨位置和咽下气道变化及相关性研究

目的　通过X线头影测量分析了解颌骨后退与前徙对舌骨位置及咽下气道变化的影响情况,为临床治疗提供参数。方法　下颌前突患者23例与小颌畸形患者9例,分别行双侧矢状劈开后退或前徙下颌,手术前后拍摄X线头颅定位侧位片,进行头影测量,测量项目13项,测量数值配对t检验,并将下颌后退距离与各测量项目变化值作相关分析。结果　各测量项目显著差异的有:(1)下颌前突组,下咽腔矢状面积(PSA),舌骨垂直向变化,舌根后缘至咽后壁距离(TBPW),舌背高点至FH平面距离(DTFH),会厌谷至咽后壁距离(VPW),悬雍垂尖点至后咽壁距离(UPW),下颌颏部水平、垂直向变化(PogPTV,MeFH)。舌骨垂直向变化与下颌颏部垂直向变化显著相关。(2)小颌畸形组,舌骨垂直向变化显著。结论　下颌前突组,(1)舌骨向下移位,舌背上抬,舌根向后移动。(2)咽腔气道空间缩小可表现为永久性,但后气道间隙接近正常人,不会发生通气阻塞,更未出现OSAS。舌骨与下颌前部垂直向变化呈负相关。(3)小颌畸形组,舌骨垂直向显著变化,舌骨因颏舌骨肌牵拉而上移。舌骨水平向无显著移位。除会厌谷前移外,舌体无显著移位,说明颌骨前徙对舌体形态没有大的影响。颌骨前徙对后气道无明显影响。从临床病例来看,小颌畸形愈重,前徙颌骨手术对周围组织结构的影响愈大。     

男性儿童 OSAS上气道及周围结构X线头影测量研究

目的本文旨在对儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(简称OSAS)患者的上气道及其周围结构进行X线头影测量研究。方法运用计算机辅助X线头影测量技术,对7例替牙期男性儿童OSAS进行了颅、面、颌、咽部形态特征研究,并与正常儿童作比较。结果替牙期男性OSAS患者颅底长度、腭平面角和下颌平面角均增大,舌体高度增加,舌骨位置下降,舌根和软腭后气道前后径减小,软腭与舌体占整个口咽腔的比例增大。结论儿童OSAS患者的颅、面、颌、咽部结构存在有别于正常儿童的异常特征。X线头影测量是一种简便而实用的评估OSAS的方法,有助于临床诊断和治疗计划的制定。     

阻鼾器治疗轻中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征前后上气道CT的研究

目的通过计算机体层摄影(CT)观察轻、中度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者戴用阻鼾器前后上气道形态的变化,并与正常对照组比较,探讨阻鼾器治疗OSAS的机制。方法经夜间多导睡眠仪(PSG)监测确诊为OSAS的轻、中度患者20例,患者正常戴用阻鼾器1～3个月后分别行未戴阻鼾器时和戴着阻鼾器时CT扫描,并对对照组行CT扫描,获取资料。结果OSAS患者上气道腔比对照组狭窄,戴用阻鼾器后各层面径线、面积均增大。结论OSAS患者上气道腔存在结构性狭窄,戴用阻鼾器后使其上气道结构趋于正常。     

正常人上呼吸道软硬组织的X线片测量分析

本研究通过对40名正常人头颅侧位定位片上呼吸道软硬组织的测量分析,初步建立了男女性別上呼吸道上、中、下咽腔大小,软腭长度、厚度,矢状面积,舌的矢状面积,舌骨相对位置的正常值和变异范围;对性別差异的分析表明:男女间在舌的长度、会厌谷与咽后壁的距离,软腭的厚度,会厌谷的垂直位置,舌骨的水平、垂直位置上均存在着差异。     

Fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy for airway monitoring after obstructive sleep apnea surgery.

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the upper airway characteristics in the early postoperative period after reconstructive surgery for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: During a 24-month period, the upper airway of patients who underwent uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) with genioglossus advancement (GA) or hyoid myotomy (HM) or maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) were evaluated with fiberoptic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy (NPG) preoperatively and 24 to 72 hours postoperatively. RESULTS: NPG was performed on 271 patients. One hundred seventy-three patients had UPPP with GA or HM, and the remainder had MMA. All of the patients who underwent UPPP with GA or HM were found to have varying degrees of soft tissue edema involving the soft palate and the tongue base. The patients who underwent tonsillectomies and UPPP with GA or HM had greater soft palate/pharyngeal wall edema. In contrast, patients who underwent MMA had minimal edema involving the soft palate and the base of tongue, but diffuse lateral pharyngeal wall edema throughout the upper airway was identified. Eighteen of the MMA patients had ecchymosis and edema involving the pyriform sinus and aryepiglottic fold; 4 of these patients also had a hypopharyngeal hematoma involving the pyriform sinus, aryepiglottic fold, arytenoid, and false vocal cord, which partially obstructed the airway. These 4 patients were closely monitored for 1 to 2 additional days, and all were discharged without problems. None of the patients in the study had postoperative airway obstruction. CONCLUSION: NPG may be useful in postoperative airway monitoring and assist in discharge planning after upper airway reconstruction in the OSA patients.     

