植食性昆虫唾液效应子和激发子的研究进展

植食性昆虫与寄主植物通过协同进化形成了复杂的防御和反防御机制。本文系统综述了昆虫唾液效应子和激发子在植物与昆虫互作中的作用及机理。昆虫取食中释放的唾液激发子被植物识别而激活植物早期免疫反应,昆虫也能从口腔分泌效应子到植物体内抑制免疫;抗性植物则利用抗性(R)蛋白识别昆虫无毒效应子,启动效应子诱导的免疫反应,而昆虫又进化出多种方式来躲避植物R蛋白的识别。总之,在这场军备竞赛中,昆虫的唾液成分决定着昆虫能否取食成功。取食过程中,咀嚼式口器害虫分泌大量酶类到植物体内,而刺吸式害虫则分泌胶状和水样唾液到植物中,它们都利用激发子和效应子去调控植物的免疫防御反应。分析现已报道的昆虫效应子发现其作用机制各有不同,具体表现为影响植物早期防御信号,调控植物激素通路及其他通路,或靶向小分子RNA通路。本文还综述了昆虫激发子的最新进展,揭示激发子可以通过诱导释放植物次生代谢物以及调控激素水平、Ca²⁺内流和活性氧爆发增强植物抗性。最后对昆虫效应子的分泌特性、寄主特异性和多功能性作了分析,并对无毒效应子及其对应的植物R基因,以及激发子的模式识别受体的研究进行了展望。     

植物与植食性昆虫化学互作研究进展

植物与植食性昆虫之间存在着复杂的化学相互作用。一方面,当遭受植食性昆虫为害时,植物能识别植食性昆虫相关分子模式,触发早期信号事件和激素信号转导途径,并由此引起转录组与代谢组重组、直接和间接防御化合物含量升高,最后提高对植食性昆虫的抗性。另一方面,植食性昆虫也能识别植物的防御反应,并能通过分泌效应子、选贮、解毒以及降低敏感性等反防御措施抑制或适应植物的化学防御。深入剖析植物与植食性昆虫的化学互作,不仅可在理论上丰富对昆虫与植物互作关系的理解,而且可在实践上为作物害虫防控新技术的开发提供重要的理论与技术指导。     

植物与植食性昆虫的分子互作:基础与应用

植物与植食性昆虫之间存在着复杂的分子互作.首先,植食性昆虫会利用自身的嗅觉和味觉化学感觉系统,通过对植物挥发性和非挥发性信息化合物的编码与解析,结合对植物颜色、形状等物理信息的感觉与编码,定位及确定寄主植物.其次,植物可以通过位于细胞膜的受体识别植食性昆虫相关模式分子和损伤相关模式分子,启动由早期信号事件和植物激素信号途径介导的防御反应,并由此而影响植食性昆虫的种群适合度.最后,为抵御寄主植物的防御反应,植食性昆虫会通过复杂多样的反防御策略适应或抑制寄主植物的防御反应.本文对如上所述的植物与植食性昆虫分子互作研究进展及由此而开发的一些害虫防控新技术进行了综述.     

植食性昆虫适应植物防御反应的研究进展

在植物与植食性昆虫协同进化过程中,植物在不断完善其防御反应,同时植食性昆虫也在选择压下不断适应植物防御反应。植食性昆虫适应植物防御反应存在多样性。昆虫能够利用其唾液中的效应因子抑制或弱化植物防御反应,激活其肠道中的某些特异性蛋白阻断植物防御性次生代谢物的产生或者将其直接降解,以及通过其携带微生物间接抑制植物防御反应。此外,昆虫还能够通过产卵、虫害诱导植物挥发物、识别植物防御物质等方式适应植物的防御反应。本文综述了植食性昆虫如何利用各种效应因子适应寄主植物防御反应的研究进展。     

