大脑中动脉闭塞患者死亡的相关因素分析

目的:探讨影响大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)患者死亡的相关因素。方法:选取经头颈部CTA或MRA证实存在MCAO的患者119例进行随访,以死亡为结局指标,将相关因素进行统计学分析。结果:119例MCAO患者中,失访17例(14.28%),平均随访46.8个月,其中死亡20例(死亡组),存活82例(存活组)。死亡组的年龄、冠心病史比例、血沉、高敏C反应蛋白、纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体、同型半胱氨酸、谷草转氨酶、白蛋白、尿素氮水平高于存活组(P0.05),饮酒史比例、甘油三酯水平低于存活组(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示年龄为死亡独立危险因素。结论:MCAO患者年龄越大,死亡风险越高。     

急性缺血性脑卒中FLAIR血管高信号征的相关因素及预后分析

目的探讨大脑中动脉(middle cerebral artery,MCA)供血区急性缺血性脑卒中(acute ischemic stroke,AIS)患者液体衰减反转恢复(fluid attenuated inversion recovery,FLAIR)序列血管高信号征(vascular hyperintensity,FVH)出现的相关因素及与临床预后的关系。材料与方法回顾性分析276例(2016年9月至2019年3月)MCA区域AIS患者的临床及影像资料。分为FVH阳性组和阴性组,阳性组又依据FVH的分布情况分为3个级别。此外,阳性组血管狭窄程度3级的22例患者7 d后复查(根据MRA表现分为血管再通组和未再通组),并进行了90 d随访改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评估(根据90 d mRS评分分为预后良好组(mRS≤2)和不良组(mRS>2)。采用χ^2检验和Fisher精确检验分析影响FVH出现及级别的因素。血管再通组和未再通组之间FVH消失的情况及预后良好组和不良组的基线FVH级别、治疗后FVH消失、血管再通情况采用Fisher精确检验。预后良好组和不良组基线NIHSS评分采用t检验。结果FVH阳性组和阴性组两组之间患者年龄、性别、卒中危险因素及Willis环类型差异无统计学意义。出现症状-MRI检查时间、血管狭窄部位、程度及梗死面积差异具有统计学意义(P值分别为0.011、0.011、0.000、0.000)。阳性组不同级别间仅梗死面积差异具有统计学意义(χ^2=7.026,P=0.030)。复查血管再通组和未再通组之间FVH的消失情况差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000)。预后良好组和不良组之间基线NIHSS评分及治疗后FVH消失情况差异有统计学意义(P=0.000,P=0.002),基线FVH级别及治疗后血管再通情况差异无统计学意义(P=0.290,P=0.080)。结论患者症状-MRI检查时间、血管狭窄部位及程度、梗死面积是影响FVH出现的重要因素。治疗后FVH的消失可以预测闭塞血管再通,且患者预后与基线NIHSS评分、治疗后FVH消失情况有关,基线NIHSS评分低、治疗后FVH消失提示预后良好。     

脑中动脉中度狭窄以上患者病灶侧侧支循环开放与灌注参数及出院3个月mRS评分相关性分析

目的探讨脑中动脉中度狭窄以上患者病灶侧侧支循环开放与灌注参数及出院3个月mRS评分的相关性。方法前瞻性选取2013年12月至2015年12月在邯郸市中心医院就诊的急性脑梗死(ACI)患者115例,进行CT灌注成像(CTP)和CT血管成像(CTA)检测,依据患者血管狭窄程度分成轻度(42例)、中度(39例)和重度(34例)组,依据血管狭窄中度、重度患者侧支循环评分(CS)分为侧支循环良好组(37例)和不良组(36例);对比轻度、中度和重度患者健康侧和病灶侧灌注参数情况;对比侧支循环不良组和良好组患者年龄、同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、总胆固醇(TC)、高血压、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、灌注参数、入院NIHSS数值及出院3个月的mRS评分差异情况。结果轻度狭窄患者病灶侧CBF、CBV较健康侧显著下降,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);中度狭窄患者病灶侧CBV低于健康侧,MTT及TTP高于健康侧,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);重度狭窄患者病灶侧CBV及CBF均低于健康侧,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。对中度和重度患者进行CS评分显示,侧支循环不良组与良好组患者在出院3个月时mRS评分、CBV、MTT、TTP、CBF及入院时的NIHSS评分方面比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论脑中动脉中度狭窄以上患者对其脑血流灌注影响严重,不利于患者预后改善。     

