下丘脑投射至中脑旁中央区的纤维起源

用电泳方法将 HRP 导入大白鼠中脑中央灰质背外侧部,可见下丘脑前核、腹内侧核、背内侧核、乳头体前背核、乳头体前腹核和乳头体外侧核等处有较多的标记神经元。将酶导入中脑中央灰质腹侧部,在视前区、下丘脑前部外侧区、结节部外侧区、腹内侧核、背内侧核和乳头体前背核等处有标记神经元。酶导入中脑被盖内侧部,可见视前区、下丘脑前部外侧区、腹内侧核、背内侧核、乳头体前背核,乳头体内侧核和外侧核有标记神经元。     

大鼠前庭神经核复合体内5-羟色胺1A受体的分布

为了研究5-羟色胺1A受体(5-HT1AR)亚型在大鼠前庭神经核复合体(VNC)内的分布情况,本文采用免疫组织化学方法,在光学显微镜下对5-HT1AR亚型免疫阳性结构进行了观察。结果显示:5-HT1AR免疫阳性产物在VNC各个核团全长均有分布,主要定位于VNC神经元的胞体和近侧端树突,呈弥散分布,但在胞浆中也观察到许多染色深浅不同、分布不均匀的点状阳性结构。其中5-HT1AR样阳性神经元在前庭内侧核的全长呈密集分布,在前庭下核的尾段呈中等密度分布,在前庭上核、前庭外侧核和X核的全长、前庭下核的吻段和中段以及Y核的中、尾段均呈低密度分布,Y核的吻侧呈稀疏分布。本文结果提示,5-HT1AR阳性结构广泛地分布于大鼠VNC内,它们可能在介导5-HT对神经元活动的调节,参与前庭信息的整合与加工方面发挥重要作用。     

束缚应激大鼠下丘脑内一氧化氮合酶与c-fos蛋白的共存

为了探讨下丘脑内一氧化氮与应激之间的关系，本实验应用NADPH-d组化法和C-fos免疫组化技术相结合的方法，对束缚应激大鼠下丘脑内一氧化氮合酶（NOS）和c-fos蛋白的分布以及两者的共存关系进行了观察。结果表明，大鼠在束缚应激4h后，（1）室旁核大细胞部和视上核可见密集深染的NOS阳性大细胞；（2）室旁核小细胞部、背内侧核、穹窿周核、环状核、腹内侧核腹外侧部、结节内侧核、外侧区、室周区、乳头体前核和内侧核的外侧区等核团出现疏密不等和深浅不一的NOS阳性细胞；（3）C-fos蛋白以室旁核表达最为强烈，视前区、背内侧核、弓状核和外侧区亦有较强的表达；（4）在外侧区、室旁核小细胞部及其附近的室周区、背内侧核及乳头体前核腹侧部约有10％～15％的中、小型NOS阳性细胞同时表达C-fos蛋白，室旁核大细胞部则仅有较少的NOS阳性大细胞表达C－fos蛋白，在结节区、结节内侧核和视上核视交叉后部则偶见双标细胞。结果提示上述下丘脑核团内的部分一氧化氮能神经元与束缚应激反应有关。     

大鼠伏核内5-羟色胺样和甲硫氨酸-脑啡肽样免疫反应阳性结构的观察

本文借助免疫组织化学技术,在光镜和电镜水平观察了大鼠伏核内5-羟色胺(5-HT)样和甲硫氨酸-脑啡肽(Met-ENK)样免疫反应阳性结构的分布。光镜观察:5-HT样免疫反应阳性的纤维和终末可见于伏核不同平面的各亚区,但内侧区和腹侧区的明显地多于背侧区和外侧区,尾段的阳性纤维多于吻段。根据伏核内5-HT样纤维的直径、行径和膨体的数量,可将其分为粗纤维、中等粗细纤维和细纤维3种,此3种纤维的区分以内侧区和腹侧区较明显。未见5-HT样阳性胞体。Met-ENK样免疫反应阳性的胞体仅见于腹侧区和内侧区腹侧部,少量散在分布。Met-ENK样阳性纤维和终末也主要分布于内侧区和腹侧区,外侧区和背侧区较少。Met-ENK样阳性纤维均属细纤维,行径弯曲,外观呈绒毛状。Met-ENK样阳性胞体、纤维和终末在吻尾方向上的分布无明显差异。电镜观察:5-HT样阳性轴突终末与阴性树突形成对称和非对称型轴树突触;Met-ENK样阳性树突与阴性轴突终末形成对称和非对称型轴-树突触。上述突触多见于内侧区和腹侧区。     

