定量组织速度成像评价肥厚型心肌病患者左心室非同步舒张运动的初步研究

目的探讨应用定量组织速度成像技术（QTVI）评价肥厚型心肌病（HCM）患者左心室非同步舒张运动的意义。方法获取15例非梗阻性HCM（HCM）患者、12例梗阻性HCM（HOCM）患者及14例正常人的标准心尖部左室长轴、两腔和四腔观组织速度图像，离线分析左心室6个壁基底段、中间段和心尖段共18个位点及左心室各壁二尖瓣环的组织速度曲线，测量心电图QRS波起始点至各位点心肌舒张早期峰值速度（Ea）的时限（TQ-E）。计算同一节段6个壁间TQ-E的最大差值（Inter-△TQ-E）、同一壁内3个节段间TQ-E的最大差值（Intra-△TQ-E）及左心室18个位点间TQ-E的最大差值（Max-△TQ-E）。计算左心室各壁二尖瓣环Ea与舒张晚期峰值速度（Aa）比值的平均值（Ea／Aa＇）。并测定室间隔基底段厚度（IVSTh）与左心室流出道压力阶差（LVOTPG）。结果与正常人相比，HCM和HOCM患者的Inter-△TQ-E、Intra-△TQ-E、Max-△TQ-E均明显延长，Ea／Aa＇明显降低；而HCM和HOCM患者之间Inter-△TQ-E、Intra-△TQ-E、Max-△TQ-E、Ea／Aa＇无明显不同。IVSTh、LVOTPG在正常人、HCM和HOCM患者中依次递增。HCM和HOCM患者中，Max-△TQ-E与Ea／Aa＇均呈显著负相关。HCM患者IVSTh、LVOTPG与Ea／Aa＇未见明显相关，而HOCM患者IVSTh、LVOTPG与Ea／Aa＇呈中度负相关。结论HCM患者左心室同一节段、同一壁内均存在非同步舒张运动，并且其是导致左心室舒张功能不全的必要因素，而IVSTh、LVOTPG则不是导致HCM患者左心室舒张功能不全的必要因素；HCM患者左心室不同步舒张运动可能在一定程度上反映了其心肌病变。     

定量组织速度成像技术对病毒性心肌炎患儿左室内非同步性的研究

目的探讨三平面基础上应用定量组织速度成像技术（QTVI）评价病毒性心肌炎（VMC）儿童左室内非同步运动的临床意义。方法正常儿童30例,VMC患者32例,每个受试者在实时三维成像的基础上获得标准的心尖四腔、两腔和三腔心切面,采集左心室6个壁的基底段、中间段、心尖段共18个位点的QTVI图像,测量各位点QRS波起点至收缩期峰值速度和舒张早期峰值速度的时限（Ts和Te）,计算左心室同一个壁内3个节段间Ts最大差值和Te最大差值（Intra-ΔTsI、ntra-ΔTe）以及同一个节段内6个壁之间Ts最大差值和Te最大差值（Inter-ΔTsI、nter-ΔTe）以及左心室18个节段Ts最大差值和Te最大差值（Max-ΔTs、Max-ΔTe）。结果 VMC组Intra-ΔTsI、ntra-ΔTe、Inter-ΔTsI、nter-ΔTe、Max-ΔTs、Max-ΔTe均较正常组延长。结论 VMC患儿左室内存在明显的非同步运动。     

组织速度成像评估特发性肺动脉高压患者右心室心肌非同步运动

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像评估特发性肺动脉高压（IPAH）患者右心室非同步运动的意义。方法 选择26例IPAH患者和25例正常人，常规测量、计算右心室结构参数（游离壁厚度、舒张末期面积和收缩末期面积、面积变化率）和功能参数[游离壁三尖瓣环收缩期峰速（Sa）、舒张早期峰速（Ea）、舒张晚期峰速、Tei指数]。离线分析右心室3个壁基底段和中间段组织速度曲线，测量QRS波起点至6节段Sa、Ea时限（TQs、TQr）。计算同一节段3个壁间TQ-S、TQ-E最大差值（Inter-△TQ-S、Inter-△TQ-E）、同一壁内2个节段间TQ-S、TQ-E最大差值（Intra-△TQ-S、Intra-△TQ-F）及6节段间TQ-S、TQE最大差值（Max-ATQ-s、Max-△TQ-E）。结果 与正常人相比，IPAH患者Inter-△TQ-S、Inter-△TQ-E、Max-△TQ-S、Max-△TQ-E明显延长（P〈0．001），Intra-△TQ-S、Intra-△TQ-E略延长（P〉0．05）。IPAH患者Max-△TQ-S、Max-ATQ-E与右心室结构参数和功能参数均有良好相关性。结论 IPAH右心室内存在非同步运动，且与右心室结构和功能关系密切。     

