无阀压电泵的流固耦合仿真及试验验证

提出利用结构分析软件ANSYS和流体分析软件ANSYS CFX对无阀压电泵进行流固耦合仿真分析,以研究无阀压电泵的输出性能。分别对进口在中间出口在一侧、出口在中间进口在一侧、进出口对称布置的3种不同结构形式的无阀压电泵进行了流固耦合仿真分析。结果显示,上述3种无阀压电泵中,出口在中间进口在一侧结构形式的无阀压电泵的宏观输出流量最大。制作了3种无阀压电泵的试验样机,并搭建了相应的试验测试系统,在幅值为45 V、频率为0~700Hz的正弦信号激励下对其输出流量进行了测试。结果表明,3种不同结构形式的无阀压电泵的最大输出流量分别为3.8、6.0和4.0ml/min,出口在中间进口在一侧的压电泵输出流量最大,与流固耦合仿真分析的结果相吻合,验证了本文提出的流固耦合仿真分析的方法可以指导压电泵的设计。     

Multi-Field Analysis and Experimental Verification on Piezoelectric Valve-Less Pumps Actuated by Centrifugal Force

A piezoelectric centrifugal pump was developed previously to overcome the low frequency responses of piezoelectric pumps with check valves and liquid reflux of conventional valveless piezoelectric pumps. However, the electro-mechanical-fluidic analysis on this pump has not been done. Therefore, multi-field analysis and experimental verification on piezoelectrically actuated centrifugal valveless pumps are conducted for liquid transport applications. The valveless pump consists of two piezoelectric sheets and a metal tube with piezoelectric elements pushing the metal tube to swing at the first bending resonant frequency. The centrifugal force generated by the swinging motion will force the liquid out of the metal tube. The governing equations for the solid and fluid domains are established, and the coupling relations of the mechanical,electrical and fluid fields are described. The bending resonant frequency and bending mode in solid domain are discussed, and the liquid flow rate, velocity profile, and gauge pressure are investigated in fluid domain. The working frequency and flow rate concerning different components sizes are analyzed and verified through experiments to guide the pump design. A fabricated prototype with an outer diameter of 2.2 mm and a length of80 mm produced the largest flow rate of 13.8 m L/min at backpressure of 0.8 k Pa with driving voltage of 80 Vpp. Bysolving the electro-mechanical-fluidic coupling problem,the model developed can provide theoretical guidance on the optimization of centrifugal valveless pump characters.     

仿鱼摆动式无阀压电泵的新进展

近年来,随着医疗、卫生和保健领域的发展,对压电泵、特别是无阀压电泵的微型化、传输流体的稳定性、流动脉动及回流等方面提出了更高的要求。容积型压电泵因其固有的周期性、波动性而不能产生连续输出和压力,同时回流、脉动现象或微型阀片阻塞现象无法避免;回转型压电泵因其固有的复杂性和难控性无法满足体内输送的安全及稳定的需要。因此,探索新型工作原理的压电泵尤为重要。基于摆动驱动形成流体单向流动的现象,综述了南京航空航天大学机械结构力学及控制国家重点实验室流体驱动研究小组近年来对3种非容积型、非回转型的仿鱼尾摆动式无阀压电泵研究成果。     

Present situation and classification of piezoelectric pump

According to the present classification method for a piezoelectric pump, this paper reviews the development and present situation of piezoelectric pumps in the latest 30 years and finally puts forward a new classification. A volumetric piezoelectric pump, which belongs to traditional volumetric pumps, can be divided into a piezoelectric pump with or without valves. A new valveless piezoelectric pump nowadays becomes a hot issue in scientific research. It is constructed by using no-moving-part valves, which can induce positive flow resistance and negative flow resistance different, and in which the inlet and outlet are connected all the time. New forms of piezoelectric pumps, different from traditional ones, are only at the stage of conception and principle, and no practical application has been reported.     

Present situation and classification of piezoelectric pump

According to the present classification method for a piezoelectric pump, this paper reviews the development and present situation of piezoelectric pumps in the latest 30 years and finally puts forward a new classification. A volumetric piezoelectric pump, which belongs to traditional volumetric pumps, can be divided into a piezoelectric pump with or without valves. A new valveless piezoelectric pump nowadays becomes a hot issue in scientific research. It is constructed by using no-moving-part valves, which can induce positive flow resistance and negative flow resistance different, and in which the inlet and outlet are connected all the time. New forms of piezoelectric pumps, different from traditional ones, are only at the stage of conception and principle, and no practical application has been reported.     

