炸药爆轰产物驱动不可压缩刚粘塑性柱壳的运动

从质量和动量守恒关系出发 ,结合炸药爆轰产物压力剖面的分析和假设 ,导出了不可压缩刚粘塑性柱壳在柱面散心和聚心爆轰产物推动作用下的运动方程。应用该方程式计算爆轰驱动柱壳的运动与实验结果及动力有限元程序DYNA2D的数值模拟结果十分接近 ,说明散心爆轰波场合波后产物流场可用柱面Taylor波的近似解合理描述 ,有限初始半径聚心爆轰波后产物流场可用平面Taylor波近似描述。     

一类爆轰合成用乳化炸药的爆轰反应特征

结合热分解特性、爆轰产物状态及数值计算探讨所制备的含Fe、Mn(Zn)元素乳化炸药的爆轰反 应特征。对该系列乳化炸药及其爆轰产物分别进行DSC和DTG实验、XRD检测和TEM 表征,通过比较不 同类型炸药及其爆轰产物的热分解特征、爆轰产物的成分和形貌、晶型畸变度等研究该类炸药爆轰反应特征; 并通过数值计算研究和佐证了不同温度和压强状态下,爆轰固体产物可能存在状态。结果表明:硝酸铵有利 于炸药爆轰时形成相对比较均匀和平稳的爆轰反应结构,而这种结构有利于可重复性合成比较单一和均匀 的爆轰产物。高密度炸药的爆轰产物比低密度炸药的相对纯净。低密度炸药不完全爆轰,导致了爆轰产物杂 质较多;数值计算结果表明,爆轰固体产物分布相图可以辅助分析爆轰固体产物可能存在状态及Mn(Zn)的 爆轰合成机制。     

炸药爆轰驱动水的初期过程

采用高速转镜分幅相机,利用阴影照相技术研究了PBX-01炸药爆轰产物在水中的初期演变过程, 获得了爆轰产物与水界面在不同时刻的图像。利用LS-DYNA程序对该实验进行了数值模拟,得到了水中冲 击波迹线、炸药爆轰产物与水界面随时间膨胀的位置、速度。数值计算结果与实验结果具有较好的一致性,所 得参数可为进一步设计改进实验提供参考。理论分析表明,水在爆轰产物作用下的最高瞬间温度约342K, 未到达水在实验压力条件下的相变汽化温度。     

射弹撞击带盖炸药引发爆轰的机制

进行了钢射弹引爆带厚盖板的Ｔ／Ｒ（４／６）炸药的实验，观测了炸药中引发的爆轰波阵面波形。有两种结构的盖板：一种是整体钢盖板，另一种是预制塞钢盖板。在略大于引爆阈值的撞击条件下，覆盖整体盖板的炸药中出现凸面爆轰波，而在覆盖预制塞盖板的炸药中出现Ｗ形爆轰波。这一现象表明，冲击效应是前者引发爆轰的主控机制，而宏观剪切效应是后者引发爆轰的主控机制。按冲击引爆和剪切引爆机制分别进行了射弹引爆带整体盖板和预制     

含铝炸药水下滑移爆轰实验研究

为了研究含铝炸药水中爆炸近场范围内沿装药径向的冲击波特性及爆轰产物的膨胀规律,设计了水下滑移爆轰实验装置。采用高速扫描相机和阴影照相技术记录了一种RDX基含铝炸药的水下滑移爆轰过程,获得了清晰的水下滑移爆轰过程的扫描图像。通过对图像进行分析,得到了水中爆炸近场范围内沿装药径向冲击波的传播迹线及爆轰产物气泡的膨胀迹线,进而分析出冲击波传播速度、阵面压力及爆轰产物气泡的膨胀位移等参数的变化规律。此外,根据气泡的膨胀迹线,标定了该含铝炸药爆轰产物的JWL状态方程参数,并将其与Φ50mm圆筒实验确定的参数值在p-V图上进行了对比。结果显示,两者偏差较小,证实了该方法的可行性。     

