The indications and applications of interscalene brachial plexus block for surgery about the shoulder

Due to increasing use of interscalene brachial plexus block (ISBPB) for surgery about the shoulder, it was our purpose to review the indications, techniques, complications, and most recent advances of interscalene brachial plexus block. All MEDLINE publications regarding interscalene and brachial plexus block from July 1966 to July 2003 were reviewed, analyzed and scrutinized. ISBPB provides surgical anesthesia and perioperative analgesia for procedures involving dermatomes C5 through C7. ISBPB is reliably performed with very high success (≥94% effectiveness) and few major complications (≤0.4%). Recent advances in ISBPB techniques, including perineural catheters for patient-controlled interscalene analgesia, afford superior postoperative pain relief, early rehabilitation, and excellent patient satisfaction. When performed by trained personnel, ISBPB is a safe and effective regional anesthetic technique with rapidly developing applications aimed to improve postoperative analgesia following surgery of the proximal upper limb.     

反向斜引进针行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的疗效观察

目的观察反向斜引进针法行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞在肩部及上臂手术中的麻醉效果和安全性。方法90例肩部和上臂手术的患者,随机分为A、B两组,A组采用反向斜引进针阻滞法,B组采用传统的肌间沟阻滞法。观察比较两组的一次穿刺成功率、麻醉显效时间、麻醉起效时间、麻醉维持时间、运动阻滞起效时间及麻醉效果和有无并发症。结果A组的麻醉显效及起效时间明显短于B组（P〈0．05）,A组的运动阻滞起效时间明显长于B组（P〈0．05）,麻醉效果及一次穿刺成功率明显优于和高于B组,效果确切、安全、无并发症。结论反向斜引进针法行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞操作简便,较传统肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞法麻醉起效时间快,麻醉效果也更加确切,并发症少,并且有区域阻滞选择性,值得临床推广和应用。     

The addition of interscalene block to general anesthesia for patients undergoing open shoulder procedures.

Several studies have demonstrated that interscalene brachial plexus anesthesia alone decreases postoperative pain, nausea, vomiting, urinary retention, and unplanned hospital admissions compared with general anesthesia alone. Anecdotal evidence suggests that an interscalene block combined with general anesthesia decreases unwanted effects of general anesthesia following open shoulder surgery. We compared the effect of combined interscalene block and general anesthesia with general anesthesia alone on Aldrete scores, length of postanesthesia care unit (PACU) stay, verbal rating scale (VRS) pain scores, incidence of postoperative narcotic administration and nausea, and patient satisfaction in a convenience sample of 52 men and women, ASA physical status I, II, or III. Group 1 received standard general anesthesia alone. Group 2 received an interscalene block in combination with general anesthesia using a standard technique. Group 2 had significantly lower VRS scores than group 1 while in the PACU, on the day of surgery, and on postoperative days 1 and 2. Overall satisfaction with the anesthetic technique was higher in the group 2 than in group 1. Results suggest that adding an interscalene block to general anesthesia can be of value in today's outpatient-dominated surgery schedule.     

臂丛神经的超声解剖学研究

目的 应用超声研究臂丛神经解剖学特点,为超声引导臂丛神经阻滞提供解剖学依据.方法 应用高频超声研究24例健康人臂丛神经在腋路和肌间沟的解剖分布特点.结果 24例健康人臂丛神经完全显示.臂丛神经在腋路主要沿腋动脉走行;在肌间沟水平,臂丛神经分布于前、中斜角肌组成的肌间沟内.结论 超声能清晰显示臂丛神经各个主要分支.     