强啡肽B免疫反应阳性神经元在大鼠下丘脑的分布及与精氨酸加压素的共存

实验应用免疫细胞化学 PAP法显示了强啡肽 B免疫活性阳性神经元在大鼠下丘脑形态特征和分布特点。结果表明 :强啡肽 B正常条件下免疫活性阳性神经元仅在下丘脑的视上核、室旁核、环核、附属神经分泌核和室管膜。正中隆起处有强啡肽 B免疫活性阳性纤维分布。侧脑室注射秋水仙素后在下丘脑视前区、前区、室周核、前连合核、交叉上核、交叉后核、弓状核、背侧区、背内侧核、穹隆周核、下丘脑外侧区、腹内侧核、室周大细胞区等核区显示了强啡肽 B免疫活性阳性神经元。双标记免疫组织化学方法还显示强啡肽 B与精氨酸加压素主要共存于下丘脑室旁核 ,次为视上核 ,附属神经分泌核和下丘脑外侧区     

5-HT样阳性结构在新生儿脑干内的分布

用免疫组织化学方法(PAP法,ABC法)对5-HT样结构在生后2天的新生儿脑干内的分布进行了观察。发现脑干内的5-HT样阳性胞体可分为延髓中缝群、延髓外侧群、桥脑中脑中缝群和桥脑中脑外侧群。延髓中缝群分别位于中缝苍白核、中缝隐核和中缝大核。延髓外侧群位于网状结构,又可分为腹侧亚群和背侧亚群,前者位于下橄榄核与锥体之间,自内侧向外侧伸展;后者在下橄揽核的背侧,自背内侧向腹外侧斜行排列。桥脑中脑中缝群包括中缝桥核、中央上核、中缝背核、吻侧线状核以及第四脑室底灰质和中脑中央灰质。桥脑中脑外侧群位于桥脑以及中脑尾段的网状结构内,也可分为腹侧亚群和背侧亚群,腹侧亚群沿内侧丘系分布;背侧亚群位于被盖背侧,自背内侧向腹外侧斜行分布。本文观察到粗有膨体、粗无膨体、细无膨体、细有膨体以及颗粒线状等几种纤维。5-HT样终末有的与非5-HT样胞体或树突接触,有的与5-HT样胞体或树突接触,有的伸至第四脑室室管膜,有的与脑内小血管接触。此外也见到5-HT样胞体或树突与脑内小血管接触。5-HT样纤维或终末在三叉神经脊束核、孤束核、面神经核、三叉神经运动核以及网状结构外侧部比较密集,而黑南内则很稀少。     

强啡肽B免疫反应阳性神经元在大鼠丘脑的分布及与精氨酸加压素的共存

实验应用免疫细胞化学ＰＡＰ法显示了强啡肽Ｂ免疫活性阳性神经元在大鼠下丘脑形态特征和分布特点。结果表明：强啡肽Ｂ正常条件下免疫活性阳性神经元仅在下丘脑的视上核、室旁核、环核、附属神经分泌核和室管膜．正中隆起处有强啡肽Ｂ免疫活性阳纤维分布。侧脑室注射秋水仙素后在下丘脑视前区、前区、室周核、前连合核、交叉上核、交叉后核、弓状核、背侧区、痛内侧核、穹隆周核、下丘脑外侧区、腹内侧核、室周大细胞区等核区显示了     

5-HT及其2A受体在大鼠丘脑前核的表达

目的研究5-羟色胺(5-HT)及其5-羟色胺2A受体(5-HT2AR)在大鼠丘脑前核的表达,探讨两者参与学习记忆的形态学依据。方法免疫组织化学ABC法观察5-HT及5-HT2AR在丘脑前核内的表达情况。包埋前免疫电镜技术观察丘脑前核群的5-HT能投射纤维终末。结果免疫组化结果显示:在大鼠丘脑前核群的前、中、后部均可见阳性的5-HT能神经元及大量串珠状的投射纤维终末,其中背侧核(AD)的神经元着色较深,胞体较大,纤维密集,平均光密度值(A值)与腹侧核(AV)的比较差异显著(P0.05);5-HT阳性反应产物主要定位于胞浆内,胞核不着色。包埋前免疫电镜显示:阳性5-HT能轴突终末与树突形成非对称性的轴-树突触。在AD、AV内可见黄色的5-HT2AR阳性神经元,其中AD的神经元胞体较大,着色较AV深,阳性产物灰度值二者比较差异显著(P0.05);阳性产物主要定位于神经元胞膜,胞核不着色。结论 5-HT和5-HT2AR在大鼠丘脑前核表达,在AD、AV的表达强度不同。     

