新石器时代河南淅川下王岗人群颏孔、下颌孔的形态

目的:分析河南淅川下王岗人群下颌骨颏孔、下颌孔的体质形态特点,并探讨相应的时代变异。方法:对44例下颌骨的颏孔、下颌孔形态及位置特点进行分类和记录,然后用SPSS软件进行数据分析。结果:下王岗人群颏孔主要位于第2前磨牙(P4)下方,颏孔大多开口方向为后上,下颌孔水平位置大多位于下颌支中点之后,下颌孔垂直位置大多位于齿槽面之上。结论:下王岗与现生人群相比,颏孔位置有明显的"前移"演化特点。与全新世人群的对比显示,下王岗人群的下颌孔垂直位置稍偏上,水平位置较靠后。考虑到下王岗人群时代较早,下颌骨尺寸很大,似乎提示全新世时期伴随着下颌骨的缩小,下颌孔有"前移"和"下移"的演化趋势。     

下颌骨若干测量性状的时代间比较

目的 分析全新世人群下颌骨若干测量性状及性别差异率的时代间变化。方法 以中国考古遗址520例下颌骨为研究材料,用SPSS18.0软件进行同一时代内男女测量性状的比较,不同时代间测量性状、测量指数的比较（独立样本t检验）,并计算了性别差异率、测量指数时代变化率。结果 不同时代男性颏孔、下颌孔横径的比较中,现代人群最大,而女性颏孔、下颌孔不同时代间差异不显著。相比新石器时代与青铜铁器时代,颏孔、下颌孔横径的性别差异率在现代人群中最大。截面周长比指数、颏孔垂直位置指数在不同时代间的大小关系都为：新石器>青铜铁器>现代。结论 相比新石器时代与青铜铁器时代,下颌骨大多测量性状在现代人群中的性别差异率最大。新石器时代以来,下颌第一磨牙（M₁）处的下颌体粗壮程度相对下颌第一前磨牙（P₃）处而言在降低,颏孔垂直位置在持续上升。     

新石器时代至近代成年男性下颌骨颏孔、下颌孔大小的变化

目的 探讨中国全新世人群颏孔、下颌孔尺寸的变异.方法 用游标卡尺对中国北方地区新石器时代(54例)、青铜铁器时代(186例)和近代(92例)共332例成年男性颏孔、下颌孔大小进行测量,然后用SPSS13.0软件进行数据分析.结果 近代颏孔、下颌孔较大,新时器时代、青铜器时代的颏孔下颌孔较小.结论 从新石器时代经过青铜铁器时代到近代,颏孔、下颌孔有增大的趋势.这种变化主要发生于青铜铁器时代至近代,与下颌骨变小的时段一致.     

中国近代人群颏孔、下颌孔位置的变异

目的:对比分析颏孔、下颌孔的水平位置、垂直位置在不同时代间的表现特点及变化.方法:通过对中国新石器时代(55例)、青铜铁器时代（208例）和现代(113例)共376例成年男性下颌骨上颏孔、下颌孔位置的观测、记录,然后用SPSS软件进行数据分析.结果:从新石器时代以来,颏孔的垂直位置在上升.颏孔的水平位置变化为,在新石器-青铜铁器时代体现为前移,在青铜铁器-现代则体现为后移.下颌孔水平位置在新石器-青铜铁器-现代没有明显变化,垂直位置在现代人中较高.结论:颏孔、下颌孔的位置在不同时代人群中有所不同.     

中国全新世人群下颌骨几项观察性状的变异

目的 探讨中国现代人群（新石器时代56例,青铜铁器时代210例,近代113例）下颌骨几项观察性状的表现及时代变异特点。方法 将下颌角外翻、咬肌粗隆、翼肌粗隆、颏棘等分为几个类型,统计各个类型在不同时代间的出现率并比较时代间的差异。结果 青铜铁器时代下颌角外翻程度最大;咬肌粗隆、翼肌粗隆表现为显著的比例,在所比较的3个时代间都为新石器>青铜铁器>近代;颏棘的在不同时代间差异不明显。结论 咬肌粗隆、翼肌粗隆在全新世随时代而变弱,可能反映了咬肌、翼肌在全新世期间减弱,支持“咀嚼压力在全新世期间减弱”的观点。     