植食性昆虫利用唾液腺适应寄主植物防御机制研究进展

植食性昆虫与寄主植物在长期协同进化的历程中,两者逐渐演化出丰富多样的防御与反防御机制,其中在植食性昆虫适应植物防御的过程中,唾液腺分泌物起到关键性的作用。本研究从宏观与微观两个层面,揭示植食性昆虫如何利用唾液腺以适应寄主植物防御的作用机理。回顾了昆虫唾液腺分泌物通过干预植物气孔的动态变化、适应植物细胞壁、降解植物防御性化合物等方式调控寄主植物防御的研究进展,探讨了昆虫唾液效应因子以干扰植物早期免疫信号通路、调节植物激素信号通路、与植物免疫蛋白互作等形式应对植物防御反应的内在分子机制。同时,本文依据CRISPR/Cas9、植物介导的RNAi、纳米材料介导的RNAi等新技术的发展,对基于昆虫效应因子开发的虫害防控技术的发展空间进行分析,以期为作物抗性的提高以及害虫综合治理能力的提升提供理论依据与实践指导。     

蚜虫诱导的植物免疫反应

在植物与昆虫长期的互作过程中,植物建立起一系列精密而又复杂的防御机制以应对昆虫取食为害,并且能够识别不同取食类型昆虫的效应因子作出不同的防御应答。最近研究揭示了许多植物与蚜虫之间相互抗争的分子机制,这不仅包括植物激素介导的诱导防御途径、植物先天免疫系统和基于gene-for-gene的R抗性识别和作用机制,而且还包括蚜虫在取食过程中分泌的唾液成分,它有助于蚜虫取食韧皮部组织,抑制植物病原相关分子模式激活的免疫反应(Pathogen-associated molecular patterns triggered immunity,PTI)防御,以及被植物核苷酸结合位点区-亮氨酸重复序列区(NBS-LRR)膜受体识别激活效应因子免疫反应(ETI)防御等方面。本文综述了蚜虫诱导的植物防御途径、蚜虫诱导的植物免疫反应、蚜虫效应因子的鉴定与功能分析三方面的最近研究进展,提出了未来发展的研究方向。这些基于病原微生物提出的"zig-zag"模型为进一步理解植物先天免疫、诱导防御系统和蚜虫唾液腺组分的互作提供新理论支撑,为揭示了植物与蚜虫抗性互作的分子机制及有效安全地防治害虫提供了新思路。     

蚜虫诱导的植物免疫反应

在植物与昆虫长期的互作过程中,植物建立起一系列精密而又复杂的防御机制以应对昆虫取食为害,并且能够识别不同取食类型昆虫的效应因子作出不同的防御应答。最近研究揭示了许多植物与蚜虫之间相互抗争的分子机制,这不仅包括植物激素介导的诱导防御途径、植物先天免疫系统和基于gene-for-gene的R抗性识别和作用机制,而且还包括蚜虫在取食过程中分泌的唾液成分,它有助于蚜虫取食韧皮部组织,抑制植物病原相关分子模式激活的免疫反应(Pathogen-associated molecular patterns triggered immunity,PTI)防御,以及被植物核苷酸结合位点区-亮氨酸重复序列区(NBS-LRR)膜受体识别激活效应因子免疫反应(ETI)防御等方面。本文综述了蚜虫诱导的植物防御途径、蚜虫诱导的植物免疫反应、蚜虫效应因子的鉴定与功能分析三方面的最近研究进展,提出了未来发展的研究方向。这些基于病原微生物提出的"zig-zag"模型为进一步理解植物先天免疫、诱导防御系统和蚜虫唾液腺组分的互作提供新理论支撑,为揭示了植物与蚜虫抗性互作的分子机制及有效安全地防治害虫提供了新思路。     

植物与植食性昆虫相互作用的分子机制

在长期的协同进化中,植物建立起应对昆虫取食为害的精密而又复杂的防御机制,植物转录组调控中防御应答基因的表达及防御物质的合成因不同的昆虫取食方式而异。一般来说,咀嚼式口器昆虫取食时造成大面积组织伤害,可诱导植物产生伤害反应;而刺吸式口器昆虫因其特殊的口针取食,诱导植物激活病原体相关的防御途径。不同的防御途径激活不同的识别机制和信号途径。本文从信号识别和转导上综述了不同食性的昆虫取食植物时所引发的防御反应,分析了昆虫-植物相互作用关系的分子机制。     

