抗菌新药左奥硝唑体外抗厌氧菌活性研究

目的测定芹奥硝唑对临床分离375株厌氧菌的体外抗菌活性。方法根据CLSI2012年版M11A8标准,采用琼脂稀释法测定芹奥硝唑对375株临床分离厌氧菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,并与奥硝唑、甲硝唑和右奥硝畔3种同类药物进行比较。结果芹奥硝唑对大多数厌氧菌的体外抗菌活性强,与甲硝唑、奥硝唑及右奥硝唑相仿或略强。左奥硝唑对厌氧革兰阴性菌中的脆弱拟杆菌、多形拟杆菌的抗菌活性强,其MIC90值分别为0．5、1mg／L;对厌氧革兰阳性杆菌中的艰难梭菌活性强、产气荚膜梭杆菌活性相仿,其MIC90值分别为0．25、2mg／L;对厌氧革兰阳性球菌中的大消化链球菌也具有良好的抗菌活性,其M1C90值为1mg／L。但左奥硝唑和其同类药物对厌氧革兰阴性球菌中的韦荣球菌抗菌活性均较差。结论左奥硝唑对厌氧革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌均具有较强的抗菌活性,与甲硝唑、奥硝唑及右奥硝唑相仿或略强。提示左奥硝唑具有良好的抗厌氧菌应用前景。     

替硝唑、甲硝唑注射液对185株厌氧菌抑菌活性的测定

目的评价替硝唑、甲硝唑注射液对临床分离的185株常见厌氧菌体外抗菌活性.方法将药物稀释成不同浓度分别取2mL置于无菌平皿中,加入已融化并冷却至55℃左右的琼脂18mL制成含药琼脂平板,用以检测对不同厌氧菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),并选用2株厌氧菌进行杀菌曲线试验(KCS).结果替硝唑和甲硝唑注射液对受试菌株的MIC在0.39～200μg/L,对2株厌氧菌的杀菌曲线试验结果亦基本相同.结论两种药物对185株临床常见的厌氧菌具有良好的抗菌活性,但其抗菌效果无明显的差异.     

62 株临床分离布鲁氏菌对四种常用抗生素药物敏感性实验

目的 探究马耳他布鲁氏菌对临床常用的4 种抗生素的敏感性,为临床合理用药提供数据支持。方法 通过E-test 方法对2015 ～ 2018 年该院微生物室血培养分离出的62 株马耳他布鲁氏菌进行庆大霉素、利福平、复方新诺明和多西环素四种常用抗生素的感性分析。结果 该次试验中62 株布鲁氏菌对庆大霉素敏感率是100%,MIC50 与MIC90 均为0.75μg/ml;利福平MIC50 和MIC90 分别为0.75μg/ml 和2μg/ml;复方新诺明敏感率是0%,MIC50和MIC90 分别是8μg/ml 和16μg/ml;多西环素敏感率是82.1%, MIC50 和MIC90 分别为16μg/ml 和32μg/ml。结论 该次实验中用到的药物基本覆盖了治疗布鲁氏菌病的常用药,为临床实行个体化治疗提供有价值的依据和帮助。     

月桂氮卓酮的抑菌谱研究

为研究月桂氮卓酮抑菌谱,采用液体培养基倍比稀释法对47株细菌和1株支原体抑菌作用进行了实验室观察。结果,含40μg/m l氮酮对25株革兰阳性和革兰阴性细菌繁殖体都有强抑菌作用;对破伤风芽孢杆菌等5株厌氧菌也有有抑菌作用;对支原体有抑制作用。含20μg/m l氮酮对20株革兰阳性和革兰阴性杆菌和球菌也有较强的抑菌作用。对大肠杆菌等22株革兰阴性杆菌无抑菌作用。结论,20~40μg/m l月桂氮卓酮对所试革兰阳性和革兰阴性细菌、部分厌氧菌和支原体具有抑菌作用,对大肠杆菌等22株革兰阴性杆菌无抑菌作用。     

