基于经皮肩部穿刺超声造影诊断肩袖撕裂的一致性

目的 观察基于经皮肩部穿刺超声造影（CEUS）诊断各型肩袖撕裂（RCT）的一致性。方法 回顾性分析94例临床疑诊RCT患者的肩部二维超声、CEUS[单一经皮超声引导肩峰下滑囊超声造影（PUSB）或联合经皮超声引导肌腱病损区超声造影（PUTL）]及关节镜检查资料,分别由观察者1（主任医师）、观察者2（主治医师）、观察者3（住院医师）基于肩部穿刺CEUS评估有无RCT及其类型,观察其诊断一致性及效能。结果 94例中,关节镜检出17例较大全层撕裂（lF）、14例小全层撕裂（sF）、18例滑囊侧部分撕裂（bP）、23例关节侧部分撕裂（aP）及22例无撕裂（NT）。观察者间对全部病例的评估结果的一致性为较高或高（Kappa=0.67~0.95）。针对全层撕裂（FT）、部分撕裂（PT）、lF、sF、bP、aP和NT,观察者1 vs. 2、2 vs. 3的一致性均高（Kappa=0.81~0.95）、观察者1 vs. 3均较高（Kappa=0.71~0.80）。观察者诊断RCT的准确率为87.23%~96.81%。针对RCT,观察者3诊断bP的敏感度为77.78%（14/18）,3名观察者诊断的敏感度及特异度均>80.00%,对lF及NT的诊断敏感度均为100%（17/17）及90.91%（20/22）。结论 经皮肩部穿刺CEUS诊断各型RCT的一致性及敏感度、特异度均较高。     

超声诊断肩袖撕裂

目的 探讨直接及间接超声征象对肩袖撕裂分型的诊断价值。方法 收集52例于我院行肩关节镜手术的患者,所有患者均接受超声检查,计算直接、间接超声征象诊断肩袖撕裂的效能,并比较直接超声征象诊断肩袖撕裂亚型与关节镜结果的一致性。结果 直接征象诊断肩袖有无撕裂、全层撕裂、部分撕裂的准确率分别为90.38%（47/52）、96.15%（50/52）和86.54%（45/52）,且直接征象诊断肩袖撕裂亚型与关节镜结果的一致性较好。在间接征象中,3部位同时出现积液（肩峰下-三角肌下滑囊积液、肩关节腔积液及肱二头肌长头腱腱鞘积液）、三角肌滑囊疝及软骨分界征诊断肩袖撕裂的特异度分别为80.95%（17/21）、90.48%（19/21）及95.24%（20/21）。结论 直接联合间接超声征象诊断肩袖撕裂的分型具有较高的临床应用价值。     

MRI检查在肩关节损伤的临床应用

目的评价MRI检查在肩关节的临床应用。方法分析31例肩关节常规MRI检查和17例肩关节MRI造影检查的形态学特点。结果扫描发现肩袖完全撕裂、肩袖部分撕裂、肌腱炎、盂唇撕裂、关节积液、肱二头肌长头腱损伤等;常规MRI诊断关节盂唇撕裂的敏感性为78％,特异性为88％;诊断肩袖部分撕裂敏感性为80％,特异性均为75％,诊断肩袖完全撕裂的敏感性为95％,特异性为88％。MRI肩关节造影诊断肩袖部分撕裂的敏感性为91％,特异性为100％;肩袖完全撕裂的敏感性为95％,特异性为100％;诊断关节盂唇撕裂的敏感性为78％,特异性为88％。结论肩关节MRI能清晰显示出肩关节的复杂解剖结构,肩关节MRI造影能清晰显示肩袖、关节盂唇等正常机病理情况,对肩关节损伤的诊断和鉴别诊断具有较高的价值。     

Sonography of the rotator cuff in painful shoulders performed without knowledge of clinical information: results from 58 sonographic examinations with surgical correlation

PURPOSE: To assess the value of sonography as an isolated diagnostic test for the detection and quantification of rotator cuff tears. METHODS: Preoperative sonographic examination was performed on 58 shoulders. Key biases on sonographic interpretation such as history-taking, physical examination, or concurrent imaging examinations were excluded by way of blinding. Tears of the rotator cuff were the positive findings of interest. Assessment of tear size and localization was done sonographically, and the results were compared with operative findings. RESULTS: All 24 full-thickness tears observed at surgery had been diagnosed correctly via sonography. In 19 of 20 cases with an intact rotator cuff, preoperative sonography was negative. Thirteen of 14 partial-thickness tears were not detected via sonography; 1 was misinterpreted as a full-thickness tear. Location of the tears relative to the rotator cuff tendons was described correctly in 21 of 25 cases. For tear size measurement, the 95% range of agreement was less than +/-1 cm. CONCLUSIONS: Blinded sonographic examination is effective in the detection and quantification of full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff but lacks sensitivity in the detection of partial-thickness tears.     