入侵植物乌桕防御策略的适应性进化研究

生长于不同昆虫群落胁迫下的植物地理种群可能进化出不同的防御策略。入侵植物在原产地同时受到专食性昆虫和广食性昆虫的取食危害, 而在入侵地“逃逸”了专食性昆虫的取食危害。入侵植物对不同类型昆虫防御策略的演化可能在其成功入侵的过程中起着至关重要的作用。该文主要以原产中国入侵北美的木本植物乌桕(Triadica sebifera)为例, 并结合其他入侵植物防御策略演化的研究, 从抗性和耐受性、直接抗性和间接抗性、组成抗性和诱导抗性三个方面系统分析不同昆虫选择压力下入侵植物防御策略的演化, 同时探讨入侵植物防御策略演化对生物防治效果的影响, 指出未来的重点研究方向。     

虫害诱导植物间接防御反应的激发与信号转导途径

植物通过产生和释放挥发性物质增加植食性昆虫的天敌对其寄主或猎物的定位,减少植食性昆虫对植物的取食,从而达到间接防御的目的。植物对植食性昆虫所做出间接防御反应激发因子和信号转导途径的研究,对应用虫害诱导植物挥发物引诱害虫天敌,并进一步从植物、植食性昆虫及其天敌间三级营养关系,研究动植物协同进化机理和病虫害防治具有深远意义。本文根据国内外最新研究进展,对虫害诱导植物间接防御反应的激发因子,昆虫取食信号的转导途径及对植物间接防御相关基因的激活等方面进行了系统地综述。     

昆虫激肽的生理功能及机制

昆虫激肽是一类高度保守的小分子神经活性物质,自其从马德拉蟑螂脑中分离得到至今,人们在多种无脊椎动物体内均发现了这一激肽家族成员。它们具有促进昆虫后肠收缩、马氏管扭动、原尿分泌,调节血淋巴量和水盐平衡,使马氏管跨膜电位去极化,抑制昆虫体内消化酶释放、幼虫体重增长等功能。然而,天然的昆虫激肽很容易被蛋白酶所降解,因此须对其进行结构改造及构效关系研究,以开发出更有潜力的假肽和非肽模拟抗酶解昆虫激肽类似物,对今后实现环境友好型害虫防治策略具有重要意义。     

Vitamin C content in plants is modified by insects and influences susceptibility to herbivory

Analysis of a diverse cross‐sample of plant‐insect interactions suggests that the abundance of vitamin C (L ‐ascorbic acid, ascorbate or AsA) in plants influences their susceptibility to insect feeding. These effects may be mediated by AsAs roles as an essential dietary nutrient, as an antioxidant in the insect midgut, or as a substrate for plant‐derived ascorbate oxidase, which can lead to generation of toxic reactive oxygen species. Ascorbate can also influence the efficacy of plant defenses such as myrosinases and tannins, and alter insects' susceptibility to natural enemies. Conversely, herbivores appear to influence both de novo synthesis and redox cycling of AsA in their host plants, thereby potentially altering the nutritional value of crops and their susceptibility to pests. The recent development of genetically modified crops with enhanced AsA content provides both an impetus and a tool set for further studies on the role of AsA in plant‐insect interactions.     

RNAi技术在昆虫学中的研究进展及展望

在昆虫中,RNAi是一种对抗外源病毒的天然免疫方式,基于生物体中的这种内在机制而建立的RNAi技术已经被广泛用来研究多种昆虫基因的功能。近年的研究结果表明RNAi技术在抵御害虫和防治益虫疾病方面具有潜在的应用价值,有可能对农业有害生物的控制起到巨大的推动作用。本文综述了RNAi与昆虫免疫、及其在昆虫基因功能研究、害虫控制、益虫疾病控制和昆虫系统生物学方面的最新研究进展,并展望了RNAi在昆虫学研究中的发展趋势。     