红细胞分布宽度对急性缺血性脑卒中行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗的临床结局预测价值分析

目的 探讨红细胞分布宽度(RDW)对急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)行重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗的临床结局的预测价值.方法 选取该院于2014年9月至2019年9月收治的98例AIS患者进行研究分析,采取rt-PA进行静脉溶栓治疗,溶栓前后分别进行改良Rankin量表(mRS)和美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分,检测RDW,根据mRS评分将患者分为结局良好组及结局不良组.对比2组患者RDW,并利用多因素Logistic回归分析影响患者治疗结局的独立危险因素.结果 溶栓后,结局不良率为28.57％(28/98),结局良好率为71.43％(70/98).2组年龄和溶栓前NIHSS评分、住院时间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);性别、BMI、既往卒中病史、心血管病史、血压、三酰甘油、高血糖和脑卒中亚型比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);溶栓前,2组患者RDW比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),溶栓后,结局良好组RDW低于结局不良组(P<0.05);溶栓前低RDW是AIS患者行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后结局良好的保护因素,高NIHSS评分是AIS患者行rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗后结局良好的独立危险因素(P<0.05).结论 采取rt-PA静脉溶栓治疗的AIS患者,RDW可对其进行早期预测,能为患者提供早期诊断与治疗参考,还可改善其神经功能状况和治疗结局.     

急性缺血性脑卒中精准用药患者预后的多因素联合预测研究

目的:探讨多因素联合预测对急性缺血性卒中(AIS)精准用药患者预后的影响,并通过建立多因素联合模型预测精准用药AIS患者预后。方法:采用前瞻性队列研究设计,于2019年3月1日至2020年12月30日在本院神经内科进行病例招募,在出院后第90天进行随访。根据90 d随访的改良Rankin量表(mRS)分为预后良好组(mRS评分0~2分)和预后不良组(mRS评分3~6分),使用多因素Logistic回归分析影响精准用药AIS患者预后的标志物;采用ROC曲线验证Logistic回归模型的诊断效度,采用Delong检验评价曲线下面积(AUC)的差异。结果:共招募240例患者,221例随访,预后良好组168例,预后不良组53例。多因素Logistic回归分析显示白细胞介素-6(IL-6)水平及入院NIHSS评分是影响患者预后的独立危险因素,其联合预测值高于单一变量预测效果。结论:血清IL-6和入院NIHSS评分可作为预测精准用药AIS患者预后的因素,并且通过多因素联合预测模型可以更好地预测AIS患者90 d的预后。     

青年卒中患者重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂静脉溶栓临床疗效观察

目的分析急性缺血性脑卒中重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)静脉溶栓治疗青年卒中患者预后的相关影响因素。方法回顾性研究徐州市中心医院2010年7月至2019年7月收治的102例青年脑卒中(年龄≤45岁)患者,入院后均接受rt-PA治疗,根据改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分将患者分为预后良好组(mRS<2分)和预后不良组(mRS≥2分),采用χ~2检验或t检验比较预后良好组和预后不好组之间的差异,采用Logistic回归分析进行预后因素的多因素分析。结果102例患者均完成90 d临床随访,其中预后良好组55例,占53.92%(55/102);预后不良组47例,占46.08%(47/102)。2组文化程度、溶栓前收缩压、血同型半胱氨酸水平、家族遗传史、血尿酸水平、溶栓前美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分比较差异均具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。Logistic多因素分析显示,文化程度、溶栓前收缩压、血同型半胱氨酸水平、家族遗传史、血尿酸水平、溶栓前NIHSS评分是青年卒中患者预后的相关影响因素(P<0.05)。结论青年卒中患者预后不良与文化程度较低,收缩压、血同型半胱氨酸水平,血尿酸水平较高,有家族遗传,溶栓前NIHSS评分较高有关系,应当引起临床重视,及早采取针对性对策,最大限度改善青年卒中患者预后。     

