昆虫对植物抗虫性的诱导

植物的抗虫性主要表现为受遗传因素控制的遗传抗性和受环境因素控制的生态抗性两个方面。植物的抗性主要由遗传因素决定,但其抗性表达和抗虫幅度又受到环境因子的影响。环境因子可改变植物的生理状态和理化性质,使植物不合适作为某种昆虫的寄主,从而提高了植物的抗性水平。植食性昆虫对植物抗虫性的诱导是环境影响抗性表达的一个重要方面,它是植物对取食者的一种重要的防御策略,同时也是植物与植食者协同进化的结果,进一步了解和充分发挥诱导抗性的作用,对抗虫有种工作和害虫的综合治理都有指导意义。三植食性昆虫对植物抗虫性的诱导…     

虫害诱导的植物挥发物:基本特性、生态学功能及释放机制

植物在遭受植食性昆虫攻击时,能通过释放挥发物调节植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌三者间的相互关系,并由此而防御植食性昆虫。主要就虫害诱导的植物挥发物的基本特性、生态学功能及其释放机制进行了系统性综述,并提出了今后的研究方向。     

植物光活化毒素与植食性昆虫的相互作用

在大自然中,没有一种植物能逃脱昆虫的为害,但也没有一种昆虫可在所有植物上取食生存。很明显,现存的每一种植物都不同程度的具有抵抗绝大多数植食性昆虫为害的机制,否则,它就会在生存竞争中被淘汰。而各种昆虫为求得生存,就得适应植物抵抗机制的各种变化[1]。1植物光活化霉素对植食性昆虫的防御Thomas[2]指出植物在受到植食性昆虫的进攻时,并不是束手无策,在长期的进化过程中,它们已发展了多种方式予以回击,例如,当害虫变得味口越来越大时,植物就会发展毒素来毒杀它们;当害虫发展其解毒酶系时,植物也会发展其它的防御策略,…     

植物抗虫“防御警备”: 概念、机理与应用

植物抗虫“防御警备”是指受到某些生物或者非生物因子刺激警备后,植物会提前做好抗虫防御准备,之后当再次受到害虫袭击时,植物会产生更加快速和强烈的抗虫防御反应,从而使自身抗虫性显著提高.这是近年来新发现的植物防御害虫的一种策略,是一种特殊的诱导抗虫机制.植食性昆虫的取食、分泌物、产卵、为害诱导的植物挥发物(HIPVs)以及某些有益微生物、植物营养元素、重金属和一些化学物质均可以引起植物产生抗虫防御警备.防御警备具有抗性高效、持久、环境友好,甚至可以遗传到子代等优点.本文综述了近年来有关植物抗虫防御警备的研究,主要概括了植物抗虫防御警备的一般特征、刺激警备因子和形成机制,并对其在生产实践中的应用前景进行了简要分析,提出了这一领域尚未解决的问题和亟待深入的研究方向.通过合适的方法使植物产生抗虫防御警备可以大大减少杀虫剂的使用,成为害虫综合防治的重要手段.     

硅对植物抗虫性的影响及其机制

硅不是植物必需营养元素,但硅在提高植物对一系列非生物和生物胁迫的抗性方面都具有重要作用。综述了硅对植物抗虫性的影响及其机制。在多数植物中,增施硅肥可增强其抗虫性;所增强的抗性与硅肥种类和施用方式之间存在关系。植物组织中沉积的硅可增加其硬度和耐磨度,降低植物可消化性,从而增强植物组成性防御,包括延缓昆虫生长发育、降低繁殖力、减轻植物受害程度;植物体内的硅含量以及硅沉积的位点和排列方式影响组成性防御作用的强度。此外,硅可以调节植物诱导性防御,包括直接防御和间接防御,直接防御涉及增加有毒物质含量、产生局部过敏反应或系统获得抗性、产生有毒化合物和防御蛋白,从而延缓昆虫发育;间接防御主要通过释放挥发性化合物吸引植食性昆虫的捕食性和寄生性天敌而导致植食性昆虫种群下降。     

植物蛋白酶抑制素抗虫作用的研究进展

植物自身为抵抗昆虫等的为害,在长期进化过程中形成了复杂的化学防御体系,其中起主导作用的是一些植物化学物质。这些化合物能影响昆虫（或其它有机体）的生长、行为和群体生物学,因而又称为它感素（allelochemics）[1～3]。大多数它感素为植物的利己素,可以单一或协同对害虫起作用,构成植物的抗虫性。根据植物对昆虫取食的反应,可将植物的化学防御概括为两类：一类是组成型防御[4],即抗虫物质不依赖于昆虫的取食而存在于植物组织中;另一类是诱导型防御[5～9],即植物仅当昆虫取食时才大量合成抗虫物质。诱导型抗虫物质当然亦可以组…     