CEUS评估兔胶原诱导性关节炎模型滑膜炎

目的探讨CEUS评价兔胶原诱导性关节炎(AIA)模型膝关节滑膜炎的可行性及应用价值。方法选取30只新西兰大白兔均分为A、B组,分别将2mg及8mg鸡卵蛋白注入兔右侧膝关节腔制成AIA模型。于4周后行二维超声、CEUS及增强MR检查,评估滑膜炎严重程度,将超声与MRI结果进行对比,并行相关性分析。结果二维超声及MR均显示A、B组兔AIA模型膝关节滑膜炎的发生率及分级差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。CEUS与增强MRI对于兔AIA模型滑膜炎的检出率及评价滑膜炎分级的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),二者对于滑膜炎分级的评价一致性较高(Kappa=0.78,P<0.05),相关性高(r=0.94,P<0.05)。以MRI作为金标准,二维超声诊断兔AIA模型膝关节滑膜炎的敏感度为72.73%(16/22),特异度为97.37%(37/38),准确率为88.33%(53/60),Youden指数为0.70,CEUS的敏感度为90.91%(20/22),特异度为100%(38/38),准确率为96.67%(58/60),Youden指数为0.91。结论 CEUS可作为评价AIA兔模型滑膜炎严重程度及其治疗性实验效果随访的新方法。     

Sonographic detection of tears of the anterior portion of the rotator cuff (subscapularis tendon tears).

We studied the value of ultrasonography in identifying tears of the most anterior portion of the rotator cuff (subscapularis tendon tears). Shoulder sonography was performed on 1640 patients with shoulder symptoms, 435 of whom underwent surgery. Among the patients who were operated on, 17 had predominantly or exclusively subscapularis tendon tears; 14 of these were full-thickness and three were partial-thickness tears. Ultrasonography demonstrated 82% (14 of 17) of the subscapularis tendon tears; 86% (12 of 14) of the full-thickness tears and 67% (2 of 3) of the partial-thickness tears were correctly diagnosed with ultrasonography. Sonography can diagnose and show the size of subscapularis tendon tears reliably, but it necessitates that the arm can be externally rotated to the maximum extent when performing the study.     

CEUS Versus MRI in Evaluation of the Effect of Microwave Ablation of Breast Cancer

Percutaneous microwave ablation (MWA) is a new minimally invasive technique for breast cancer treatment. The aim of this research was to compare the differences in performance between contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with respect to the curative effect of MWA in the treatment of breast cancer. Between 2015 and 2019, 26 patients with breast cancer underwent ultrasound-guided MWA. All patients underwent both CEUS and MRI within 3 d after ablation. If either of the two imaging modalities revealed suspicious enhancement of the ablation zone and the ultrasound-guided biopsy confirmed residual tumor in the suspicious area, supplementary MWA was applied. The diagnostic efficacy of CEUS and MRI within 3 d after ablation was evaluated based on a >6-mo follow-up of 26 patients. Two cases were diagnosed with residual tumors by ultrasound that were missed by MRI. Three cases were diagnosed with residual tumors by MRI that were missed by CEUS. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of CEUS in the diagnosis of complete ablation were 100%, 40%, 87.5%, 100% and 88.5%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of MRI in the diagnosis of complete ablation were 100%, 60%, 91.3%, 100% and 92.3%, respectively. Within 3 d, both CEUS and MRI can efficiently assess the efficacy of MWA of breast cancer.     

超声引导下经皮肺外周病变穿刺活检并发肺出血的危险因素分析

目的 分析超声引导下经皮肺外周病变穿刺活检相关肺出血的危险因素。方法 回顾性分析236例单发肺外周病变患者的临床资料及穿刺活检资料,分析超声引导穿刺活检并发肺出血的危险因素。结果 超声引导肺外周病变穿刺活检的成功率为99.58%(235/236),病理确诊率为85.11%(200/235)。穿刺活检相关肺出血发生率为11.91%(28/235)。病变血流显示较丰富与不丰富者相比,穿刺后有无肺出血的差异有统计学意义(P=0.041),而不同性别、年龄、病变位置、病灶前后径、病理类型、病变内支气管征、穿刺针型号及进针次数的患者,穿刺后有无肺出血的差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 病变的血流显示是否较丰富与超声引导下经皮肺外周病变穿刺引起肺出血关系密切,术前详细了解病变内血管数量及其走行、分布,有助于减少肺出血的发生。     