6种氟喹诺酮类药物的体外抗解脲脲原体作用

目的；研究检测解脲脲原体（Uu)临床株对氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性，为临床治疗提供参考依据。方法：应用微量肉汤稀释法检测了88株Uu对6种氟喹诺酮类药物的敏感性。结果：在6种药物中司帕沙星和加替沙星抗Uu活性最强，MIC50分别为0.25μg/ml和0.5μg/ml，MIC90均为4μg/ml。其次为左氧氟沙星和氧氟沙星，MIC50分别为1μg/ml和2μg/ml，MIC90分别为4μg/ml和8μg/ml。诺氟沙星和环丙沙星的抗Uu活性最差。结论：氟喹诺酮类抗菌药新品种司帕沙星，左氧氟沙星和加替沙量的抗Uu活性较老一代药物更强；Uu对老一代氟喹诺酮类药物存在不同程度的耐药。     

塞克硝唑治疗泌尿生殖道滴虫感染34例临床分析

目的：探讨塞克硝唑治疗滴虫性泌尿生殖道感染的临床疗效。方法：将2011年1月至2012年12月诊治的泌尿生殖道滴虫感染患者68例随机分为观察组和对照组各34例。观察组应用塞克硝唑2g顿服，一次为一疗程；对照组应用甲硝唑0．2／次，4次／日，一周为一疗程，结束疗程4～6日复查，比较两组的临床疗效和不良反应。结果：观察组的痊愈率和总有效率分别为61．8％和94．1％，均显著高于对照组的38．2％和70．6％，P均〈0．05；而观察组的总不良反应发生率5．8％明显低于对照组的38．2％，P〈0．05。结论：与甲硝唑相比，塞克硝唑治疗泌尿生殖道滴虫感染不仅有效、安全，且使用方便，建议临床推广应用。     

醋酸氯己定体外抗菌作用的实验观察

目的观察醋酸氯己定体外抗菌作用。方法采用肉汤稀释法,测定了醋酸氯己定对4种条件致病菌和一种厌氧菌的抗菌效果。结果醋酸氯己定对脆弱拟杆菌MIC为4μg/ml,MBC为8μg/ml;对产气荚膜梭菌的MIC为1μg/ml,MBC为2μg/ml。醋酸氯己定对金黄色葡萄球菌MIC为0.0625μg/ml,MBC为0.125μg/ml;对大肠埃希菌MIC为2μg/ml,MBC为4μg/ml;对铜绿假单胞菌MIC为4μg/ml,MBC为4μg/ml;奇异变形杆菌MIC为8μg/ml,MBC为8μg/ml。结论醋酸氯己定对常见条件致病菌和厌氧菌都有良好的体外抗菌作用。     

塞克硝唑的研究进展

塞克硝唑是5-硝基咪唑类药物，结构与甲硝唑、替硝唑相近。于1980年由法国罗纳普朗克制药公司研发，在瑞士首家上市。临床上主要用于治疗多种厌氧的革兰阳性、阴性细菌和原虫引起的感染，尤其是阴道毛滴虫病、溶组织内阿米巴病和兰氏贾第鞭毛虫病等。本文对塞克硝唑的药理作用、药动学、临床应用及安全性、耐受性等方面的研究进展情况作一综述。     

塞克硝唑胶囊健康人体生物等效性研究

目的研究塞克硝唑胶囊在健康志愿者中的生物等效性。方法21名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单次空腹服用试验制剂塞克硝唑胶囊和参比制剂塞克硝唑片剂。用高效液相色谱法测定血清中塞克硝唑的药物浓度。结果受试者单剂口服1000mg塞克硝唑试验药和对照药后,主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(22.69±3.60)和(23.29±3.62)mg/L;Tmax分别为(1.18±0.49)和(1.15±0.65)h;t1/2β分别为(26.43±5.77)和(27.08±5.46)h;AUC0-t分别为(701.12±123.89)和(709.93±89.06)mg·h/L;AUC0-∞分别为(761.14±147.96)和(773.71±108.23)mg·h/L。试验制剂对于参比制剂的平均相对生物利用度AUC0-∞为(98.38±12.83)%。结论受试者单剂空腹给药后塞克硝唑在体内的过程符合二室模型,AUC0-t、AUC0-∞及Cmax经统计学处理,表明试验制剂塞克硝唑胶囊和参比制剂塞克硝唑片具有生物等效性。     