Insecticidal activity of Bacillus laterosporus

Strains of Bacillus laterosporus demonstrated pathogenic activity for second-instar larvae of the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, but failed to demonstrate detectable pathogenicity against larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. Of 29 strains of the bacterium screened, 16 displayed pathogenicity for mosquito larvae. One of the most pathogenic strains, NRS 590, also demonstrated pathogenic activity for larvae of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and for larvae of the black fly, Simulium vittatum. The pathogenicity for Culex larvae was associated with the cell mass rather than with the culture supernatant. A suspension of ultraviolet irradiation-killed cells demonstrated no loss in pathogenic activity, an indication that the pathogenicity is toxin mediated. The toxic substance produced by NRS 590 was found to be resistant to heating at 96°C for 10 min. The toxin was not associated with the heat-resistant, bacterial endospore or with the associated paraspore since a suspension consisting primarily of spores was not toxic to mosquito larvae. Toxic activity in stationary phase cells of NRS 590 was associated with the cell's particulate fraction rather than with the soluble fraction.     

Plant characteristics determine insect borer assemblages on Protea species in the Cape Fynbos, and importance for conservation management

The influence of regional climate, biotope and host-plant variables on the frequency of occurrence of insect borers associated with infructescences of Protea species in the species-rich flora of the Cape Fynbos was investigated. Large samples of infructescences (n=1000) were collected on a seasonal basis and borers identified and quantified. Data were analysed using DECORANA and CANOCO so as to correlate environmental variables with borer occurrence. Distinct differences in frequency of occurrence of the various insect taxa were recorded on the various plant species studied. These differences were primarily accounted for by physical host-plant characteristics (infructescence and seed set variables), and secondarily, by biotope variables and climatic factors. Fynbos plant characteristics therefore play a major role in determining insect abundance. Plant diversity in the Fynbos is maintained by burning. These management burns, however, should not be applied too frequently or over areas large enough to extirpate any borer species. As these borers are excellent umbrellas for many other insects, their conservation covers Fynbos insect diversity in general.     

Establishment and characterization of a cell line from embryos of the Indianmeal moth,Plodia interpunctella

A cell line, UMN-PIE-1181, initiated in November, 1981, from embryos of a malathion-resistant strain of Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, was in the 83rd passage on January 28, 1985. The line consists of single, small, fibroblastlike cells that are polyploid with chromosome numbers ranging from 56 to 180. Growth rate is dependent on seeding density, there being no growth at or below seeding densities of $\text{2 ×}\text{10}{}^5\text{5}\text{,}\text{ml}$; optimum growth requires a fetal bovine serum concentration of at least 5%. Twenty-nine isozymes were examined. Five enzymes from the cell lines resolved well and subsequently were compared to enzymes extracted from 4-day-old embryos and other life stages of the insects. Phosphomannose isomerase, malic enzyme, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in extracts from the cultured cells and from the insects had identical patterns. Two bands for glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase, present in the cell line, were not observed in the tissue extracts. Furthermore, lactate dehydrogenase from the cultured cells appeared as four bands but was not detectable in any of the samples run from the various life stages of the insects.     

昆虫标本馆建设与昆虫系统学的未来

昆虫标本馆是昆虫标本的保藏、研究和科学教育的实体,代表国家或者区域水平,致力于研究昆虫多样性、揭示昆虫进化规律,为国民经济建设持续发展服务。昆虫系统学研究是昆虫标本馆研究人员的主要任务,它的发展与昆虫标本馆的建设唇齿相依。本文阐述了昆虫标本馆的功能与作用,建设昆虫标本馆的重要性和迫切性;展望了昆虫系统学的未来以及昆虫系统学发展的机遇。     

Novel visual-cue-based sticky traps for monitoring of emerald ash borers, Agrilus planipennis (Col., Buprestidae)