Effective three‐dimensional evaluation analysis of upper airway form during oral appliance therapy in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea

The oral appliance (OA) is considered to be an effective treatment modality for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). Upper airway enlargement during OA therapy is critical, and lateral cephalometry has been used for the two‐dimensional evaluation of upper airway form during this therapy. However, this method cannot provide an accurate three‐dimensional (3D) view of upper airway form. To confirm the effects of OA on the upper airway in patients with OSAS, we performed CT in the presence and absence of OA in 15 Japanese patients (12 males, 3 females) who responded to OA therapy. CT in the presence and absence of OA was consecutively performed for each patient, and upper airway cross‐sectional area in six arbitrary planes parallel to the palatal plane was measured. Next, 3D image reconstruction was performed; morphological changes in upper airway form were evaluated, and upper airway volume at three levels from the palatal plane to the deepest point of the epiglottis was measured. The cross‐sectional area of two planes in the posterior soft palate region significantly increased in the presence of OA compared with that in the absence of OA. In the presence of OA, upper airway cross‐sectional area and volume significantly increased in the posterior soft palate region compared with those in the posterior tongue region. 3D CT image reconstruction accurately confirmed morphological changes in the upper airway during OA therapy. Continued use of this 3D evaluation is expected to improve the results of OA therapy in the future.     

Relationship of the hyoid bone and posterior surface of the tongue in prognathism and micrognathia

In order to study relationship of the hyoid bone and posterior surface of the tongue in prognathism and micrognathia, we focused on the effect of the tongue on the upper airway lumen in 16 patients with Angle's Class II and 51 patients with Angle's Class III, and assessed the position of the hyoid, the depth from the posterior surface of the tongue, from the bottom of the vallecula and from hyoid bone to the posterior pharyngeal wall using lateral cephalograms. We were able to assess significant correlations between the posterior surface of the tongue and hyoid position in Angle's Class III. However, we found no association between them in Angle's Class II. This could be an adaptive feature of the genioglossus in response to hyoid localization to serve a compensatory role to prevent respiratory impairment in micrognathia at risk of apnoea.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者上气道截面积与线距的相关性分析

目的本研究通过对OSAS患者上气道截面积与线距测量的分析,探讨上气道的阻塞部位及截面积与线距之间的关系.方法对10例确诊为OSAS的患者行上气道CT三维重建,测量硬腭后区(retrouranal region,RUN)、悬雍垂后区(retrouvula region,RUL)、舌根后区(retroglossal region,RG)及舌骨后区(retrohyoid region,RH)截面积及矢径与最大横径.结果 RUN、RUL、RG区截面积与矢径呈显著正相关,RH区截面积与矢径呈正相关;RUN、RG及RH区截面积与最大横径呈显著正相关.结论 OSAS患者上气道狭窄以软腭后区最为常见,舌根后区次之.上气道截面积与矢径及横径有相关关系.     

Uvulo-glosso-pharyngeal dimensions in subjects with beta-thalassaemia major

The purpose of this study was to investigate cephalometrically the uvulo-glosso-pharyngeal dimensions in subjects with beta-thalassaemia major. The subjects were 15 thalassaemic patients (eight males, seven females) with a mean age of 14.13 +/- 1.06 years. The variables measured on the lateral cephalograms were tongue height and length, soft palate length and thickness, superior, middle and inferior pharyngeal airway space, and hyoid bone position. The thalassaemic group was compared with a normal control group matched for sex and age using a t-test. The results showed that thalassaemic patients had a smaller tongue size (length P < 0.05, height P < 0.001), shorter soft palate (P < 0.001), smaller upper (P < 0.001) and middle (P < 0.05) pharyngeal airway spaces, and a shorter vertical pharyngeal length (P < 0.05). The hyoid bone in thalassaemic patients was closer to the mandibular plane (P < 0.001).