一种基于Hugoniot关系的爆轰产物等熵状态方程

对136组不同炸药的爆轰产物压力-粒子速度实验数据进行分段拟合,得到一个过C-J点的爆轰产物Hugoniot经验关系;对该经验关系进行Riemann积分,得到一个描述爆轰产物压力相对比容关系的爆轰产物等熵状态方程,该方程的参数仅为炸药的初始比容和C-J状态量,与传统经验等熵状态方程相比,不需要进行实验标定,因此可节约标定方程的实验成本和计算成本。为验证方程的合理性,采用该方程在压力相对比容平面上给出了Comp-B、HMX、PETN、ANFO、TNT以及LX-14炸药的爆轰产物等熵膨胀曲线,发现与采用JWL状态方程给出的相应炸药爆轰产物等熵膨胀曲线符合较好。     

PBX-01炸药水中爆轰产物状态方程研究

提出通过水中实验确定炸药的水中爆轰产物JWL状态方程参数的方法;选择PBX-01高能炸药进行水中实验,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA程序建立炸药的水中实验模型,将实验结果与数值计算结果进行对比,确定PBX-01炸药水中爆轰产物的JWL状态方程参数。研究结果显示,圆筒实验确定的JWL参数在反映炸药水中爆轰产物的膨胀状态时有所不足,水中实验确定的JWL状态方程参数能够更准确地描述PBX-01炸药水中爆轰产物的膨胀过程,因此对水中爆炸的研究需要通过水中爆炸实验建一套状态方程参数。     

用 KHT 状态方程计算炸药爆轰参数

调整了部分气态爆轰产物的ＫＨＴ状态方程参数及游离Ｃ的Ｃｏｗａｎ状态方程参数，应用新参数计算了典型单质炸药、混合炸药和燃料空气炸药的爆轰性能。结果表明，应用新参数得出的炸药爆轰性能更加接近实验值；对于含铝炸药，与文献相比，计算结果不仅与实验相符，而且体现了铝为高能添加剂的特点。     

PBX-9501强爆轰产物状态方程的数值模拟

利用P.K.Tang的JWL强爆轰产物状态方程改造了DEFEL二维弹塑性流有限元源程序,并用改造后的DEFEL程序模拟了一系列飞片撞击PBX-9501炸药的一维强爆轰过程,给出了炸药驱动二级飞片(铝)的速度。计算得到的产物状态参数与实验测量结果符合较好,验证了增加修正项的新状态方程可较好地描述高能炸药的超压爆轰的高压流体动力学过程。     

炸药中爆轰波拐角绕射现象研究

本文利用多狭缝扫描技术对三种不同硅炸药内爆轰波绕过惰性介质时的现象进行研究,获得了炸药内爆轰波的传播结节和炸药性质对不稳态爆轰区域的影响。     

RDX基含铝炸药爆轰波结构实验研究

为了获得含铝炸药爆轰反应区附近铝粉的反应情况,对两种RDX/Al炸药和一种RDX/LiF炸药的爆轰波结构进行了测量。实验过程中,利用火炮加载产生一维平面波,通过光子多普勒测速仪测量炸药/LiF窗口的界面粒子速度。结果表明:含铝炸药爆轰波的结构与理想炸药的差异较大,其界面粒子速度曲线没有明显的拐点;反应初期,由于气相产物与添加物之间温度的非平衡性,RDX/Al界面的粒子速度低于RDX/LiF炸药的;随后,由于铝粉反应放能,RDX/Al界面的粒子速度高于RDX/LiF炸药的;微米尺度铝粉在CJ面前几乎不发生反应;2、10 μm等两种粒度铝粉的反应延滞时间小于0.8 μs;在本文中,两种粒度铝粉的反应度为16%~31%。     