Comparison of Ultrasonographic Findings of the Rotator Cuff Between Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients with Chronic Shoulder Pain: A Retrospective Study

It is still unclear whether diabetic mellitus (DM) is associated with rotator cuff lesions. The object of this retrospective study was to compare the ultrasonographic (US) findings of rotator cuffs in diabetic patients with those of nondiabetic patients with chronic shoulder pain. In total, 419 patients (80 diabetic, 339 nondiabetic) who had chronic shoulder pain and had been referred to receive US examination between January 2005 and January 2008 in a medical center were included in this study. The US findings of rotator cuff lesions were classified into two main categories: rotator cuff tears (RCTs) and calcifying tendinopathy (CT). In total, 114 (25.2%) shoulders with CT of the rotator cuff and 160 (35.3%), 15 (3.3%) and 5 (1.1%) shoulders with supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis tears, respectively, were noted. No difference in the ratio of tears of RCTs was found on US examinations between two groups. The crude odds ratio (OR) for CT of diabetic patients was 1.85 (p = 0.014); however, the adjusted OR for CT in diabetic patients became insignificant after controlling for the other variables (OR = 1.59, p = 0.08). To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore US findings among diabetic and nondiabetic patients with chronic shoulder pain. Further study is advised to confirm our findings. (E-mail: csc@tmu.edu.tw)     

Qualitative and Quantitative Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Combined with Conventional Ultrasound for Predicting the Malignancy of Soft Tissue Tumors

This study was aimed at evaluating the performance of perfusion patterns and the quantitative parameters of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in the detection of soft tissue tumors (STTs) and establishing a US workflow for STTs to improve patient management. Conventional ultrasound (US) and CEUS data were retrospectively collected from 156 soft tissue masses. Six perfusion patterns (P1–P6) were applied for CEUS qualitative analysis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the performance of conventional US and qualitative and quantitative CEUS in distinguishing benign and malignant STTs. The malignancy rates of P1–P6 in STTs were 0%, 50.0%, 9.1%, 33.3%, 73.4% and 61.0%, respectively. For "non-P1" STTs, the predictive model combining quantitative CEUS parameters with conventional US features, including margin (odds ratio [OR] = 4.490, p = 0.000), vascular density (OR = 2.307, p = 0.013), 50% wash-out intensity (OR = 1.904, p = 0.032) and 50% wash-out time (OR = 1.031, p = 0.019), performed favorably in predicting malignancy, with an accuracy of 81.0% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.868. Furthermore, a US workflow for the detection of STTs based on conventional US and CEUS was established. CEUS with qualitative and quantitative analyses could be an effective tool for STT diagnosis. The US workflow in this study may improve the management of STT patients.     

超声引导多点扇形立体定位单极冷循环射频消融治疗肝癌

目的 评价超声引导多点扇形立体定位单极冷循环射频消融治疗肝癌的效果. 方法 对96例肝癌患者的112个肿瘤,采用多点扇形立体定位法施行超声引导经皮射频消融(RFA)治疗.治疗后15 min行超声造影(CEUS),判断肿瘤是否完全灭活,如灭活不完全则进行重复治疗,治疗后1个月行增强CT(CECT)或CEUS检查评估治疗效果. 结果 112个肿瘤共穿刺293次,成功穿刺269次,穿刺成功率91.81%.治疗后15 min,CEUS示肿瘤无增强.治疗后1个月CT复查,肿瘤体积缩小;89.29%肿瘤CECT无强化,10.71%存在部分强化;CEUS示87.38%肿瘤内无增强,12.62%存在部分增强. 结论 超声引导多点扇形立体定位单极冷循环RFA治疗肝癌疗效可靠,可提高消融治疗对较大肝癌的灭活率.     

US in mid-portion Achilles tendon injury

Ultrasound (US) is the primary imaging technique used to evaluate pathologies affecting the tendons, as the use of high frequency probes permits a detailed study of the structure and morphology of the area also during dynamic examinations. The mid-portion of the Achilles tendon is well evaluated both in normal and pathological conditions, such as tendinosis and peritendinitis as well as partial-thickness and full-thickness tears. The role of US is essential to the diagnosis and, therefore, also to treatment planning in major disorders affecting the Achilles tendon. US furthermore allows the clinician to monitor the effectiveness of treatment over time as well as the risk of recurrent rupture after surgery.     