Advances in Valveless Piezoelectric Pump with Cone-shaped Tubes

This paper reviews the development of valveless piezoelectric pump with cone-shaped tube chronologically, which have widely potential application in biomedicine and micro-electro-mechanical systems because of its novel principles and deduces the research direction in the future. Firstly, the history of valveless piezoelectric pumps with cone-shaped tubes is reviewed and these pumps are classified into the following types: single pump with solid structure or plane structure, and combined pump with parallel structure or series structure. Furthermore, the function of each type of cone-shaped tubes and pump structures are analyzed, and new directions of potential expansion of valveless piezoelectric pumps with cone-shaped tubes are summarized and deduced. The historical argument, which is provided by the literatures, that for a valveless piezoelectric pump with cone-shaped tubes, cone angle determines the flow resistance and the flow resistance determines the flow direction. The argument is discussed in the reviewed pumps one by one, and proved to be convincing. Finally, it is deduced that bionics is pivotal in the development of valveless piezoelectric pump with cone-shaped tubes from the perspective of evolution of biological structure. This paper summarizes the current valveless piezoelectric pumps with cone-shaped tubes and points out the future development, which may provide guidance for the research of piezoelectric actuators.     

A valveless piezoelectric pump with novel flow path design of function of rectification to improve energy efficiency

Existing valveless piezoelectric pumps are mostly based on the flow resistance mechanism to generate unidirectional fluid pumping, resulting in inefficient energy conversion because the majority of mechanical energy is consumed in terms of parasitic loss. In this paper, a novel tube structure composed of a Y-shaped tube and a ȹ-shaped tube was proposed considering theory of jet inertia and vortex dissipation for the first time to improve energy efficiency. After verifying its feasibility through the flow field simulation, the proposed tubes were integrated into a piezo-driven chamber, and a novel valveless piezoelectric pump with the function of rectification (NVPPFR) was reported. Unlike previous pumps, the reported pump directed the reflux fluid to another flow channel different from the pumping fluid, thus improving pumping efficiency. Then, mathematical modeling was established, including the kinetic analysis of vibrator, flow loss analysis of fluid, and pumping efficiency. Eventually, experiments were designed, and results showed that NVPPFR had the function of rectification and net pumping effect. The maximum flow rate reached 6.89 mL/min, and the pumping efficiency was up to 27%. The development of NVPPFR compensated for the inefficiency of traditional valveless piezoelectric pumps, broadening the application prospect in biomedicine and biology fields.     

Effects of Driving Mode on the Performance of Multiple-Chamber Piezoelectric Pumps with Multiple Actuators

Due to the limited output capability of piezoelectric diaphragm pumps, the driving voltage is frequently increased to obtain the desired output. However, the excessive voltage application may lead to a large deformation in the piezoelectric ceramics, which could cause it to breakdown or become damaged. Therefore, increasing the number of chambers to obtain the desired output is proposed. Using a check-valve quintuple-chamber pump with quintuple piezoelectric actuators, the characteristics of the pump under different driving modes are investigated through experiments. By changing the number and connection mode of working actuators, pump performances in terms of flow rate and backpressure are tested at a voltage of 150 V with a frequency range of 60 Hz ?400 Hz. Experiment results indicate that the properties of the multiple-chamber pump change significantly with distinct working chambers even though the number of pumping chambers is the same. Pump performance declines as the distance between the working actuators increases. Moreover, pump performance declines dramatically when the working piezoelectric actuator closest to the outlet is involved. The maximum backpressures of the pump with triple, quadruple, and quintuple actuators are increased by 39%, 83%, and 128%, respectively, compared with the pump with double working actuators; the corresponding maximum flow rates of the pumps are simply increased by 25.9%, 49.2%, and 67.8%, respectively. The proposed research offers practical guidance for the effective utilization of the multiple-chamber pumps under different driving modes.     