臂丛神经联合阻滞与单纯肌间沟阻滞在手部断指再植手术中的效果对比

目的比较手部断指行再植手术采用肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经实施阻滞同单纯实施肌间沟阻滞的临床效果。方法 90例行断指再植术患者随机分为A、B、C三组,A组(30例)实施肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,B组(30例)实施腋路臂丛神经阻滞,C组(30例)实施肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞。对患者的感觉阻滞情况及麻醉效果进行评价。结果 C组感觉阻滞起效时间为3.44±1.36min,明显短于A组(3.82±1.91min)和B组(5.25±1.52min)(P<0.05)。C组麻醉效果为100%,明显优于A组的90.0%和B组的93.3%(P<0.05)。结论断指再植术采用肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经实施阻滞,阻滞和麻醉效果显著,值得推广应用。     

Comparison of two approaches to brachial plexus anesthesia for proximal upper extremity surgery: interscalene and intersternocleidomastoid

We conducted a prospective, randomized study to compare differences between groups of patients given a brachial plexus block using an interscalene (IS) or an intersternocleidomastoid (ISCM) approach. Specific variables analyzed included overall success rates, time to achieve sensory and motor anesthesia, time to place block, and incidence of side effects. For the study, 81 patients were randomized to receive a brachial plexus blockade using the IS or ISCM approach followed by general anesthesia for their surgical procedure. Intraoperative analgesics were controlled for in both groups. No differences in demographics, block success rate, pain scale scores, and analgesia duration were noted between groups. The ISCM group required less time to complete the block (7.08 +/- 2.9 min) compared with the IS group (9.62 +/- 5.31 min) (P = .039), achieved a significantly higher rate of complete motor and sensory block at 30 minutes (P = .032), and had fewer side effects (P = .049). Based on our results, we found that using the ISCM approach to the brachial plexus resulted in a faster onset of anesthesia and a higher ratio of complete block at 30 minutes compared with the IS approach.     

双腔喉罩全麻复合臂丛神经阻滞在老年锁骨骨折手术中的应用

目的探讨双腔喉罩复合臂丛神经阻滞(肌间沟)对老年患者锁骨骨折手术的影响。方法选择60例年龄60~80岁拟行锁骨骨折内固定术患者,随机分成A、B、C三组,每组20例。A组:使用气管插管全麻;B组:使用臂丛神经阻滞(肌间沟)复合同侧颈浅神经丛阻滞麻醉;C组:使用双腔喉罩插管复合臂丛神经阻滞麻醉。观察并记录患者入室后5 min(T1)、麻醉操作后(T2)、手术开始时(T3)、手术结束时(T4)的心率(HR)、血压(BP)、血氧饱和度(Sp O2)的变化,以及三组患者术后并发症的发生情况和视觉模拟评分(VAS)情况。结果与T1时刻比较,A组患者在T2,T3,T4时刻的HR、BP有显著升高,明显波动(P0.05),B组与C组患者在T2,T3,T4时刻的HR、BP无显著性差异(P0.05)。三组患者各时间点Sp O2无明显差异(P0.05)。A组、B组、C组术后不良反应发生率为55.0%、40.0%和20.0%。A组、B组不良反应发生率均明显高于C组,差异具有显著性(P0.05)。C组患者VAS评分明显低于A组患者(P0.05),与B组患者VAS评分差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论双腔喉罩复合臂丛神经阻滞用于老年锁骨骨折内固定手术,麻醉效果确切,不良反应小,安全可靠。     

罗哌卡因复合地佐辛对臂丛神经阻滞麻醉效果的影响

目的观察罗哌卡因复合地佐辛用于臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的效果。方法对75例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级拟行上肢手术患者按随机数字表法分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3组,每组25例。Ⅰ组患者采用0.4%罗哌卡因25mL肌间沟注射行臂丛神经阻滞麻醉;Ⅱ组患者采用0.4%罗哌卡因复合地佐辛10mg的混合液25mL肌间沟注射行臂丛神经阻滞麻醉;Ⅲ组患者先采用0.4%罗哌卡因25mL肌间沟注射行臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,然后静脉注射地佐辛10mg辅助麻醉。观察3组患者麻醉后血压[收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）]、平均动脉压（MBP）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）和麻醉起效时间、感觉阻滞持续时间、镇痛持续时间及不良反应（恶心、呕吐和头昏、呼吸抑制、尿潴留、瘙痒）等情况。结果 3组患者麻醉后SBP、DBP、MBP、HR、SpO2值比较差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。Ⅱ组感觉阻滞持续时间和镇痛持续时间均明显长于Ⅰ、Ⅲ2组（均P〈0.05）。3组患者均未出现尿潴留、瘙痒及呼吸抑制。Ⅲ组患者恶心、呕吐及头昏发生率明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ2组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。结论采用0.4%罗哌卡因复合地佐辛10mg的混合液25mL行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉能明显增强臂丛神经感觉阻滞效果,延长镇痛时间,不良反应少,呼吸循环平稳。     