常规超声联合超声造影鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性肿瘤

目的 探讨常规超声(US)、CEUS以及US联合CEUS鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性肿瘤的价值。方法 回顾性分析73例单发乳腺肿块患者的US及CEUS资料。采用多元Logistic回归获得US、CEUS以及US联合CEUS诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的模型方程,计算3个模型诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的准确率、敏感度和特异度;绘制ROC曲线,评价3种方法诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的能力。结果 US诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的主要指标为病灶周边声晕、蟹足样边界及阻力指数(RI);采用CEUS诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的主要指标为不均匀增强、增强后径线扩大以及相对峰值强度;US联合CEUS诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的主要指标为病灶周边声晕、蟹足样边界、RI及不均匀增强。单独运用US和CEUS以及US联合CEUS诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的准确率、敏感度、特异度分别为88.9%、91.4%、84.2%,87.7%、89.7%、84.6%和92.3%、97.1%、83.3%,ROC曲线下面积分别为0.96、0.90及0.98。结论 US和CEUS鉴别诊断良恶性肿瘤的能力相当,二者联合应用可提高诊断水平。     

Quantitative Evaluation of Rotator Cuff Tears Based on Non-linear Statistical Analysis of Ultrasound Radiofrequency Signals

There is increasing clinical requirement for early and accurate ultrasound diagnosis of rotator cuff tears (RCTs). A method based on non-linear statistical analysis was proposed for the detection of RCTs using ultrasound radiofrequency (RF) signals. One hundred fifty-two patients with shoulder pain were first examined with ultrasound and then diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the ground truth. By comparison of the region of interest (ROI) with a part of the supraspinatus with no pathologic change part in the same RF signal frame, the relative P_ks value (viz., rP_ks value) was evaluated to quantify the pathophysiologic changes. The results indicated that the rP_ks values of all RCTs are <0.7, and the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the proposed method can reach 97.5%, 100% and 91.4%, respectively. This computer-aided method was found to perform better diagnostic than the results reported by an experienced radiologist (accuracy = 75.7%, sensitivity = 72.6%, and specificity = 85.7%). The high sensitivity advantage of this method indicates that the prospects for its application in the computer-aided diagnosis of RCTs are good.     

US appearance of partial-thickness supraspinatus tendon tears: Application of the string theory. Pictorial essay

The supraspinatus tendon is composed of 5 different layers consisting of intertwining bundles. On a front portion of the tendon, the layers become coated bundles which insert on the trochanter. At the insertion, the superficial or bursal surface of the tendon corresponding to the tendon fibers in contact with the subacromial bursa can be distinguished from the deep surface corresponding to the fibers in contact with the glenohumeral joint. A tendon tear may involve partial or total disruption of the tendon fibers and is called full-thickness tear if it affects the entire tendon, and partial-thickness tear if it involves only part of the tendon. Partial-thickness tears of the supraspinatus tendon include lesions of the superficial, deep and central surface or tendon delamination.A contrast enhanced examination requires injection of contrast agent into the joint (arthrography followed by computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)) to study the deep surface, and injection into the subacromial bursa (bursography followed by CT) to study the superficial surface. MRI and ultrasound (US) examination allow the study of these different tendon layers without the use of contrast agent (which is not possible at CT).     

肩峰下撞击综合征的经皮超声引导下肩峰下滑囊造影表现

目的 探讨肩峰下撞击综合征（SIS）的经皮超声引导下肩峰下滑囊造影（PUSB）表现。方法 对150例经临床诊断为SIS患者行PUSB检查,动态观察造影剂在滑囊内的弥散情况及是否进入肩袖、关节腔。结果 53例造影剂在滑囊内呈线状均匀分布,诊断为单纯性肩峰下滑囊炎。97例造影剂在滑囊内分布不均匀,诊断为粘连性肩峰下滑囊炎。40例可见造影剂由滑囊进入肩袖肌腱,但未达肱骨头表面;32例可见造影剂由滑囊进入肩袖肌腱,到达肱骨头表面;78例造影剂未进入肩袖肌腱。结论 PUSB可实时动态评估肩峰下滑囊炎、滑囊粘连、肩袖损伤等情况,对SIS的诊断具有较高的应用价值。     