Theory and Experimental Verification on Cymbal-shaped Slotted Valve Piezoelectric Pump

Valve piezoelectric pumps usually have larger flow rate than that of valveless ones. However, the traditional cantilever valve easily induces stress concentration which impacts the reliability of pumps. Therefore, a cymbal-shaped slotted check valve is proposed to be applied in a piezoelectric pump in order to reduce the stress concentration of the valve and thus improve the reliability of the piezoelectric pump. The structure and working principle of the piezoelectric pump are analyzed; the stress analysis of the cymbal-shaped slotted valve diaphragm is conducted. In addition, finite element software is employed to analyze the difference of the Von-Mises stress between the cymbal-shaped slotted diaphragm and the slotted flat diaphragm. The simulation results show that, the Von-Mises stress of cymbal-shaped slotted diaphragm is smaller than that of the slotted flat one. Furthermore, the cymbal-shaped slotted valve piezoelectric pump is also fabricated, and flow rate experiment is performed. The experimental results indicate that the flow rate of piezoelectric pump working in low frequencies(0 Hz f 50 Hz) is larger than that working in high frequencies(200 Hz f 2000 Hz). When driven at voltage of 160 V and frequency of 5 Hz, the pump reaches its maximum flow rate of 6.6 g/min. The experimental results validate the feasibility of the cymbal-shaped slotted check valve. This research can effectively solve the problem of stress concentration of valve piezoelectric pumps and is helpful for improving the reliability of them.     

Fluid Pump Using a Bar-shaped Piezoelectric Transducer

There are two kinds of piezoelectric pumps:check valve pumps and valve-less pumps.Whether to use a check valve or not depends upon the application occasion.To achieve large backpressure for higher flow rates,the pump with check valve is desirable.However,adding check valves implies more complex structure and higher probability of valve blocking,etc.In order to solve the problem,effective driving and transport mechanics with compact construction and reliable service are being sought.In this paper,using the second-order longitudinal vibration mode of a bar-shaped piezoelectric vibrator for driving fluid,a piezoelectric pump is successfully made.The proposed piezoelectric pump consists of coaxial cylindrical shells and a bar-shaped piezoelectric vibrator,which has a disk part and a cone part.The lead zirconium titanate ceramic rings fixed in the vibrator are polarized along the thickness direction.When the second-order longitudinal vibration of the vibrator along its axis is excited,the disk part of the vibrator changes periodically the volume of the chamber and the cone part acts as a pin valve,driving the fluid from the inlet port to the outlet port.Finite elements analysis on the proposed pump model is carried out to verify its operation principle and design by the commercial FEM software ANSYS.Components of the piezoelectric pump were manufactured,assembled,and tested for flow rate and backpressure to validate the concepts of the proposed pump and confirm the simulation results of modal and harmonic analyses.The test results show that the performance of the proposed piezoelectric pump is about 910 mL/min in flow rate with a highest pressure level of 1.5 kPa under 400 V peak-to-peak voltage and 51.7 kHz operating frequency.It is confirmed that this bar-shaped piezoelectric transducer can be effectively applied in fluid transferring mechanism of pump through this research.     

四腔并联压电泵结构设计

为提高压电泵的输出性能,设计了一种层叠型四腔并联有阀压电泵。在80 V正弦交流电驱动下,40~400 Hz工作频率内,以水和空气作为介质,分别选用不同数量的压电振子进行驱动,在不同的驱动方式(指振子间工作时的相位差)下对泵的输出性能进行试验测试。结果显示,当泵送空气时,不管多少个振子进行驱动,驱动方式对泵的输出流量几乎不产生任何影响,在测试频率范围内,输出流量随频率成线性变化,最大输出气体流量可达3600 mL/min;当泵送液体时,驱动方式对泵的输出流量影响很大,当同侧的压电振子为异步驱动时,输出流量的效果更好,在工作频率180 Hz时,最大输出液体流量可达830 mL/min。试验结果为多振子驱动压电泵选择合适的振子间驱动方式提供了参考依据。     

抽样定理在周期性非连续信号的压电泵气穴现象中的应用方法

抽样时间间隔由抽样定理来决定.压电泵气穴现象所摄取的连续画像也应遵从该定理来抽取得到不连续的静止画像.可是,作为由振动形式驱动的压电泵,气穴现象只发生在吸入工程,了解其气穴现象统计特性时,如果按着抽样定理,在吐出工程的半周期,即使是不发生气穴现象也必须依次抽样.若利用这样的数据系统,数据的样本将过大,对其解析的时间性与经济性均不利.而且,在吐出工程的半周期,是与气穴无关系的信号.因此对于气穴现象数据系统,可以说是输入了错误情报信号.为此,开发了适用于压电泵气穴现象周期性非连续信号的抽样定理的方法;同时,利用这个方法,以有阀压电泵为例,调查了该泵的气穴现象特性之一的中心多发性,发现里利用新方法测得的中心多发几率高于原方法.     

