葡萄叶中总黄酮的提取工艺研究

目的：从葡萄叶中提取总黄酮。方法：采用正交试验法研究葡萄叶总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件,考察了乙醇浓度、回流温度、回流时间及料液比四因素对葡萄叶总黄酮提取率的影响。结果：确立了葡萄叶总黄酮最佳提取条件为：45％的乙醇为溶剂、液料比为1：40、提取温度为60％、提取时间2h,在最佳工艺条件下葡萄叶总黄酮含量为5．329mg／g。     

王不留行刺桐碱提取工艺的比较研究

本实验采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测王不留行刺桐碱含量为评价指标,分别采用单因素试验法和正交试验法对水浴回流提取和超声提取对王不留行刺桐碱的提取工艺进行比较。结果表明:超声提取王不留行刺桐碱的最佳工艺参数为液固比10∶1 mL/g,60%乙醇在350 W功率、80℃下提取40 min,在该工艺条件下王不留行刺桐碱含量为0.395 mg/g;水浴回流提取王不留行刺桐碱的最佳工艺参数为乙醇浓度75%,提取温度95℃,提取时间2 h,液固比12∶1 mL/g时,王不留行刺桐碱含量为0.345 mg/g。超声提取王不留行刺桐碱的提取效率、稳定性和重复性都优于水浴回流提取法。     

异叶青兰总黄酮提取工艺的研究

目的：采用分光光度法,以芦丁为标准品测定异叶青兰中的总黄酮含量。方法：在提取过程中通过单因素实验分析了乙醇浓度、回流温度、回流时间及料液比等四个主要因素对提取率的影响。在单因素实验的基础上通过正交设计法进行实验,优化异叶青兰黄酮提取工艺条件。结果：异叶青兰的最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积浓度为70%左右,料液比为1∶40,回流温度为50℃,提取时间为2.5h。根据实验测得的异叶青兰花的总黄酮含量为27.4110mg/g。结论：该实验结果可靠,方法简便,最佳条件适合批量生产中该药材的提取。     

湘西慈竹叶中黄酮的提取与测定

设计正交试验,以溶剂浸提-回流法提取,以分光光度法测定,研究了湘西慈竹叶中总黄酮提取和测定的方法。结果表明:溶剂、溶剂浓度、水浴温度、回流时间4种因素对提取效果影响大小依次为,溶剂>溶剂浓度>回流时间>水浴温度,其中溶剂及其浓度是主要因素,回流时间和水浴温度是次要因素。不同溶剂对慈竹叶总黄酮提取效果影响大小顺序为丙酮>乙醇>乙醚。浸提-回流法提取湘西慈竹叶中黄酮类化合物的优化提取条件(固定料液比为1∶20)是:以75%的丙酮为浸提剂,于70℃下回流加热4 h。在优化提取条件下,测得湘西慈竹叶总黄酮含量为13.0 mg.g-1(春)~12.4 mg.g-1(秋),春季新叶中黄酮含量略高于秋季老叶。湘西慈竹叶总黄酮含量略低于四川南充慈竹叶。     

超声波法提取短毛柽柳中总黄酮

目的：测定短毛柽柳中的总黄酮含量并确定其提取条件。方法：在提取过程中通过单因素实验分析了料液比、超声时间、乙醇浓度及超声温度等主要因素对提取率的影响。在此基础上通过正交设计法进行实验,优化短毛柽柳黄酮提取工艺条件。结果：短毛柽柳总黄酮的最佳提取工艺条件为料液比为1∶15,超声处理时间为40min,乙醇浓度为45%,超声温度50℃。根据实验测得的短毛柽柳总黄酮平均得率为33.675mg/g,含量为22.75%。结论：实验结果可靠、方法简便、省时且无污染,是提取短毛柽柳中黄酮化合物的有效途径。     

芦笋茎叶游离氨基酸的提取及含量测定

通过对芦笋茎叶游离氨基酸提取工艺中温度、提取时间、料液比、乙酸浓度等影响因素的试验分析,确定芦笋茎叶游离氨基酸测定过程中的最佳提取条件为：提取温度60℃;料液比为1：35;提取时间为2．5h;并对芦笋茎叶游离氨基酸含量进行了测定,确定芦笋茎叶游离氨基酸含量为76．54mg／100g。     

竹柏叶总黄酮不同提取方法比较

本研究采用正交试验设计分别优选回流提取和超声波提取竹柏叶总黄酮的最佳工艺条件。在单因素试验的基础上,以总黄酮得率为参考指标,选取液料比、乙醇体积分数、温度和时间4个影响因子,进行正交试验,分别确立回流提取和超声波提取最佳提取工艺条件。结果表明,回流提取优化工艺条件为:液料比30∶1(m L∶g),乙醇体积分数为70%,回流时间1.0 h,回流温度80℃;超声波提取优化工艺为:液料比25∶1(m L∶g),乙醇体积分数为70%,超声时间30 min,超声水浴温度60℃。两种提取方法的最终提取效果比较,回流提取的总黄酮得率为15.522%,超声波提取总黄酮得率为13.637%,回流提取法总黄酮得率高于超声波提取法。本实验结果为后续竹柏叶总黄酮的开发利用提供了参考。     

超声辅助提取野生与人工栽培黑果枸杞花色苷含量研究

黑果枸杞含有的花色苷类成分对人类健康有着重要意义。为探究野生与人工种植黑果枸杞花色苷含量差异,本实验利用超声辅助回流提取,通过单因素实验和Box-Benhnken实验设计优化提取条件,得到最佳提取条件为:提取时间25.62 min、提取温度48.67℃、乙醇浓度84.35%、料液比1∶20 g·m L-1。在此条件下测得野生、人工种植黑果枸杞花色苷平均含量分别为6.141 mg/g、16.014 mg/g。本实验结果为黑果枸杞种植及利用提供了重要依据。     

复合酶解法提取三七皂苷的实验研究

以三七提取液中总皂苷的含量和提取物得率为指标,考察了乙醇回流法、渗漉法、纤维素酶解法、果胶酶解法、复合酶解法的优劣,并采用单因素法和四因素（纤维素酶用量、果胶酶用量、酶解温度、乙醇浓度）三水平正交设计法对复合酶解法提取工艺条件进行优选,得到如下较理想的提取工艺条件：纤维素酶用量为15U／g（生药）、果胶酶用量为140U／g（生药）,酶解pH值为4．5,酶解温度为50℃,乙醇浓度为80％,提取时间为2．5h。所得三七提取液中总皂苷的含量为12．01％,提取物得率为35．82％。     

超声波法提取槐花中黄酮的最佳工艺研究

本文探讨了影响超声波法槐花中黄酮提取率的主要因素,最后用正交法确定了好的提取工艺,并与常规热回流提取法作了比较研究。结果表明：超声波法优于常规热回流提取法。超声法的最佳提取条件为：使用60％乙醇,在温度75℃料液比1：15条件下提取30min,连续提取2次,黄酮的总提取率可达99．84％。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various