血清25羟基-维生素D对急性缺血性脑卒中急诊患者结局的预测价值

目的 观察急诊科急性缺血性脑卒中(AIS)患者血清25-羟基维生素D〔25(OH)D〕水平变化及其对结局的预测价值。方法 2017年10月至2019年9月,急诊科AIS患者224例(病例组)和体检中心健康体检者240例(对照组),分别于入组后24 h内检测血清25(OH)D水平;病例组入院时采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)和营养风险筛查2002 (NRS2002)进行评定,24 h内采集静脉血行生化分析;发病后180 d随访,根据改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分分为预后良好组(mRS ≤ 2, n = 106)和预后不良组(mRS > 2, n = 118)。多因素Logistic回归分析结局的影响因素;受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价血清25(OH)D对AIS结局的预测能力。结果 病例组血清25(OH)D显著低于对照组(Z = 4.296, P< 0.001);预后不良组血清25(OH)D显著低于预后良好组(Z = 5.876, P< 0.001);校正年龄、性别、营养风险、梗死体积和NIHSS评分等因素后,25(OH)D仍是AIS结局的独立保护因素(OR = 0.925,P < 0.05)。ROC曲线下面积为0.795 ( P < 0.001),预测切点13.17 ng/ml,约登指数0.548,敏感性0.746,特异性0.802。 结论 血清25(OH)D水平能在较好预测AIS 180 d的结局,可能有助于AIS急诊患者的危险分层。     

影响轻型卒中溶栓临床预后的相关因素分析

目的:分析影响轻型卒中溶栓临床预后的相关因素。方法:纳入连续接受静脉溶栓治疗的轻型卒中患者。根据发病后90 d时改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分分为转归不良组(≥2分)和转归良好组(0～1分)。比较2组人口学和临床资料,采用多变量Logistic回归分析确定轻型卒中静脉溶栓后转归不良的独立预测因素。结果:共纳入154例接受静脉溶栓治疗的轻型卒中患者,132例(85.71%)转归良好,22例(14.29%)转归不良。2组患者年龄(P=0.045)、溶栓前血糖(P=0.029)、房颤病史(P0.01)、出血转换(P0.01)、第7天mRS评分(P0.01)、基线NIHSS评分(P0.01)差异有统计学意义。多变量Logistic回归分析显示,患者年龄(P=0.023),溶栓前血糖(P=0.046)和第7天m RS评分(P0.01)差异有统计学意义。结论:高龄、溶栓前血糖较高、既往有房颤病史、基线NIHSS较高、溶栓后发生出血转换和第7天mRS评分较低的患者具有预后不良的风险。高龄、溶栓前高血糖和第7天mRS评分低是轻型卒中静脉溶栓治疗后转归不良的独立预测因素。     

低NIHSS评分的急性前循环大血管闭塞患者血管内治疗的临床研究

目的：探讨低美国国立卫生院脑卒中量表（National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS）评分的急性前循环大血管闭塞患者在不同手术时机行血管内治疗有效性、安全性,评估影响预后的因素。方法：连续回顾性收集自2020年1月至2021年6月在临沂市人民医院神经内科行急症血管内治疗的89例前循环大血管闭塞的低NIHSS评分患者（NIHSS评分≤5分）的临床资料。根据患者手术时机的选择分为直接手术组42例（入院后即行血管内治疗,术后标准药物治疗）和补救手术组47例（入院时先标准药物治疗,患者症状加重后再行急症血管内补救治疗）,比较2组患者临床资料及预后。依据术后90天改良Rankin量表（modified Rankin Scale,mRS）评分将患者分为预后良好组70例（mRS≤2分）和预后不良组19例（mRS>2分）,采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析筛选影响低NIHSS评分大血管闭塞卒中患者血管内治疗预后的因素。结果：94.4%(84/89)的患者实现了血管成功再通,78.7%(70/89)的患者90天功能预后良好,术后神经系统功能...     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者入院时外周血中性粒细胞比淋巴细胞与功能结局的关系

目的:探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(aSAH)患者入院时外周血中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值(NLR)与功能结局的关系。方法:回顾性分析a SAH患者398例的临床资料,使用改良rankin量表(mRS)在发病3月时评估预后,将患者分为预后良好(mRS3分)组258例、预后不良(mRS≥3分)组140例,并对2组患者的资料进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析,并进行受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析。结果:与预后良好组比较,预后不良组的年龄更大,高血压患者更多,Hunt-Hess评分、WFNS SAH评分更高,Fisher评分更高,入院时NLR更高,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,入院时NLR、发病年龄、Hunt-Hess评分增加和Fisher评分增加是aSAH 3月不良预后的独立危险因素(均P0.05)。在ROC曲线分析中,NLR为11.6时被确定为区分有利结果和不利结果的最佳临界值,曲线下面积0.794(95%CI:0.749~0.839,P0.001),当NLR截断值为11.6时,最大Youden指数0.471,其敏感度为78.6%,特异度为68.6%。结论:在aSAH患者中,入院时外周血NLR是与预后不良相关的独立危险因素。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Clinical Trial Updates and Hotline Sessions presented at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007

