成人下颌孔及周边骨性结构的解剖特点*

目的： 研究成人下颌孔及周边骨性结构的解剖特点，为临床手术操作提供解剖参考和依据。方法： 由口腔 专业教师确定各解剖结构的位置并标记，用游标卡尺、量角器、直尺和圆规对下颌骨进行测量，记录数据并进 行统计学分析。 结果： 有76.00% 的下颌孔位于下颌支内面中点之后，有87.00% 的下颌孔位于下颌支内面中点 之上；下颌孔的内外径为3.50 mm±0.59 mm，前后径为3.68 mm±0.74 mm ；下颌孔内侧最低点与下颌支前缘、 后缘、下颌切迹最低点和下颌体下缘平面的最小距离分别为19.85 mm±2.72 mm、16.63 mm±3.14 mm、24.73 mm±2.91 mm 和25.81 mm±3.58 mm ；下颌角的角度为120.51°±6.54° ；冠突最高点、髁突最高点和下颌切迹最 低点至下颌体下缘平面的最小距离分别为64.03 mm±5.54 mm、54.57 mm±7.08 mm 和46.12 mm±5.24 mm ；过 下颌孔内侧最低点且垂直于下颌支后缘切线的线与下颌支前、后缘交点的间距和过下颌切迹最低点且垂直于下 颌支后缘切线的线与下颌支前、后缘交点的间距分别为34.38 mm±3.28 mm和39.35 mm±3.24 mm，冠突最高 点与髁突最高点间距为34.96 mm±3.46 mm ；两侧髁突内极间宽度为80.95 mm±6.77 mm，两侧髁突外极间宽度 为118.06 mm±7.75 mm，两侧冠突最高点间宽度为91.69 mm±6.38 mm，两侧下颌孔内侧最低点间宽度为80.93 mm±4.61 mm，两侧下颌角最低点间宽度为98.99 mm±7.44 mm，两侧颏孔最内侧点间宽度为46.45 mm±2.65 mm，两侧颏孔最外侧点间宽度为51.64 mm±3.16 mm。经统计分析，差异无统计学意义。 结论： 下颌孔及周边 骨性结构的解剖观测，能够为该部位的临床颌面外科麻醉、修复、正颌外科及医学美容等手术操作提供解剖学和 形态学参考。

Anatomical characteristics of adult mandibular foramen and surrounding bony structures

Objective To study the anatomical characteristics of the adult mandibular foramen and surrounding bony structures， and provide anatomical reference and basis for clinical operation. Methods The position of each anatomical structure was determined and marked by stomatological teachers. The mandible was measured with vernier calipers， protractor， ruler and compass， and the data were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results There were 76.00% mandibular foramen located behind the midpoint of the medial mandibular ramus and 87.00% mandibular foramen located above the midpoint of the medial mandibular ramus. The inside and outside diameter of mandibular foramen was 3.50 mm±0.59 mm， and the anteroposterior diameter was 3.68 mm±0.74 mm. The minimum distances between the lowest point of the medial mandibular foramen and the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus， the posterior margin of the mandibular ramus， the lowest point of the mandibular notch and the plane of inferior margin of mandibular body were 19.85 mm±2.72 mm， 16.63 mm±3.14 mm， 24.73 mm±2.91 mm and 25.81 mm±3.58 mm. The angle of the mandible angle was 120.51°±6.54°. The minimum distance from the highest point of the coranoid process， the highest point of the condyle process and the lowest point of the mandibular notch to the plane of inferior margin of mandibular body were 64.03 mm±5.54 mm， 54.57 mm±7.08 mm and 46.12 mm±5.24 mm. A line perpendicular to the tangent to the posterior margin of the mandibular ramus through the lowest point of the medial mandibular foramen was made. The distance between the intersection of the line through the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus and the posterior margin of the mandibular ramus was 34.38 mm±3.28 mm. A line perpendicular to the tangent to the posterior margin of the mandibular ramus through the lowest point of thelowest point of the mandibular notch was made. The distance between the intersection of the line through the anterior margin of the mandibular ramus and the posterior margin of the mandibular ramus was 39.35 mm±3.24 mm. The distance between the highest point of the coranoid process and the highest point of the condyle was 34.96 mm±3.46 mm. The width between the intra-condyle pole was 80.95 mm±6.77 mm. The width between the extra-condyle pole was 118.06 mm±7.75 mm. The width between the highest point of the coranoid process was 91.69 mm±6.38 mm. The width between the lowest point of the medial mandibular foramen was 80.93 mm±4.61 mm. The width between the lowest point of the mandible angle was 98.99 mm±7.44 mm. The width between the medial point of the mental foramen was 46.45 mm±2.65 mm. The width between the lateral point of the mental foramen was 51.64 mm±3.16 mm. After statistical analysis， the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion The anatomical observation of mandibular foramen and surrounding bony structures can provide anatomical and morphological references for the clinical anesthesia， restoration， orthognathic surgery and medical cosmetology in this region.