植物与植食性昆虫防御与反防御的三个层次

在植物与植食性昆虫长期的进化过程中,双方形成了一系列的防御与反防御策略。本文将这些策略归为3个层次:第一层次起始于植物对植食性昆虫相关分子模式的识别,并由此激活植食性昆虫分子模式相关的免疫反应。这种免疫反应对于不能产生效应子的植食性昆虫种群是有效的;第二层次是一些植食性昆虫种群可以通过释放特异性效应子抑制植物产生的植食性昆虫分子模式相关的免疫反应,从而在植物上正常生长与繁衍;第三层次是一些植物基因型可以通过特异抗性基因识别植食性昆虫的效应子,进而激活效应子诱导的免疫反应,表现出特异的抗虫性。深入揭示植物与植食性昆虫间的这种分子互作机制,不仅在理论上有助于理解昆虫与植物的协同进化机制,而且在实践上可为作物抗性品种的培育提供重要的技术指导。     

昆虫几丁质酶及其在植物抗虫品种改良中的应用

几丁质是昆虫外壳和围食膜的重要组成成分 ,在适当的时期昆虫分泌适量的几丁质酶降解几丁质以保证昆虫的正常生长。植物几丁质酶能够抵御病原菌的入侵 ,但是对昆虫没有明显的效果 ,而昆虫几丁质酶基因在转基因植物中的组成型表达却对昆虫具有明显的抗性。本文综述了昆虫几丁质酶的特性 ,阐述了昆虫几丁质酶及其在植物抗虫方面应用的研究进展。     

转基因抗虫植物-植食性昆虫-天敌间化学通讯的研究进展

植物或昆虫释放的化学信息物质在植物-植食性昆虫-天敌三级营养层信息通讯中发挥重要作用.这种生物间的信息交流形成信息网,调节生物种内和种间行为,支撑和维持植物和昆虫群落的组成和结构.转基因抗虫植物的应用可能会影响三级营养层间的化学信息通讯,进而干扰生物群落结构和农田生态系统稳定性.该方面已在全球范围内引起了转基因抗虫作物环境安全研究者的关注.本文对植物-植食性昆虫-天敌间化学信息通讯进行了简要概括;分析和归纳了转基因抗虫作物的种植对植物和节肢动物间化学通讯的潜在影响及相关机制;讨论了该领域当前的研究进展和未来研究前景.以期促进我国科学家在该领域的研究,加深对转基因抗虫作物群落结构动态潜在影响的理解.     

植物与植食性昆虫化学互作研究进展

植物与植食性昆虫之间存在着复杂的化学相互作用。一方面,当遭受植食性昆虫为害时,植物能识别植食性昆虫相关分子模式,触发早期信号事件和激素信号转导途径,并由此引起转录组与代谢组重组、直接和间接防御化合物含量升高,最后提高对植食性昆虫的抗性。另一方面,植食性昆虫也能识别植物的防御反应,并能通过分泌效应子、选贮、解毒以及降低敏感性等反防御措施抑制或适应植物的化学防御。深入剖析植物与植食性昆虫的化学互作,不仅可在理论上丰富对昆虫与植物互作关系的理解,而且可在实践上为作物害虫防控新技术的开发提供重要的理论与技术指导。     

Advances in research of induced resistance to insects in cotton

Any change in a plant that occurs following herbivory or environmental factors is an induced response. These changes include phytochemical induction, increases in physical defenses, emission of volatiles that attract predators and parasitoids of herbivores, and reduction in plant nutritional quality for herbivores, which is termed induced resistance. Induced resistance has been demonstrated ubiquitously in plants. It is one of our goals to review what is known about the induced resistance to herbivorous insects in cotton, including three resistance secondary metabolites (terpenoid, tannin, and flavonoids) that are contained at any significant levels of resistance to herbivorous insects in cotton cultivates. In many cases, the quantities or quality of secondary metabolites in plant are changed after attacked by insects. This review focuses on induced plant resistance as quantitative or qualitative enhancement of defense mechanism against insect pests, especially on the abiotic-elicitors-induced resistance in cotton plants. The abiotic-elicitor of cupric chloride, an exogenous inorganic compound, may induce the secondary metabolites accumulation and is referred to as a copperinducible elicitor (CIE). Finally, we discuss how copperinducible elicitor may be used in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system for cotton resistance control.     

Experience-induced preference for oviposition repellents derived from a non-host plant by a specialist herbivore

Foraging adults of phytophagous insects are attracted by host‐plant volatiles and supposedly repelled by volatiles from non‐host plants. In behavioural control of pest insects, chemicals derived from non‐host plants applied to crops are expected to repel searching adults and thereby reduce egg laying. How experience by searching adults of non‐host volatiles affects their subsequent searching and oviposition behaviour has been rarely tested. In laboratory experiments, we examined the effect of experience of a non‐host‐plant extract on the oviposition behaviour of the diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, a specialist herbivore of cruciferous plants. Naive ovipositing DBM females were repelled by an extract of dried leaves of Chrysanthemum morifolium, a non‐host plant of DBM, but experienced females were not repelled. Instead they were attracted by host plants treated with the non‐host‐plant extract and laid a higher proportion of eggs on treated than on untreated host plants. Such behavioural changes induced by experience could lead to host‐plant range expansion in phytophagous insects and play an important role in determining outcome for pest management of some behavioural manipulation methods.     

Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores

Plants respond to herbivory through various morphological, biochemicals, and molecular mechanisms to counter/offset the effects of herbivore attack. The biochemical mechanisms of defense against the herbivores are wide-ranging, highly dynamic, and are mediated both by direct and indirect defenses. The defensive compounds are either produced constitutively or in response to plant damage, and affect feeding, growth, and survival of herbivores. In addition, plants also release volatile organic compounds that attract the natural enemies of the herbivores. These strategies either act independently or in conjunction with each other. However, our understanding of these defensive mechanisms is still limited. Induced resistance could be exploited as an important tool for the pest management to minimize the amounts of insecticides used for pest control. Host plant resistance to insects, particularly, induced resistance, can also be manipulated with the use of chemical elicitors of secondary metabolites, which confer resistance to insects. By understanding the mechanisms of induced resistance, we can predict the herbivores that are likely to be affected by induced responses. The elicitors of induced responses can be sprayed on crop plants to build up the natural defense system against damage caused by herbivores. The induced responses can also be engineered genetically, so that the defensive compounds are constitutively produced in plants against are challenged by the herbivory. Induced resistance can be exploited for developing crop cultivars, which readily produce the inducible response upon mild infestation, and can act as one of components of integrated pest management for sustainable crop production.     

Advances in research of induced resistance to insects in cotton

Any change in a plant that occurs following herbivory or environmental factors is an induced response. These changes include phytochemical induction, increases in physical defenses, emission of volatiles that attract predators and parasitoids of herbivores, and reduction in plant nutritional quality for herbivores, which is termed induced resistance. Induced resistance has been demon-strated ubiquitously in plants. It is one of our goals to review what is known about the induced resistance to herbivorous insects in cotton, including three resistance secondary metabolites (terpenoid, tannin, and flavonoids) that are contained at any significant levels of resistance to herbivorous insects in cotton cultivates. In many cases, the quantities or quality of secondary metabolites in plant are changed after attacked by insects. This review focuses on induced plant resistance as quantitative or qualitative enhancement of defense mechanism against insect pests, especially on the abiotic-elicitors-induced resistance in cotton plants. The abiotic-elicitor of cupric chloride, an exogenous inorganic compound, may induce the second-ary metabolites accumulation and is referred to as a copper-inducible elicitor (CIE). Finally, we discuss how copper-inducible elicitor may be used in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) system for cotton resistance control.     

关于植物因昆虫取食所诱发的求救信号

虫害会使受害植株释放求救信号 ,后者能招引来致害害虫的天敌。害虫与寄主植物之间这一关系的联因在于致害害虫的唾液酶引起了被害植物代谢过程乃至代谢产物的改变。深入研究植物体的求救信号 ,就会了解昆虫和植物如何协同进化的秘密 ,进而可为寻找害虫防治新资源提供科学的依据。     

Jasmonate-mediated induced plant resistance affects a community of herbivores

1. The negative effect of induced plant resistance on the preference and performance of herbivores is a well‐documented ecological phenomenon that is thought to be important for both plants and herbivores. This study links the well‐developed mechanistic understanding of the biochemistry of induced plant resistance in the tomato system with an examination of how these mechanisms affect the community of herbivores in the field. 2. Several proteins that are induced in tomato foliage following herbivore damage have been linked causally to reductions in herbivore performance under laboratory conditions. Application of jasmonic acid, a natural elicitor of these defensive proteins, to tomato foliage stimulates induced responses to herbivory. 3. Jasmonic acid was sprayed on plants in three doses to generate plants with varying levels of induced responses, which were measured as increases in the activities of proteinase inhibitors and polyphenol oxidase. 4. Field experiments conducted over 3 years indicated that induction of these defensive proteins is associated with decreases in the abundance of all four naturally abundant herbivores, including insects in three feeding guilds, caterpillars, flea beetles, aphids, and thrips. Induced resistance killed early instars of noctuid caterpillars. Adult flea beetles strongly preferred control plants over induced plants, and this effect on host plant preference probably contributed to differences in the natural abundance of flea beetles. 5. The general nature of the effects observed in this study suggests that induced resistance will suppress many members of the herbivore community. By linking plant biochemistry, insect preference, performance, and abundance, tools can be developed to manipulate plant resistance sensibly and to predict its outcome under field conditions.     

植物挥发性次生物质在植食性昆虫、寄生植物和昆虫天敌关系中的作用机理

植物挥发性次生物质在植食性昆虫、寄生植物和昆虫天敌关系中的作用机理杜永均,严福顺（中国科学院动物研究所,北京１０００８０）植物挥发性次生物质是一些分子量在１００—２００的有机化学物质,包括烃类、醇类、醛类、酮类、有机酸、内酯、含氮化合物以及有机硫等化...