大白鼠下丘脑外侧区的传入性联系

应用HRP的微量注射和微电泳方法,采用经皮质直刺与经小脑斜刺二种途径,研究了大白鼠下丘脑外侧区的传入联系。HRP 注射于下丘脑外侧区,在下丘脑前核、室旁核、中缝背核、蓝斑和室周灰质内均有标记神经元存在。多数例子在伏隔核、隔外侧核、终纹床核、视前内侧核、视前外侧核、视上核、下丘脑腹内侧核、杏仁内侧核、杏仁中央核、连合核、脚间核、臂旁背侧核、臂旁腹侧核及孤束核内也有标记细胞。少数例子在内侧隔核、斜角带核、丘脑内侧核的内侧部、乳头体上核、中缝中央核也发现标记细胞。Gudden 氏被盖背侧核、迷走神经背核仅在个别例子显现标记细胞。上述核团中蓝斑、室旁核、视上核和臂旁背侧核的标记为双侧性的。其余均为同侧性的。     

大鼠间脑向中脑导水管周围灰质的投射

本实验用HRP方法研究了大鼠间脑向中脑导水管周围灰质前部的投射。间脑向中脑导水管周围灰质前部的投射主要来自同侧的内侧视前区、丘脑下部前区、背内侧核、腹内侧核、背侧乳头体前核、丘脑下部外侧部、Forel氏区和未定带,对侧较少。其中丘脑下部前区、腹内侧核、背侧乳头体前核和未定带向同侧中脑导水管周围灰质外侧核的投射明显地多于向内侧核和对侧外侧核的投射。丘脑下部前区向中脑导水管周围灰质投射的神经元多位于该区的腹外侧部,即外前核范围内。外侧视前区和丘脑下部外侧部前份向中脑导水管周围灰质外侧核和内侧核均有投射,而丘脑下部外侧部的结节份和乳头体份可能只投射到外侧核。     

Distribution of serotonin 5-hydroxytriptamine 1B (5-HT(1B)) receptors in the normal rat hypothalamus

This is the study first attempting to evaluate distribution of neurons expressing serotonin 5-hydroxytriptamine 1B (5-HT(1B)) receptors in hypothalamus by using immunocytochemistry. The 5-HT(1B)-immunoreactive neurons were widely distributed in hypothalamus. Accumulations of 5-HT(1B) neurons occurred in magnocellular nuclei, supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus (dorsolateral part) and accessory perifornical, circular and retrochiasmatic nuclei. Magnocellular neurons manifested an intense immunostaining suggesting a high level of 5-HT(1B) receptors. Large and middle-sized neurons with different 5-HT(1B) staining patterns were scattered throughout lateral hypothalamus, periventricular nucleus and lateral preoptic area. Immunofluorescent double-labeling revealed a great overlapping of the distribution 5-HT(1B) neurons and dense network of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive fibers in paraventricular, supraoptic and arcuate nuclei. The potential functional significance of 5-HT(1B) receptors in the 5-HT control of endocrine functions and feeding are discussed.     

A substance P-containing pathway from the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus to the medial preoptic area of the rat: an immunohistochemical analysis

The destruction of the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus, which contains a group of substance P-like immunoreactive neurons, resulted in a marked ipsilateral reduction of these fibers in the medial preoptic area. To test if and to what extent the substance P-like immunoreactive neurons in the ventromedial nucleus project to the medial preoptic area, we applied a sensitive double-labeling method capable of detecting substance P-like immunoreactivity in neurons retrogradely labeled with biotin-wheat germ agglutinin following injection of the tracer in the medial preoptic area. The appearance of many double-labeled cells in the hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus provides strong evidence for the existence of a prominent substance P containing pathway from the ventromedial nucleus to the medial preoptic area. A few doubled-labeled cells were also seen in the lateral hypothalamus, which therefore seems to be an additional source of substance P-like immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic area.     