We examined various methods of trapping emerald ash borers (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, using solely visual cues based on previous work that has documented the importance of visual cues in EAB mate location. Here, we give the results of two of these methods, coloured sticky cards (yellow or blue), or live ash leaves covered with spray-on adhesive to which dead male EAB visual lures had been pinned. Feral male beetles were captured effectively on the sticky traps made from dead male EAB on ash leaves. These sticky-leaf-traps captured more male EAB when deployed in high-population density areas than low-density areas, but did capture EAB even at lower population densities. More feral males were captured on these traps when they were placed higher in the trees, regardless of the population density of EAB. Very few feral female EAB were captured using the sticky-leaf-traps. This novel method of EAB trapping may allow 'real-time' population detection and monitoring of EAB adults during the active flight period rather than locating larval galleries during the autumn and winter after adult flight and attack. Feral male beetles were also captured using standard yellow- or blue-coloured sticky cards to which male EAB had been affixed with adhesive; however, this type of trap was much less effective overall than using the sticky-leaf-traps. Furthermore, Agrilus cyanescens , a species similar in colour to EAB but smaller in size, showed a strong response to blue-coloured sticky traps to which dead male EAB had been affixed with adhesive, suggesting a general use of visual cues in the mating systems of some of the other Buprestidae as well.     

Feeding behavior: selection of both wet and dry food for increased growth in Schistocerca gregaria nymphs

An apparent fluctuating preference in acridids for food of different water contents is confirmed for Schistocerca gregaria nymphs. Short- and long-term preference tests reveal that previous diet, through its effect on locust water balance and overall food intake, can influence feeding behavior on high-water content (wet) and low-water content (dry) food. Locusts given only wet or dry food for 3 days prior to testing initially chose the food not received in pretreatment when given a choice of the two. They had decreased latencies to feed, increased meal length and decreased switching between food types as compared with locusts given the option to regulate water intake before testing. It is suggested that the behavior of the single-diet locusts has several related causes, among them, deterrence of the food, disturbed water balance in the locust, and chronic hunger. Long-term preference tests reveal that fifth-instar locusts given a continuous choice between wet and dry food take significantly more of their total dry matter from dry food each day until the last feeding day of the instar (day 9), when they take 97% of their total dry matter from wet food. This behavioral regulation of water and dry matter intake is adaptive: locusts with access to a mixed diet of wet and dry food have increased growth as compared with ones given only wet food. The growth increase is due largely to increased dry matter consumption, with some contribution from increased digestive efficiency and reduction in respiratory rate.

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Résumé L'étude de larves de dernier stade de Schistocerca gregaria confirme les observations sur les acridiens d'une préférence apparemment labile pour les aliments à différentes teneurs en eau. Des observations sur les choix à court et à long termes rélèvent que le régime alimentaire antérieur, par son action sur le régime hydrique du criquet et sur sa prise totale de nourriture, peut influer sur le comportement alimentaire face à des aliments à forte teneur en eau (humides ou frais) ou à faible teneur (secs). Des criquets, approvisionnés uniquement en aliments secs ou frais pendant les 3 jours précédant l'expérience, choisissent de préférence la catégorie d'aliments non fournie pendant ce prétraitement. Par comparaison avec des criquets ayant eu la possibilité d'ajuster leur apport en eau avant l'expérience, ils présentaient une diminution du temps de latence avant de s'alimenter, une prolongation de la durée des repas et une diminution du nombre de changements de type d'aliments. II est suggéré que le comportement des criquets, à régime alimentaire composé d'un seul type, a plusieurs causes associées, en particulier la répulsion pour le végétal, la perturbation de l'état hydrique du criquet, et la faim chronique. Des tests sur les préférences à long terme montrent que des larves de 5ème stade ayant eu un choix continu entre aliments frais et secs prirent significativement plus de leur matière totale d'aliments secs jusqu'à ce qu'elles parviennent au dernier jour d'alimentation du stade (jour 9), alors elle prélevèrent 97% de leur matière sèche totale d'aliments frais. Cette régulation comportementale de l'absorption d'eau et de matière sèche est adaptative: des criquets ayant accès à une alimentation mixte (nourriture sèche et fraîche) ont unt croissance supérieure à ceux nourris exclusivement d'aliments frais. La croissance supérieure est due pour beaucoup à une consommation accrue de matière sèche, avec une légère contribution de l'amélioration de l'efficacité digestive et de la réduction du taux de respiration.