超声引导和传统解剖定位在臂丛神经阻滞的应用效果比较

目的比较超声引导和传统解剖定位行肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的临床效果。方法选择臂丛麻醉下行上肢手术的患者70例,随机均分为2组,各35例。对照组应用传统解剖定位下肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,观察组应用超声引导下肌间沟联合腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,比较两组麻醉效果和不良反应。结果观察组患者在麻醉完成时间、起效时间比对照组短,观察组阻滞效果比对照组好,并发症发生率也更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论与传统解剖定位臂丛神经阻滞麻醉相比,超声引导定位臂丛神经阻滞麻醉具有操作简单,定位准确,可视下能够避开患者血管和周围重要组织,提高臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的安全性和成功率,减少麻醉不良反应及并发症,简单易学,增加患者的舒适性,具有较高的应用价值,值得临床推广应用。     

B超引导下臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的效果及安全性

目的研究B超引导下臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的临床效果及安全性。方法将本院行上肢手术的90例患者随机分为对照组(n=48)和B超引导组(n=42)。对照组以盲探的方法行臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,B超引导组在B型超声仪引导下行臂丛神经阻滞麻醉。比较两组的麻醉效果。结果B超引导组感觉阻滞起效时间、麻醉药物使用剂量均优于对照组,但麻醉操作时间长于对照组(P<0.05)。B超引导组不同臂丛神经的感觉阻滞完善率均高于对照组,并发症总发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论与盲探法相比,B超引导下行臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的麻醉操作时间虽然有所延长,然而麻醉效果佳,能够缩短感觉阻滞起效时间、减少麻醉药物用量,且安全性好。     

超声引导下小儿肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的应用研究

目的 探讨小儿肌间沟臂丛神经的超声解剖学特点及超声引导下小儿肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的可行性和安全性.方法 36例拟行肱骨髁部骨折切开复位内固定术患儿,超声检查肌间沟内臂丛神经的分布,观察臂丛神经的声像图特点,测量神经干的直径与皮肤的距离,在超声引导下行肌间沟臂丛阻滞.结果 超声检查36例小儿肌间沟内臂丛神经均清晰显示,超声引导下以0.25%布比卡因行肌间沟臂丛阻滞麻醉有效率达100%.结论 臂丛神经超声解剖结构清晰,超声引导下小儿肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞安全可行.     

高频超声对臂丛神经显像和定位的价值

目的评价高频超声对臂丛神经显像和定位的价值。方法采用高频超声对30例志愿者行臂丛神经检查，主要在肌间沟、锁骨上、锁骨下及腋下4个部位。11例志愿者臂丛分布的4个部位上，在实时超声引导下进针及定位神经，然后在电神经器刺激下确认是否为神经。所有臂丛神经声像图特征、解剖的变化、进针和神经定位均被动态记录。结果臂丛神经在横断面上表现为圆形或椭圆形的低回声结构，内部由点状回声组成，肌间沟、锁骨上及腋下臂丛神经显示率均为100％，锁骨下臂丛神经显示率为97％。11例志愿者臂丛声像图上低回声结构在超声引导下行电刺激均被证实为神经组织。结论高频超声能提供高质量的臂丛神经声像图。超声引导下穿刺对臂丛神经阻滞麻醉有潜在应用价值。     

B超引导逆行锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞在急诊手术中的应用效果

目的探讨B超引导逆行锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞在急诊手术中的应用效果。方法将2018年1月至2018年12月于我院行急诊上肢手术的80例患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组40例。观察组接受B超引导下行逆行锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞,对照组接受肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。比较两组的麻醉效果。结果观察组的正中神经、尺神经、臂内侧皮神经、前臂内侧皮神经支配区域麻醉起效时间均短于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组的正中神经、尺神经、臂内侧皮神经、前臂内侧皮神经完全阻滞率均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论B超引导逆行锁骨下臂丛神经阻滞的效果较肌间沟阻滞好,其起效时间快、阻滞完善,是适用于急诊手术的上肢麻醉方式。     

Interscalene brachial plexus blocks in the management of shoulder dislocations.