Transition of plane overdriven detonation wave to the Chapman-Jouguet regime

The asymptotic laws of behavior for plane, cylindrical, and spherical infinitely thin detonation waves were found in [1, 2] for increasing distance from an igniting source in those cases in which the waves changed into Chapman-Jouguet waves as they decayed. It was shown that the plane overdriven detonation wave approaches the Chapman-Jouguet regime asymptotically, while the transition of the cylindrical or spherical strong detonation wave into the Chapman-Jouguet wave may occur at a finite distance from the initiation source.Similar conclusions are valid for the propagation of stationary steadystate detonation waves which arise with flow of combustible gas mixtures past bodies.However, numerous experiments [3, 4] on firing bodies in a detonating gas show that the overdriven detonation wave which forms ahead of the body decays and decomposes into an ordinary compression shock and a slow combustion front. To establish why the wave does not make the transition to the Chapman-Jouguet regime, in the following we consider the propagation of a plane detonation wave and account for finite chemical reaction rates. We use the very simple two-front model (ordinary shock wave and following flame front). Conditions are found for which transition to the Chapman-Jouguet regime does not occur. We first consider the propagation of an unsteady plane wave and then the steady plane wave. It is found that for all the mixtures used in these experiments transition to the Chapman-Jouguet regime is not possible within the framework of the assumed model.     

含铝炸药爆轰驱动的非线性特征线模型

针对含铝炸药爆轰的非理想特性,提出了含铝炸药爆轰产物膨胀的局部等熵假设,建立含铝炸药爆轰驱动的非线性特征线模型,为研究含铝炸药爆轰产物的非等熵流动和膨胀做功提供了一种新的理论分析方法。设计了5、50 μm含铝炸药和含LiF炸药驱动0.5、1 mm厚金属板实验,通过激光位移干涉仪测试金属板运动的速度历程,再通过实验结果计算得到铝粉在爆轰产物中的反应度变化规律,结合含铝炸药爆轰产物的非线性特征线模型,理论计算了含铝炸药驱动金属板的速度历程。对比理论与实验结果,理论方法能够很好地描述铝粉二次反应对炸药做功能力的贡献,同时验证了含铝炸药爆轰驱动的非线性特征线模型的正确性。     

A double-front structure of detonation wave as the result of phase transitions

Using thermochemical code calculations, we show that the nanographite–nanodiamond phase transition, which may occur in the detonation products of a number of carbon containing explosives, can affect the detonation properties and can cause a specific detonation regime with some unusual peculiarities. Among them, we first note the failure of the Chapman–Jouguet condition and the presence of the sonic plane, where the Mach number is equal to unity, in a detonation product expansion wave at a lower pressure than that at the Chapman–Jouguet point. The peculiarities of this detonation regime are demonstrated by the example of TNT, HNS, and RDX. The computed detonation velocities are in excellent agreement with experiments over a wide range of initial charge densities for all of the investigated explosives. The results of this work allow one to explain, e.g., contradictory experimental data on the detonation pressure and on the length of the reaction zone for TNT. We believe that some other solid–solid, solid–liquid, and liquid–liquid phase transformations in the detonation products may also cause a detonation regime with the same features as shown here for the nanographite–nanodiamond transition. We suggest a computational study that should facilitate proposing detonation experiments strongly arguing in favor of the model presented. PACS 47.40.-x; 47.40.Rs; 64.70.-p; 64.70.Kb; 05.70.-a; 05.70-.CeThis paper was based on the work that was presented at the 19th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems, Hakone, Japan, July 27–August 1, 2003.     

几种常用炸药的爆压与爆轰反应区精密测量

为了获得几种常用炸药的爆压和反应区宽度数据,采用激光干涉测试技术对TNT、PETN、RDX、HMX、TATB和CL-20炸药的稳态爆轰波界面粒子速度进行了测试,获得了高精度的界面粒子速度时程曲线,利用阻抗匹配公式计算得到了炸药的爆压。结果表明:PETN、RDX、HMX和CL-20等理想炸药的界面粒子速度曲线存在较明显的拐点,爆轰反应区较窄,反应时间为7~15 ns。TNT和TATB炸药由于存在碳凝聚慢反应过程,界面粒子速度曲线没有明显的拐点,爆轰反应时间分别为（100±15） ns和（255±20） ns。初步的不确定度分析表明,激光干涉法测试爆压的相对扩展不确定度为4.4%（包含因子k=2）。     