This article provides information and commentaries on trials which were presented at the Hotline and Clinical Trial Update Sessions at the European Society of Cardiology Congress 2007 in Vienna. The key presentations were performed by leading experts in the field with relevant positions in the trials or registries. It is important to note that unpublished reports should be considered as preliminary data, as the analysis may change in the final publications. The comprehensive summaries have been generated from the oral presentation and the webcasts of the European Society of Cardiology and should provide the readers with the most comprehensive information of relevant publications.     

Prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases by mass drug administration

The prospects for the control of neglected tropical diseases, including soil-transmitted helminthiasis, shistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis and trachoma, through mass drug administration, are exemplified by the elimination of the trachoma as a public-health problem in Morocco. In spite of this and other striking successes, mass drug administration programs are faced with major challenges resulting from suboptimal coverage and lack of efficacy. At current suboptimal coverage rates, programs may need prolongation for an extended period, increasing costs and undermining sustainability. Community participation through health education and information appears to be crucial to improve coverage and to achieve sustainability. Implementation of complementary measures, such as vector control, improved hygiene and environmental sanitation, are important to further control transmission and to prevent re-emergence of the infection and, again, may only be achieved effectively through community-based initiatives. To reduce costs and to relieve pressure on the health system, combining neglected tropical disease programs in areas where diseases coexist and integration with existing control programs for malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS is advocated. The risk of developing drug resistance is of particular concern in view of the lack of alternative drugs, and reduced treatment efficacy due to emerging resistance is evident for the soil-transmitted helminths and onchocerciasis. Given the risk for the development of drug resistance and the need for a high degree of participation, close attention should be paid to the monitoring of the coverage and efficacy of the different program components.     

Balance and Boundaries in Grief Counseling: An Intervention Framework for Volunteer Training

Volunteers or paraprofessional counselors are commonly used to provide supportive care to the bereaved. These counselors generally are trained in basic listening skills, providing a generic, nonspecific approach to intervention that remains to be proven effective. The present paper outlines a framework that provides paraprofessionals with a broader model for intervention with the bereaved. Attention to boundaries as a helper and balance in the grief recovery are central to the model. Interventions are described that provide the paraprofessional counselor with more options for tailoring their counseling strategy to the individual. These include techniques that are presumed to be more specific to the enhancement of grief recovery.     

A new method for the simultaneous analysis of unmodified and modified urinary nucleosides and nucleobases by high performance liquid chromatography

Details are given of a new, rapid and simple pre-fractionation method and an isocratic high performance liquid chromatography system suitable for parallel analysis of nucleosides and nucleobases from urine and other biological fluids. The quantitative recovery and excellent reproducibility of the method is demonstrated by analysis of representative standard RNA catabolites. The advantage of this new method for application to biological samples is discussed.     

Bacterial meningitis: an update of new treatment options

The outcome of bacterial meningitis critically depends on the rapid initiation of bactericidal antibiotic therapy and adequate management of septic shock. In community-acquired meningitis, the choice of an optimum initial empirical antibiotic regimen depends on the regional resistance patterns. Pathogens resistant to antibacterials prevail in nosocomial bacterial meningitis. Dexamethasone is recommended as adjunctive therapy for community-acquired meningitis in developed countries. In comatose patients, aggressive measures to lower intracranial pressure <20 mmHg (in particular, external ventriculostomy, osmotherapy and temporary hyperventilation) were effective in a case–control study. Although many experimental approaches were protective in animal models, none of them has been proven effective in patients. Antibiotics, which are bactericidal but do not lyse bacteria, and inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases or complement factor C5 appear the most promising therapeutic options. At present, vaccination is the most efficient method to reduce disease burden. Palmitoylethanolamide appears promising to enhance the resistance of the brain to infections.