中国全新世女性颞下颌关节尺寸的时代变化*

目的：研究中国全新世女性颞下颌关节测量性状的时代变异问题。方法：对中国北方地区新石器时代 （47 例）、青铜铁器时代（112 例） 和近代（26 例） 成年女性13 项颞下颌关节测量性状进行测量, 并运用 SPSS19.0 软件对各时代测量性状数据进行平均值计算和不同时代间差异的假设检验。结果：髁突、冠突在全新世 厚度变薄,髁突的变薄主要在新石器- 青铜铁器时代,冠突的变薄主要在青铜铁器- 近代。髁突面积在全新世缩小, 尤其在青铜铁器时代- 近代缩小的幅度更大。下颌窝深度在全新世变化不大。髁突面积/ 下颌窝面积缩小,其变化 主要发生在新石器- 青铜铁器时代。结论：全新世女性颞下颌关节仍在进化,女性颞下颌关节的演变特点与男性 颞下颌关节有相似之处,也有差异。     

下颌骨观察性状的时代间比较

目的:分析中国现代人群下颌骨几项观察性状的表现及时代变异特点.方法:下颌骨干骨379例,其中新石器时代56例,青铜铁器时代210例,近代113例,将髁突冠突高低,颏孔开口方向,舌骨沟桥,舌骨沟宽,舌骨沟深,下颌前翘,摇椅式下颌等分为几个类型,统计各个类型的主要形态表现、在不同时代间的出现率,比较时代间的差异.结果:冠突主要表现为不低于髁突(85.8％);颏孔的开口主要朝后上(70.9％);舌骨沟桥(明显)的出现率6.2％;舌骨沟宽大多为细(47％)和中(36.1％);下颌前翘的出现率为35.5％,摇椅式下颌的出现率很低(4.6％),以上观察性状无明显时代差异.舌骨沟宽的宽度在“中”以上的比例,在新石器时代、青铜铁器时代和近代,左侧分别为24％、45.8％、59.6％,右侧分别为36.7％、46.8％、55.6％.结论:舌骨沟宽随时代而增宽,可能反映了走行其中的神经、血管随时代而增粗.其他观察性状没有整齐规律性的时代变化.     

现代人下颌颏形的变异及与化石人类的比较

目的分析中国现代人群颏形的表现特点及时代变异。方法将颏形分为3种类型,方形、圆形、尖形,比较不同时代间(新石器时代54例,青铜铁器时代197例,近代113例)各个类型出现率的差异。结果新石器时代颏形主要为圆形和方形,青铜铁器时代圆形颏形占绝对优势,近代主要为圆形。中国晚期智人颏形为圆形和尖形。结论颏形不同时代间有差异,颏形的变化可能与下颌骨尺寸、下颌前部形态的时代变异有关。     

颏管的形态特点及其临床意义

目的研究国人颏管的形态与位置,为口腔科牙种植术等颏区手术提供解剖学数据.方法剖开60侧福尔马林固定的湿下颌骨标本的下颌管前端,进行观察测量.结果下颌管前端向中线分出一切牙神经管后,该管有96.7%弯向后上形成颏管再开口于颏孔,3.3%直接开口于颏孔;颏管长约(4.01±1.20)mm,管径约(2.6±0.6)mm;颏孔前缘对应下颌管前端的水平距离为(3.54±0.70)mm,颏孔下缘至下颌管上缘的垂直距离为(3.21±0.90)mm;下牙槽神经在下颌管末端分成两支;切牙神经穿切牙神经管分布到切牙,颏神经穿颏管出颏孔.结论下颌管前端向后上方续为颏管,颏管内有颏神经走行.     

副下颌孔及周围骨孔的应用解剖

目的 研究副下颌孔及下颌孔与周围解剖结构间的关系,为临床手术提供参考的同时丰富解剖学资料.方法 选取200例成人干燥下颌骨,观察副下颌孔和无名孔的数量,用游标卡尺等测量最大副下颌孔内侧最低点和下颌孔内侧最低点到髁突内极、喙突尖端、下颌切迹最低点、下颌小舌尖、颏棘、下颌角、下颌角前切迹、下颌最后一颗磨牙远中中点的距离及下...     