定量组织速度成像技术对心力衰竭患儿心脏非同步运动的研究

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评价充血性心力衰竭(CHF)患儿心室间及左心室内非同步运动的临床意义.方法 正常小儿40例,CHF患儿30例,左心室内非同步性指标检测采取标准心尖四腔和两腔观,获得左心室4个壁基底段、中间段和心尖段共12个位点的QTVI曲线,测量各位点QRS波起点至心肌收缩期峰值速度和舒张早期峰值速度的时限(Ts和Te).计算左心室同一壁内3个节段间Ts最大差值和Te最大差值(Intra-△Ts和Intra-△Te)以及左心室12个心肌节段Ts和Te的最大差值(Max-△Ts和Max-△Te).心室间的不同步指标测量QRS波起点到主动脉瓣血流频谱起点时间(Q-A)、QRS波起点到肺动脉瓣血流频谱起点时间(Q-P)及其差值(Q-AP).左室射血分数(LVEF)及Tei指数反映左心室整体功能.结果 CHF组Intra-△Ts和Intra-△Te、Max-△Ts和Max-△Te、Q-A、Q-P及Q-AP较正常组明显延长.Max-△Ts与LVEF负相关(r=-0.54,P＜0.05;),与Tei指数正相关(r=0.58,P＜0.01),与QRS不相关.Max-△Te与QRS正相关(r=0.57,P＜0.01),与LVEF及Tei指数不相关.结论 CHF患儿心室间及左心室内存在明显的非同步运动,且与心功能关系密切.     

多普勒组织成像在评价原发性高血压患者左室整体舒张功能时最敏感部位的选择

目的:应用多普勒组织成像(DTI)测量二尖瓣环5个位点的运动参数,探讨二尖瓣环在评价左室整体舒张功能时最敏感位点的选择。方法:测量20例健康自愿者及60例原发性高血压患者二尖瓣环间隔、侧壁、下壁、前壁、后壁5个位点的Ea、Aa的DTI参数,计算Ea/Aa。结果:①高血压组二尖瓣环5个位点Ea、Ea/Aa明显减低(P<0.001);②正常组和高血压组二尖瓣环侧壁位Ea/Aa比值与平均比值相关系数最大(r=0.894,r=0.854)。结论:应用DTI测量二尖瓣环运动参数来评价左室整体舒张功能时,我们认为心尖四腔切面二尖瓣环侧壁位为最敏感位点。     

组织速度成像评估原发性扩张型心肌病右心室心肌舒缩协调性

目的探讨原发性扩张型心肌病(DCM)右室心肌舒缩协调性特点及其意义。方法35例DCM患者[单纯左室扩大组(A组)和双室扩大组(B组)]和18例正常人(C组)入选。常规测定、计算心脏结构和功能参数。分析右室3个壁基底段和中间段组织速度曲线,测量QRS波起点至6节段Sa、Ea时限,计算6节段间TQ-S、TQ-E最大差值(Max-ΔTQ-S、Max-ΔTQ-E)。依据公式计算右室整体心肌作功指数。结果与C组相比,A、B组Max-ΔTQ-S、Max-ΔTQ-E明显延长(B组最显著),且与心脏结构和功能参数具有相关性。结论DCM患者右室存在非同步运动(其中合并右室扩大者最差),且与心脏结构和功能关系密切。     

血流向量成像技术评价心肌梗死患者左心室舒张功能的研究

目的 应用血流向量成像(VFM)技术分析心肌梗死患者舒张期左心室血流动力学的变化特征.方法 选择临床明确诊断为左室前壁心肌梗死的患者50例作为病例组,另选60例健康体检者作为对照组,比较两组涡流相对于二尖瓣口的横向、纵向位置及圈数,涡流半值面积(S)、涡流直径(D)、涡流最大流量(Qmax)、涡流强度(Qmax/S).应用组织多普勒测量舒张早期与舒张晚期峰值速度比值(Ea/Aa),并与Qmax/S进行相关性分析.结果 ①舒张早、晚期,病例组涡流相对于对照组更靠近中线及心尖部,且二尖瓣后叶涡流圈数增多;舒张中期,病例组涡流位置更靠近心尖部,且涡流圈数增多;②病例组与对照组相比,各时期S、D均增大,Qmax/S均减小;舒张早期二尖瓣前叶、舒张中期,病例组Qmax小于对照组,舒张早期二尖瓣后叶、舒张晚期二尖瓣前叶及二尖瓣后叶病例组大于对照组;③Qmax/S与室间隔及侧壁的Ea/Aa呈明显正相关.结论 VFM技术够准确反映心肌梗死患者左室心腔内血液流场的结构特征,为心肌梗死患者舒张功能受损程度提供一定的量化指标.     