Novel piezoelectric pump with “E”-shaped valve found from sub-experiments

Increasing the driving frequency of a piezoelectric vibrator can resolve the bottleneck of low flow in a valve piezoelectric pump. However, a piezoelectric pump of a traditional valve body presents the hysteretic nature of the valve, and macroscopic performance is up-frequency to flow-sharply. This research is to settle the bottleneck mentioned above. First, through the sub-experiment on various parameters of the plate valve of a piezoelectric pump, the reasons why a valve body itself can influence “up-frequency to flow-sharply”, which causes the hysteretic nature of the valve, were discovered. Second, an “E”-shaped valve and piezoelectric pump with an “E”-shaped valve (PPEV) were invented. Finally, the efficiency of PPEV has been proved helpful to reduce hysteretic nature in experiments. Under the similar conditions, compared with traditional pumps, the driving frequency of novel PPEV can be more than 10 times high, and the flow rate also can be several times high.     

Novel piezoelectric pump with “E”-shaped valve found from sub-experiments

Increasing the driving frequency of a piezoelectric vibrator can resolve the bottleneck of low flow in a valve piezoelectric pump. However, a piezoelectric pump of a traditional valve body presents the hysteretic nature of the valve, and macroscopic performance is up-frequency to flow-sharply. This research is to settle the bottleneck mentioned above. First, through the sub-experiment on various parameters of the plate valve of a piezoelectric pump, the reasons why a valve body itself can influence “up-frequency to flow-sharply”, which causes the hysteretic nature of the valve, were discovered. Second, an “E”-shaped valve and piezoelectric pump with an “E”-shaped valve (PPEV) were invented. Finally, the efficiency of PPEV has been proved helpful to reduce hysteretic nature in experiments. Under the similar conditions, compared with traditional pumps, the driving frequency of novel PPEV can be more than 10 times high, and the flow rate also can be several times high.     

Theory and experimental verification on valveless piezoelectric pump with multistage Y-shape treelike bifurcate tubes

Among most traditional piezo water cooling systems, piezoelectric valve pumps are adopted as their driving sources. The valves in these pumps induce problems of shock and vibration and also make their structure complicated, which is uneasy to minimize and reduce their reliability and applicability of the whole system. In order to avoid these problems caused by valve structure, a novel valveless piezoelectric pump is developed, which integrates both functions of transforming and cooling. The pump’s Y-shape tree-like construction not only increases the efficiency of cooling but also the system reliability and applicability. Firstly, a multistage Y-shape treelike bifurcate tube is proposed, then a valveless piezoelectric pump with multistage Y-shape treelike bifurcate tubes is designed and its working principle is analyzed. Then, the theoretical analysis of flow resistance characteristics and the flow rate of the valveless piezoelectric pump are performed. Meanwhile, commercial software CFX is employed to perform the numerical simulation for the pump. Finally, this valveless piezoelectric pump is fabricated, the relationship between the flow rates and driving frequency, as well as the relationship between the back pressure and the driving frequency are experimentally investigated. The experimental results show that the maximum flow rate is 35.6 mL/min under 100 V peak-to-peak voltage (10.3 Hz) power supply, and the maximum back pressure is 55 mm H2O under 100 V (9 Hz) power supply, which validates the feasibility of the valveless piezoelectric pump with multistage Y-shape treelike bifurcate tubes. The proposed research provides certain references for the design of valveless piezoelectric pump and improves the reliability of piezo water cooling systems.     