比阿培南和亚胺培南对呼吸道和泌尿道致病菌的体外抗菌活性比较

目的研究比阿培南和亚胺培南对呼吸道和泌尿道致病菌的体外抗菌活性。方法采用琼脂二倍稀释法，测定比阿培南和亚胺培南对294株呼吸道和泌尿道致病菌的MIC。结果比阿培南对所有测试菌的MIC价MIC90和敏感率范围分别为≤0．03～4μg／ml、0．06～〉128μg／ml及90％～100％，亚胺培南为≤0．03—2μg／ml、0．06～〉128μg／ml及86．7％～100％。比阿培南对金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌的MIC90（4，1μg／ml）是亚胺培南MIC90（2，0．25μg/ml）的2—4倍，对大肠埃希菌、阴沟肠杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌的MIC90（0．125—4μg／ml）是亚胺培南MIC90（0．5～8μg／ml）的1／4～1／2，对肠球菌属、肺炎链球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、流感嗜血杆菌的MIC90与亚胺培南相当，分别为〉128、0．06、0．5、2μg／ml。结论比阿培南对革兰阳性菌和革兰阴性菌均具有广谱抗菌活性，其中对革兰阴性菌的作用优于亚胺培南，对革兰阳性菌的作用稍差于亚胺培南。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Adsorption of Charged Non-albumin Bound Drugs by Amorphous Silica

We investigated the in vitro drug adsorption of PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel (AIS, Santa Clara, CA) with particle size of 230 um and surface area of 400 nr/g. We observed 99% to 88% adsorption of gentamicin; a mean 91 % of disopyramide; a mean 89% of quinidine at low concentration, falling to 75% at higher concentration. Insulin was 88% adsorbed at low concentrations but less so (65%) at higher concentrations. We observed a mean 83 % adsorption of procainamide, a mean 84% of N-acetyl procainamide, 74% oflidocaine, 73% of amitriptyline; and 44% of desipramine. We found an average 14% reduction of total digoxin concentration when serum containing digoxin (2 to 33 ng/mL) was exposed to sodium silicate, while the reduction in free digoxin concentration was 16%. Five percent ethosuximide was also removed. The adsorption of theophylline, phenobarbital, acetaminophen, phenytoin, ethylene glycol, methotrexate, salicylate, thiocyanate and diazepam was minimal and not significant. We conclude that significant amounts of charged, non-albumin bound drugs can be removed by PQ 10150 sodium silicate gel.     

自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊社区获得性肺炎诊治中的应用

目的 探讨自动化酸碱平衡图在急诊科社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患者诊断中的价值.方法 根据病史、肺功能测定结果、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)诊断标准,将111例CAP患者分为单纯CAP组(56例)和COPD合并CAP组[即慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)组,55例].询问患者病史后即刻抽取动脉血测血气并进行自动化酸碱平衡图分析.结果 血气分析结果显示,AECOPD组动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2,kPa)、HCO3- (mmol/L)、剩余碱(BE,mmol/L)均显著高于CAP组(PaCO2:7.714±2.414比5.896±1.308,HCO3-:30.767±7.185比25.014±3.043,BE:4.345±5.371比-0.354±3.180,均P＜0.01).自动化酸碱平衡图分析结果显示,AECOPD组患者酸碱平衡紊乱高达89.1％,CAP组为66.1％.将AECOPD组和CAP组患者中正常(10.9％、33.9％)、急性呼吸性酸中毒(急性呼酸,12.7％、14.3％)、慢性呼吸性酸中毒(慢性呼酸,49.1％、10.7％)、呼吸性碱中毒(呼碱,7.3％、14.3％)、代谢性酸中毒(代酸,12.7％、17.9％)、代谢性碱中毒(代碱,12.7％、8.9％)综合进行x2分析,差异有统计学意义(x2=24.421,P=0.001),而将正常、急性呼酸、呼碱、代酸及代碱进行x2分析,差异无统计学意义(x2=5.280,P=0.260),提示AECOPD患者慢性呼酸的发生率较单纯CAP患者显著增加.结论 自动化酸碱平衡图能帮助急诊科医师快速识别CAP患者是否存在多重酸碱平衡紊乱,并可快速识别急、慢性呼吸系统疾病.