三维超声心动图估测左心室型单心室心功能的临床研究

目的探讨三维超声心动图评估左心室型单心室患儿的整体心功能及局部心功能的准确性。方法 36例左心室型单心室患儿为病例组,36例正常儿童为对照组,应用Q-lab软件分析并计算左心室型单心室主心腔及正常儿童左心室的舒张末期容积(EDV)、收缩末期容积(ESV)、射血分数(EF)、17节段局部ESV、EDV和EF。结果病例组的EDV、ESV明显大于对照组(P<0.05)。病例组的EF明显小于对照组(P<0.05)。除前间隔基底段、后间隔基底段、前壁心尖段及心尖段心尖部无统计学差异外,病例组其余节段局部ESV均大于对照组(P<0.05)。病例组前壁基底段、后间隔基底段、后壁基底段、后侧壁基底段、前间隔中间段及后壁中间段节段EDV均大于对照组(P<0.05)。病例组除后间隔基底段外,局部EF均小于对照组(P<0.05)。结论左心室型单心室患者存在整体心功能不全及局部心功能不全,实时三维超声心动图可准确地反映左心室型单心室患者整体及局部心功能。     

定量组织速度成像评价犬急性左心缺血心肌非同步运动的实验研究

目的 探讨定量组织速度成像(QTVI)评价犬急性左心缺血时心肌非同步运动的价值.方法 健康犬18只,暴露心脏,于左冠状动脉前降支阻断前(对照组)、后(实验组)分别获取左心室12个节段的QTVI曲线,测量各位点QRS波起点至心肌收缩期峰值速度的时间(Ts),计算同一壁内3个节段Ts差值(Intra-ΔTs)以及左心室12节段Ts的最大差值(Max-ΔTs).心室间的不同步指标测量QRS波起点到主动脉瓣血流频谱起点时间(Q-A),QRS波起点到肺动脉瓣血流频谱起点时间(Q-P)及其差值(Q-AP).结果 实验组缺血节段Intra-ΔTs和Max-ΔTs较对照组明显延长(P＜0.01),而Q-A,Q-P及Q-AP较对照组无明显变化(P＞0.05).结论 犬急性左心缺血时,左室内存在明显非同步运动,但心室间无明显不同步运动.     

定量组织速度显像技术评价单纯糖尿病患者左室舒张功能的研究

目的使用定量组织速度显像(QTVI)技术对单纯糖尿病患者左室舒张功能进行评价,并与传统检测舒张功能的方法进行比较,寻找更敏感的检测手段。方法入选单纯糖尿病患者31例,与健康人24例进行对照。使用GE公司Vivid 7彩色超声诊断仪,经胸获取胸骨旁长轴切面、心尖四腔切面、心尖两腔切面和心尖长轴切面,在相应切面分别记录经二尖瓣血流频谱舒张早期充盈峰值速度(E),舒张晚期充盈峰值速度(A)及E峰减速时间(EDT);右上肺静脉血流频谱收缩期峰值流速(S波),舒张早期峰值流速(D波),心房收缩期负向波峰值流速(AR);使用QTVI技术测量左室侧壁、后间隔、左室前壁、下壁及左室后壁及前间隔二尖瓣环舒张早期峰值速度(Ea),舒张晚期峰值速度(Aa)和Ea/Aa。结果二尖瓣口血流多普勒频谱E/A比值、EDT、肺静脉血流频谱S/D比值在两组之间差异均无统计学意义;肺静脉血流频谱的AR在糖尿病组明显增大[(0.3±0.07)m/svs(0.22±0.03)m/s,P<0.01]。二尖瓣环6个节段的Ea平均值在两组之间差异无统计学意义,但糖尿病组Aa的平均值明显升高[(7.03±1.33)cm/svs(5.27±0.89)cm/s,P<0.01],各节段Ea/Aa比值的平均值显著降低[(1.11±0.38)vs(1.56±0.64),P<0.01]。结论QTVI技术在检测糖尿病心肌病左室舒张功能方面更加敏感。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Modified micro-superior percutaneously-assisted total hip: early experiences & case reports

Because of the extensile nature and familiarity of the standard posterior-lateral approach to the hip, a family of "micro-posterior" approaches has been developed. This family includes the Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (PATH) approach, the Supercapsular (SuperCap) approach and a newer hybrid approach, the Supercapsular Percutaneously-Assisted Total Hip (SuperPATH) approach. Such approaches should ideally provide a continuum for the surgeon: from a "micro" (external rotator sparing) posterior approach, to a "mini" (external rotator sacrificing) posterior approach, to a standard posterior approach. This could keep a surgeon within his comfort zone during the learning curve of the procedure, while leaving options for complicated reconstructions for the more practiced micro-posterior surgeons. This paper details one author's experiences utilizing this combined approach, as well as permutations of this entire micro-posterior family of approaches as applied to more complex hip reconstructions.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.