Distribution of cholinergic neurons and fibers in the hypothalamus of the rat using choline acetyltransferase as a marker

The distribution of choline-acetyltransferase-like immunoreactive structures in the rat hypothalamus and preoptic area was examined by using avidin-biotin immunocytochemistry. We found that the hypothalamus is richly innervated by the cholinergic neuron system. Sites containing cholinergic neurons of varying density were: medial and lateral preoptic areas, septohypothalamic nucleus, median preoptic area, lateral hypothalamus including the perifornical area, anterior hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, dorsal and ventral premammilary nuclei, neuropil mediodorsal to the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, neuropil ventral to the anterior hypothalamic nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, neuropil between lateral hypothalamus and ventromedial hypothalamus, and neuropil between dorsal premammilary nucleus and posterior hypothalamic nucleus. There were also many varicose and non-varicose fibers in the preoptic area and hypothalamus. Two kinds of varicose fibers, one with strong immunoreactivity and the other with weak immunoreactivity, were seen. Non-varicose fibers were also detected in the optic chiasma and habenulo-interpeduncular tract. These fibers were passing fibers.     

星形胶质细胞在大鼠下丘脑的分布

目的:观察星形胶质细胞在正常大鼠下丘脑的分布。方法:利用免疫组织化学技术,观察胶原纤维酸性蛋白(Glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)在下丘脑的表达。结果:GFAP阳性细胞在第三脑室室周区、视上核、下丘脑室旁核外侧大细胞部、正中隆起大量分布;下丘脑其他区域或核团,如前区、外侧区、前外侧核、视交叉上核、室旁核小细胞部、弓状核、腹内侧核等内分布稀疏。结论:星形胶质细胞在正常大鼠下丘脑的分布有明显区域性,可能与其相应区域的生理活动与调节功能有关。     

Mapping of somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca diencephalon

Using an immunocytochemical technique, we report for the first time the distribution of immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers containing somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the alpaca diencephalon. Somatostatin-28 (1-12)-immunoreactive cell bodies were only observed in the hypothalamus (lateral hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus and ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus). However, immunoreactive fibers were widely distributed throughout the thalamus and hypothalamus. A high density of such fibers was observed in the central medial thalamic nucleus, laterodorsal thalamic nucleus, lateral habenular nucleus, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, paraventricular thalamic nucleus, reuniens thalamic nucleus, rhomboid thalamic nucleus, subparafascicular thalamic nucleus, anterior hypothalamic area, arcuate nucleus, dorsal hypothalamic area, around the fornix, lateral hypothalamic area, lateral mammilary nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, supraoptic hypothalamic nucleus, and in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. The widespread distribution of somatostatin-28 (1-12) in the thalamus and hypothalamus of the alpaca suggests that the neuropeptide could be involved in many physiological actions.     

Immunohistochemical mapping of nitric oxide synthase in the rat hypothalamus and colocalization with neuropeptides

The localization and distribution of nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamus have been studied with an immunohistochemical technique using antibodies to neuronal rat nitric oxide synthase. Subsequent double-labeling experiments examined the colocalization patterns of nitric oxide synthase and several peptides. Our results demonstrate a widespread occurrence of nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive nerve cell bodies and processes throughout the hypothalamus, especially in various parts of the preoptic region, in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, the lateral hypothalamic area, the ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei, the arcuate nucleus and various parts of the mammillary region. Double labeling experiments showed that nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity coexists with substance P-like immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic area, with oxytocin-, cholecystokinin- and galanin message-associated peptide-like immunoreactivity in the supraoptic nucleus, with enkephalin-, oxytocin- and corticotropin releasing factor-like immunoreactivity in the paraventricular nucleus and with enkephalin-like immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus. Furthermore, in the ventromedial nucleus, nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity coexisted with enkephalin-, substance P-, and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity, and in the dorsomedial nucleus with enkephalin-, galanin message-associated peptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivity. In the mammillary region nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactivity coexisted with enkephalin-, cholecystokinin-, and substance P-like immunoreactivity. Among these neuropeptides, enkephalin and substance P were most frequently found in nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons. We conclude that nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons contain neuropeptides in various parts of the hypothalamus, and that nitric oxide in the hypothalamus may be involved in a variety of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions.     