Interscalene brachial plexus block is a simple and effective alternative to intravenous benzodiazepines or general anaesthesia for manipulation of the dislocated shoulder. Thirty interscalene brachial plexus blocks were performed on 29 patients with dislocations of the shoulder to provide regional anaesthesia for reduction. Pain was abolished by 14 out of the 30 blocks performed, improved by 13 and unchanged by three. Muscle relaxation (MRC grade 3 or less) occurred in 21 patients. In 26 cases the block allowed reduction of the dislocation without additional analgesia or sedative. Reduction was not possible in four cases. There were no significant complications.     

Tracheal compression during shoulder arthroscopy in the beach-chair position

Background: Respiratory distress is a rare complication of outpatient shoulder arthroscopy and mostly associated with general anesthesia, pneumothorax, anaphylaxis, or phrenic nerve paralysis.Objective: We report on a shoulder arthroscopy complicated by tracheal compression caused by extravasation of irrigation fluid into soft tissues of the upper airway while the patient was in the beach-chair position under general anesthesia.Case Summary: A 33-year-old male was scheduled for shoulder arthroscopy for impingement syndrome of the right shoulder under general anesthesia combined with interscalene brachial plexus block. During the operation, the patient''s neck, right chest, and shoulder were observed to be swollen and tense on palpation. A fiberoptic bronchoscopic evaluation through the endotracheal tube revealed that the trachea was compressed to the left, but not completely obstructed. It was determined that the irrigation fluid had leaked subcutaneously from the shoulder joint to the neck. Vital signs were stable and the patient could be adequately ventilated despite the airway obstruction. The patient was transferred to the ward 16 hours after the operation with stable vital signs and discharged from the hospital on the second day.Conclusions: We report a case of airway obstruction due to tracheal compression from extravasation of irrigation fluid during shoulder arthroscopy under general anesthesia combined with peripheral nerve block in the beach-chair position. General anesthesia with endotracheal intubation protected the patient from a possibly fatal complication.Key words: shoulder arthroscopy, general anesthesia, tracheal compression, beach-chair position     

静脉留置针在临床中的新用途

静脉留置针除用于静脉输液外,还可用于胸腔穿刺、腹腔穿刺及臂丛神经阻滞麻醉。     

静脉留置针在临床中的新用途

静脉留置针除用于静脉输液外，还可用于胸腔穿刺、腹腔穿刺及臂丛神经阻滞麻醉。     

The use of train of four monitoring for clinical evaluation of the axillary brachial plexus block

The axillary approach of brachial plexus anesthesia is the most commonly used technique for forearm and hand surgery. Dynamometer is known as objective test for the clinical assessment of motor block of the nerves in brachial plexus block. However, the use of this device may not always be practical in operating room. The train-of-four (TOF) test is a non-invasive peripheral nerve stimulator that shows the level of motor block of muscle relaxants. The aim of the study is to investigate the use of TOF testing as a peripheral nerve stimulator for objective clinical evaluation of motor block at axillary brachial plexus block. 44 patients were randomized according to the development of partial or complete motor in the axillary brachial plexus block. The nerves were selectively localized by nerve stimulation and ultrasound guidance. After obtaining an appropriate peripheral motor response, predetermined volumes of bupivacaine were selectively injected to the 4 nerves. Sensory, motor block levels and TOF values were measured at 10th, 20th, 30th minutes immediately after the axillary brachial plexus block. TOF values were gradually decreased and significant difference was observed between the development of a complete and partial motor block at 30th minute. TOF values were also significantly less in patients of complete sensory block than the patients of partial sensory block at 30th minute. The use of TOF monitoring may be beneficial to assess the objective clinical effect of motor block in the patients with axillary brachial plexus nerve block.