成人下颌孔及周边骨性结构的解剖特点*

目的： 研究成人下颌孔及周边骨性结构的解剖特点,为临床手术操作提供解剖参考和依据。方法： 由口腔 专业教师确定各解剖结构的位置并标记,用游标卡尺、量角器、直尺和圆规对下颌骨进行测量,记录数据并进 行统计学分析。 结果： 有76.00% 的下颌孔位于下颌支内面中点之后,有87.00% 的下颌孔位于下颌支内面中点 之上;下颌孔的内外径为3.50 mm±0.59 mm,前后径为3.68 mm±0.74 mm ;下颌孔内侧最低点与下颌支前缘、 后缘、下颌切迹最低点和下颌体下缘平面的最小距离分别为19.85 mm±2.72 mm、16.63 mm±3.14 mm、24.73 mm±2.91 mm 和25.81 mm±3.58 mm ;下颌角的角度为120.51°±6.54° ;冠突最高点、髁突最高点和下颌切迹最 低点至下颌体下缘平面的最小距离分别为64.03 mm±5.54 mm、54.57 mm±7.08 mm 和46.12 mm±5.24 mm ;过 下颌孔内侧最低点且垂直于下颌支后缘切线的线与下颌支前、后缘交点的间距和过下颌切迹最低点且垂直于下 颌支后缘切线的线与下颌支前、后缘交点的间距分别为34.38 mm±3.28 mm和39.35 mm±3.24 mm,冠突最高 点与髁突最高点间距为34.96 mm±3.46 mm ;两侧髁突内极间宽度为80.95 mm±6.77 mm,两侧髁突外极间宽度 为118.06 mm±7.75 mm,两侧冠突最高点间宽度为91.69 mm±6.38 mm,两侧下颌孔内侧最低点间宽度为80.93 mm±4.61 mm,两侧下颌角最低点间宽度为98.99 mm±7.44 mm,两侧颏孔最内侧点间宽度为46.45 mm±2.65 mm,两侧颏孔最外侧点间宽度为51.64 mm±3.16 mm。经统计分析,差异无统计学意义。 结论： 下颌孔及周边 骨性结构的解剖观测,能够为该部位的临床颌面外科麻醉、修复、正颌外科及医学美容等手术操作提供解剖学和 形态学参考。     

Studies on the location of the mental foramen in Turkish mandibles

The position of the mental foramen was studied in 58 adult Turkish skulls which were divided into two groups according to age. A previously published method was used to determine the position of the mental foramen. The most common position of the mental foramen lies in line with the longitudinal axis passing between the first and second premolars. This result was in accordance with classical textbooks. Another measurement was also performed on the mental foramen in both groups. The distance between the mental foramen and the mandibular symphysis (A) and the distance between the mental foramen and the inferior border of the mandible (B) were measured. There was a significant difference between the two groups in B, but not in A.     

Position of the mental foramen in a northern regional Jordanian population

BACKGROUND: The mental foramen is frequently encountered in a number of maxillofacial surgical procedures. Its position has been shown to vary according to race. The aim was to study the position, shape, and appearance of the mental foramen, as seen on panoramic radiographs of Jordanians, and to compare our findings with international values. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Panoramic radiographs were randomly selected from the records of dental patients attending three dental services, and were analyzed according to patients' age and gender, and the mental foramina's anterior-posterior and superior-inferior positions, shape, appearance, and symmetry. RESULTS: There were 860 cases (1,720 sides) with a female-to-male ratio of 1:1.4, and mean age of 24. The most frequent anterior-posterior position was in the area between the long axes of first and second mandibular premolar teeth. With advancing age, there was an increase in the frequency of more posterior positioning. The anterior-posterior position was asymmetrical in 33% of cases. The most frequent superior-inferior position was below the level of apices of mandibular premolar teeth roots. With advancing age there was an increase in the frequency of more inferior positioning. The superior-inferior position was asymmetrical in 14% of cases. The majority of foramina were round in shape, and the most frequent appearance was the continuous type. Accessory mental foramina were seen in 10% of the cases. CONCLUSION: The position of the mental foramen on panoramic radiographs in this selected group of Jordanians is most commonly below and between the mandibular premolar teeth, and the most frequent appearance was the continuous type. These results are similar to previous findings in Caucasian populations.     

Variation in accessory mental foramen frequency and number in extant hominoids

Nerves providing sensation to the lower face and jaw exit the mandibular canal via the mental foramen. In humans, there are many documented occurrences of additional foramina (accessory mental foramina, AMFs) on the lateral mandibular surface that may also contain nervous structures. There are large discrepancies in the literature regarding how often AMFs occur in humans, and investigations of non-human hominoid AMFs are rare. Consequently, the causes of interspecific diversity in this variable have not been explored. This project seeks to compare the frequency and number of AMFs between males and females, and among human regional groups and hominoid subspecies and species, and to investigate possible causal factors for any differences identified. No significant differences were found between males and females in any group. Gorillas and orangutans had the highest percentages of individuals with AMFs and the highest mean number of foramina, while modern humans and siamangs had the lowest figures for these variables. Significant differences (p < .05) were found for the mean number of foramina between most pairs of species. The results also showed that species with mandibles that are larger overall, have a larger area anterior to mental foramen, and a longer mandibular canal typically present more AMFs. The strongest correlation was found between the mean number of mental foramina and mandibular canal length. We suggest that these results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that increasing mandibular canal length increases the likelihood that that nerves will ramify, leading to greater frequencies of accessory mental foramina.     