大鼠下丘脑一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元的分布

观察大鼠下丘脑各核团NOS阳性神经元的分布。采用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶（NADPH－d）法，结果显示，大量NOS阳性神经元见于下丘脑外侧区、视上核（SO）和室旁核（Pa）；出现较多NOS阳性神经元的部位是视前大细胞核，见到少量NOS阳性神经元的部位是室周核、视前内侧区、视前外侧区和下丘脑前区。结论：NOS阳性神经元分布于下丘脑的许多核团。     

Tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons of the hypothalamus: A light and electron microscopic study

The localization and morphology of neurons, processes, and neuronal groups in the rat hypothalamus containing tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity were studied using an antiserum to bovine tyrosine hydroxylase. This antiserum was thoroughly characterized by precipitation of enzyme activity, immunoblotting, and precipitation of cell-free translation products; a single molecular weight band was recognized by the antiserum. Absorption of the antiserum with purified tyrosine hydroxylase abolished immunocytochemical staining, while addition of bovine dopamine β-hydroxylase had no effect on immunostaining.Immunoreactive cells were found throughout the hypothalamus. Significant numbers of cells were found in the arcuate, periventricular, dorsomedial hypothalamus/zona incerta, posterior hypothalamic regions (A11–A14), and paraventricular nucleus, as previously described, and in addition, in the preoptic area, adjacent to the anterior commissure, medial and lateral to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, dorsal to and in the supraoptic nucleus, at the lateral borders of the ventromedial nucleus, and in the dorsal and ventral lateral hypothalamus. None of the immunoreactive cell groups are totally separated from adjacent cell groups. Dendritic overlap occurs between any two adjacent groups.From cell counts of 30 μm coronal sections, we estimate the hypothalamus has about 12,000 cells based on raw counts, or 8000 immunoreactive cells after correction for possible split cells. Mean soma size varied considerably from one immunoreactive group to another. Cells in the caudal part of the dorsomedial hypothalamus/zona incerta region were the largest, with a mean diameter of 25 μm, while cells in the anterior commissural and posterior hypothalamic group were among the smallest, with mean diameters of 10 μm. The largest immunoreactive cells in the hypothalamus had volumes in excess of ten times greater than the smallest immunoreactive cells.Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was found in dendrites in every region of the hypothalamus, sometimes extending hundreds of micrometers from the perikaryon of origin. Although adjacent cell groups were not distinctly separated, the dendritic arbors of the different cell groups differed greatly. Dendritic and somatic appendages were found on some cells, particularly in the paraventricular nucleus. Immunoreactive dendritic arbors were particularly large in cells seen on horizontal sections through the caudal dorsomedial hypothalamic group and through the anterior hypothalamus. Only slight dendritic trees were observed in the rostral dorsomedial hypothalamus/zona incerta region, and in the pericommissural group.Immunoreactive axons, containing dopamine, norepinephrine or epinephrine, were found in every area of the hypothalamus. Axon morphology, size, density and terminals varied from region to region. Axons of hypothalamic origin arose from both immunoreactive somata and primary dendrites. A large number of non-synapsing immunoreactive axons were found in the median eminence, and many were also found throughout the hypothalamus. Retrograde transport of substances injected in the neurohypophysis labeled cells in the most rostral part of the arcuate nucleus and periventricular area; some labeled cells also showed tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Many of the immunoreactive boutons contained primarily clear vesicles, while others contained both clear and large dense-core vesicles. Immunoreactive axons made synaptic contact with unlabeled dendrites.     

The anatomy of the Göttingen minipig hypothalamus

The microscopic organization of the Göttingen minipig (sus scrofa) hypothalamus was studied using Nissl stain, acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, and immunohistochemical staining for calretinin, tyrosin hydroxylase, oxytocin, vasopressin, and orexin A.Mediolaterally the minipig hypothalamus can be divided into three cytoarchitectonic distinct longitudinal zones. The periventricular longitudinal zone comprises the supraoptic, paraventricular, median preoptic, anteroventral periventricular, suprachiasmatic and arcuate nuclei.The medial longitudinal zone includes the prominent medial preoptic, ventromedial, dorsomedial and medial mammillary nuclei. Together with the anterior hypothalamic area, they can be further divided into distinct subregions. The dorsal and posterior hypothalamic areas and the retromammillary and lateral mammillary nuclei are cyto- and chemoarchitectonically distinct but cannot be further divided into subregions.The cell sparse, fiber rich lateral longitudinal zone comprises the lateral preoptic and lateral hypothalamic area as well as the perifornical, lateral tuberal and tuberomammillary nuclei.The findings presented here indicate that the cyto- and chemoarchitecture of the Göttingen minipig hypothalamus is comparable to that of rat, landrace pig, monkey, and human and that the Göttingen minipig may be well suited for future, non-primate, large mammal, hypothalamic research.