双腔体压电泵的设计

由于自吸性差、对气泡敏感等原因,单腔体压电泵在应用中受到限制,而多腔体结构是提高压电泵性能的有效途径.通过分析腔体容积与压力变化过程得出:双腔体串联压电泵只能采用串联驱动方式而不能采用并联驱动方式,双腔体并联压电泵只能采用并联驱动方式而不能采用串联驱动方式.制作双腔串联、并联压电泵样机并进行测试可以得出:串联压电泵在驱动电压200 V,频率152 Hz时,输出流量达到最大为1 150 ml/min;并联泵在压电驱动电压140 V,频率220 Hz时,输出流量达到最大为640 ml/min;因此多腔泵采用腔体串联结构能提高压电泵的工作效率,提高泵的工作性能.     

An improved resonantly driven piezoelectric gas pump

Piezoelectric pumps have the potential to be used in a variety of applications, such as in air circulation and compression. However, piezoelectric membrane pumps do not have enough driving capacity, and the heat induced during the direct contact between the driving part and the gas medium cannot be dissipated smoothly. When the gas is blocked, the piezoelectric vibrator generates heat quickly, which may eventually lead to damage. Resonantly driven piezoelectric stack pumps have high performance but no price advantage. In this situation, a novel, resonantly driven piezoelectric gas pump with annular bimorph as the driver is presented. In the study, the working principle of the novel pump was analyzed, the vibration mechanics model was determined, and the displacement amplified theory was studied. The outcome indicates that the displacement amplification factor is related with the original displacement provided by the piezoelectric bimorph. In addition, the displacement amplification effect is related to the stiffness of the spring lamination, adjustment spring, and piezoelectric vibrator, as well as to the systematic damping factor and the driving frequency. The experimental prototypes of the proposed pump were designed, and the displacement amplification effect and gas output performance were measured. At 70 V of sinusoidal AC driving voltage, the improved pump amplified the piezoelectric vibrator displacement by 4.2 times, the maximum gas output flow rate reached 1685 ml/min, and the temperature of the bimorph remained normal after 2000 hours of operation when the gas medium was blocked.     

双腔串联两阀与三阀压电泵的性能研究

研究了双腔串联两阀压电泵与三阀压电泵的输出性能,分析了这两种泵的结构和工作原理,理论分析得出:三阀泵输出性能优于两阀泵。设计制作了两阀泵与三阀泵实验样机,并通过实验测试证明了理论分析的正确性。分别对两阀泵和三阀泵进口腔和出口腔独立工作时流量输出进行了实验测试,并把进口腔和出口腔独立工作时输出流量相加之和,与两腔一起交叉工作时进行了比较。实验测试表明:两阀泵和三阀泵样机在200 V交流驱动电压下,最大输出流量分别 为972 ml/min和1 035 ml/min,最大输出压力分别为28.7 kPa和40 kPa,最大自吸高度分别为0.41 m和0.43 m水柱高。     

“Y”形流管无阀压电泵驱动器的动态研究

为满足输血或输液工作需求而特别设计了一种新型"Y"形流管无阀压电泵,研究了它的驱动器--压电驱动器的工作特性.理论分析了驱动器的动态特性,并推导出其固有频率和最大振幅的计算公式.然后,验证了理论分析的正确性.最后,基于理论模型,对驱动器的几何参数和材料特性对其动态性能的影响进行分析讨论.分析结果表明,压电陶瓷层与基底层的半径比应为0.75左右,厚度比应<1.0.本研究亦为其他类型压电泵的优化设计和制作提供了实用性的参考.     

FLOW DIRECTION OF PIEZOELECTRIC PUMP WITH NOZZLE／DIFFUSERELEMENTS

The piezoelectric pump with nozzle/diffuser-elements, which oscillating form differing from regular volumetric reciprocating or rotating pumps because there are nozzle/diffuser-elements substituted for regular valves, is a new type pump whose actuator is a piezoelectric ceramal part with verse piezoelectric effect. In recent year, piezoelectric pump is paid increasing attention to because it is an ideal candidate in application in such area as medical health, mechanical tools and micro-mechanism. The fundamental research on it, however, is still not made through. Focuses on the phenomenon of different directions of flow among Germany pump, Chinese pump and Swiss pump, which are all fitted with nozzle/diffuser-elements, and analyzes the cone angle of nozzle/diffuser-elements based on the flow equation of valve-less piezoelectric pump with nozzle/diffuser-elements. As a result, the concepts of diffuser loss coefficient and loss coefficient are introduced to explain these phenomena, from which a discussion