胆管细胞癌的超声表现及与CECT、MRI、MRCP诊断价值的对比研究

目的 探讨胆管细胞癌(CCC)的二维超声、彩色多普勒及CEUS表现,比较超声、增强CT(CECT)、MRI、磁共振胰胆管成像(MRCP)对胆管细胞癌的诊断价值。方法 归纳57例CCC的二维超声和彩色多普勒血流的具体表现,并且对行CEUS检查的4例病灶造影剂灌注情况进行分析。比较普通超声、CECT、MRI、MRCP以及联合CEUS后超声对CCC的诊断价值。结果 57例病灶以肝门型居多,部分伴发肝内胆管扩张,少数可见肝门部或腹膜后淋巴结肿大。病灶多表现为血流不丰富的低回声,尤以肝门部和肝左叶者明显。肝门部病灶多伴发胆囊结石,肝右叶者多伴发肝内胆管结石,肝左叶者伴发胆囊和肝内胆管结石的比例各半。4例CEUS表现为动脉期高增强或等增强继而快速减退呈低增强并持续整个门脉期和延迟期。普通超声、CEUS、CECT、MRI及MRCP的诊断价值无统计学差异 (P>0.05)。结论 CCC的二维及彩色多普勒超声表现有一定规律可循,普通超声联合CEUS可降低漏、误诊率。     

Ultrasonography of the shoulder.

Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSUS) is an important modality in evaluating shoulder disease. Following a baseline shoulder conventional radiographic examination, MSUS can be used to screen the painful shoulder. It is accurate in diagnosing full- and partial-thickness tears of the rotator cuff. Both types of tears can be further characterized by size, location, and extension. Postoperatively, the rotator cuff can also be evaluated for recurrent full-thickness tears. MSUS is the only modality that can visualize and characterize synovial disease, without radiographic contrast, and when necessary, US-guided aspiration and biopsy can be performed. Real-time scanning shows the actual motion of the shoulder and its parts. Multiple attempts can be made to achieve optimal images for accurate documentation. Accessibility to MSUS facilitates the rapid turnaround of patients. US imagers and bone radiologists would do well to use MSUS to help their referring physicians establish a quick and accurate diagnosis of shoulder disorders. This article presents a comprehensive, pictorial review of the technical aspects of shoulder sonography as well as major types of pathology that can be diagnosed with US.     

实时导航超声造影在小肝癌诊断中的应用研究

目的探讨超声造影（CEUS）联合磁共振成像（MRI）实时导航技术在小肝癌诊断中的应用。 方法收集2008年1月至2015年6月复旦大学附属中山医院门诊及住院的临床疑诊为小肝癌（直径小于20 mm）的患者50例,共50个病灶,所有患者在常规超声检查未发现病灶,而增强MRI均提示有小肝癌。采用GE公司LOGIQ E9超声诊断仪,配备超声造影与MRI导航技术。超声造影采用低机械指数下实时灰阶超声造影（MI 0.05~0.12）,每次造影经肘静脉团注1.5~2.4 ml造影剂SonoVue。 结果所有病灶均经手术、活检或其他影像学检查证实为肝癌,其中原发性肝癌45个,转移性肝癌5个。实时导航超声造影时,50例患者均成功完成图像融合,融合成功率100%,平均融合时间为（9.1±0.5）min。在50个病灶中,常规超声造影发现15个病灶（30%,15/50）,实时导航超声造影检出48个病灶（96%,48/50）,两者比较差异具有统计学意义（Z=1.73,P<0.05）。在实时导航超声造影中,46个（92.0%,46/50）病灶表现为动脉期快速增强,4个病灶（8%,4/50）呈同步增强;28个病灶在门脉期呈等回声（56%,28/50）,超声造影联合MRI实时导航成像技术检出48个病灶（96%,48/50）,2个未能显示的病灶经人工胸水后再次实时导航顺利检出。实时导航超声造影对本组小肝癌的检出率及诊断准确性为100%。 结论实时导航超声造影可显著提高小肝癌检出率和诊断准确性。     

超声造影在脾脏外伤诊断中的价值

目的 探讨超声造影在脾脏外伤诊断中的价值.方法 分析临床疑诊的45例脾脏外伤患者的超声造影与临床表现.结果 45例患者中经CT或手术证实脾损伤42例,其中常规超声检出31例,超声造影检出40例;常规超声诊断脾外伤的敏感性73.8%,特异性33.3%,准确性71.1%;超声造影诊断脾外伤的敏感性95.2%,特异性66.7%,准确性93.3%.两种方法诊断脾外伤的敏感性、特异性、准确性比较,差异有非常显著性(P＜0.01).结论 超声造影作为一种非损伤性检查手段,能迅速、准确评估脾损伤程度,但也应认识到其局限性.