带隔板装药爆轰波马赫反射理论研究和数值模拟

基于三波理论和Whitham方法对带隔板装药爆轰波相互作用后发生的正规反射和非正规反射进行了理论分析,给出了爆轰波发生马赫反射时临界入射角和马赫杆增长角等参数的变化规律,提出了马赫杆高度的计算模型。基于凝聚炸药爆轰Jones-Wilkins-Lee(JWL)模型和冲击起爆的Lee-Tarver模型,利用有限元计算软件对带隔板装药爆轰波的传播过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,发生马赫反射后,随着爆轰波的传播,马赫杆的高度不断增加。数值模拟结果与理论计算结果吻合较好,说明本文中采用的理论模型和数值模拟方法能够较准确地描述带隔板装药爆轰波马赫反射的传播过程。     

Numerical solution of the two-dimensional nonstationary problem of the motion of a shell under the action of detonation products

The problem of the motion of an incompressible cylindrical shell with an explosive charge is solved numerically for the propagation of a plane detonation wave from the end of the charge. The strength of the shell is not taken into account. A three-term equation of state [1] is assumed for the detonation products. A comparison is made with the one-dimensional case.Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Mekhaniki i Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, No. 4, pp. 76–79, July–August, 1972.The authors thank G. S. Roslyakov and V. M. Paskonov for assistance in the work and for helpful advice.     

Intensification of a detonation wave in the zone of secondary reactions in a two-phase medium

A method is proposed for the numerical calculation of one-dimensional nonsteady-state flows of a mixture of a gas with particles, based on the separation of a system of differential equations for a two-phase medium into two subsystems. The problem is solved concerning the propagation of a plane detonation wave in a mixture of a detonating gas with particles, behind the front of which secondary chemical reactions are taking place between the vapors of the particle material and the detonation products. The velocity profiles of the gas and of the thermodynamic functions behind the detonation wave front are determined, and also the dependence of the detonation velocity on the distance to the point of initiation. The conditions for intensification of the detonation wave are obtained in the zone of secondary reactions.Leningrad. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 92–96, September–October, 1972.     

Simulation of detonation wave interaction using an ignition and growth model

A kinetics based detonation model has been integrated with an existing object oriented hydrocode. The model has been demonstrated to correctly predict the shock initiation of explosives and captures key features such as the von Neumann pressure spike and reaction zone. Comparisons to experimental flyer plate data for both primary and secondary class explosives have been performed and key features such as detonation wave form and resulting target disk velocities are reproduced. Simulations have also been performed representing the interaction of various mechanical waves. First, the interaction of detonation waves, a key process in energetic systems, is simulated. Next, the response of an established detonation wave to an explosive that has been preconditioned by a weak compression wave is modeled. These have been carried out to determine the utility of the existing kinetic schemes for such problems.     

Population inversion behind a detonation wave propagating in a variable-density medium

The creation of an active medium by means of detonation has been investigated on a number of occasions. It was suggested that one could use the expansion of the detonation products of an acetylene-air mixture in vacuum [1] or the cooling of the detonation products of a mixture of hydrocarbons and air through a nozzle [2, 3]. In [4], the detonation of a solid high explosive was used to produce population inversion in the gas mixture CO₂-N₂-He(H₂O). Stimulated emission from HF molecules was observed in [5] behind the front of an overdriven detonation wave propagating in an F₂-H₂-Ar mixture in a shock tube. Population inversion behind a detonation wave was studied in H₂-F₂-He mixtures in [6–8] and in H₂-Cl₂-He mixtures in [9] with energy release on a plane and on a straight line in a medium with constant density. Similar problems were solved for shock waves propagating in both a homogeneous gaseous medium [7, 10] and in the supersonic part of an expanding nozzle. In the present paper, we study theoretically population inversion behind an overdriven detonation wave propagating in a mixture (fine carbon particles + acetylene + air) which flows through a hypersonic nozzle. The propagation of detonation in media with variable density and initial velocity was considered, for example, in [11, 12]. Analysis of the gas parameters behind a detonation wave propagating in a medium with constant density (for a given fuel) showed that the temperature difference across the detonation front is insufficient to produce population inversion of the vibrational levels of the CO₂ molecule.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 65–71, January–February, 1980.I am grateful to V. P. Korobeinikov for a helpful discussion of the results.