A study of the position of the mandibular foramen in the adult human mandible

Eighty dry, adult human mandibles of East Indian ethnic origin and bilateral eruption of third molar teeth were examined to measure the location of the mandibular foramen. The position of the foramen was found to be variable. However, the foramen was predominantly located at the anteroposterior midpoint of the ramus halfway between the mandibular notch and the lower surface of the mandible and two thirds of the way down a line joining the coronoid process to the angle of the mandible. In the majority of the mandibles studied the foramen was located below the occlusal surfaces of the molar teeth. It is concluded that the marked variability in the position of the mandibular foramen may be responsible for an occasional failure to block the inferior alveolar nerve.     

Topography and location of the depressor anguli oris muscle with a reference to the mental foramen

The labiomandibular fold (LMF) is the area of the face that extends from the mouth corner to the mandibular border, and its prominence tends to increase with age. The LMF can be formed by the medial or lateral border of the depressor anguli oris (DAO). The aim of this study was to demonstrate the topographical anatomy between the DAO and mental foramen, thereby providing critical information for the safest and most effective site at which to inject botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A). Thirty-four hemifaces from Korean adult cadavers were dissected. The maximum width between the medial borders of the bilateral DAO, parallel to the intercheilion horizontal line, was 59.9 +/- 4.6 (mean +/- SD) mm below the lower lip. The minimum width between the medial borders of the attachment of bilateral DAO was 29.7 +/- 4.8 mm at the mandibular border. The mental foramen was located in the middle third from the cheilion to the mandibular border in 28 cases (90.3%), and it was mostly confined within the DAO muscle coverage in 21 cases (67.7%). The buccal branch of the facial nerve entered through the middle third of the lateral border of DAO and then distributed. Concomitantly, the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve entered through the lower third of the lateral border of DAO in 17 cases (60.7%). These results represent additional reference data for identifying the position of the mental foramen on the facial skin, and will be useful for providing criteria for the most effective site for injecting BTX-A when treating the LMF.     

Mental foramen in Thais: an anatomical variation related to gender and side

Sixty-nine adult mandibles (45 male, 24 female) of Thai dry skulls were assessed to determine the size, the orientation and the location of the mental foramen (MF) related to gender and side. The results showed that the usual direction of exit of the MF was in a posterosuperior direction. The most common location of the MF was bilaterally symmetrical and located on the same vertical line with the long axis of the lower second premolar. The mean distances from the MF to the symphysis menti (A), to the posterior border of the mandibular ramus (P), to the lower border of the mandible (mb) and to the buccal cusp tip of the second premolar (cm) were 28.83, 68.85, 14.88 and 24.27 mm, respectively. The mean distances from the alveolar bone crest across the MF to the lower border of the mandible (ab) was 29.97 mm. The mean distance from the buccal cusp tip of the second premolar through the long axis of the clinical crown to the lower border of the mandible (cb) was 39.18 mm. No measurements varied according to the sides (P > 0.05). In contrast, gender differences were significant in all measurements with the longer distances in males (P < 0.05). The mean ratios of A/(A + P), mb/ab and cm/cb in all subjects were 0.30, 0.50 and 0.62, respectively. The values of the three ratios were nearly equal in males and females. Our results may assist surgeons to localize important maxillofacial neurovascular bundles passing through the MF in avoiding complication from local anesthetic, surgical and other invasive procedures.     

螺旋CT三维成像及曲面断层片对下颌神经管走向的研究

目的　通过螺旋CT及曲面断层片探讨下颌神经管与下颌骨的实际位置关系。 方法　利用螺旋CT扫描机对正常年青人进行下颌骨的横断面连续薄层扫描及多平面重建后,测量并计算下颌神经管在下颌骨中的实际位置及其走行方向。对上述人群拍摄曲面断层片,在曲面断层片上测量并计算下颌神经管在下颌骨中的位置并将两种测量结果进行比较。 结果　在颊舌方向,下颌神经管总体走行是由舌侧逐渐向颊侧倾斜达颏孔,在走行高度上,在第三磨牙区由上向下走行,自第二磨牙开始下颌神经管逐渐由下向上走行达颏孔。下颌神经管在下颌骨中位置的测量并计算的比值,在两种检测方法中无显著性差异（P＜0.05）。 结论　本研究螺旋CT测量并计算出的比值校正曲面断层片测量并计算的结果,可以在临床工作中指导牙槽外科手术。