现场大空间测量中精密三维坐标控制网的建立

全局测量与精度控制是超大空间内精密测量的基础,决定着整体测量的性能和适用性。为提高整体空间测量精度,同时解决定向及尺度问题,必须在全局空间内布设高精度测量控制网。三维坐标测量作为几何量测量的重要代表,是建立控制网最直接且约束最强的控制条件。为建立大空间精密三维坐标控制网,采用激光跟踪仪多站位对空间全局控制点进行三维坐标测量,结合奇异值分解算法完成各站位的方位定向,并利用激光跟踪仪极高精度的测距值作为约束,对跟踪仪测角误差进行优化,进一步提高坐标控制网的精度。将该控制网建立方法应用于某飞机机翼表面形貌测量,实现激光跟踪仪全局控制与终端摄影测量的高效组合,以不同若干站位下全局控制点间距离比对结果表明该控制网对现场测量精度和可靠性的提高具有良好效果。     

面向特大型齿轮的激光跟踪多站位定位

提出了面向特大型齿轮的激光跟踪多站位定位测量方法以提高特大型齿轮激光跟踪在位测量系统的齿轮定位精度并精确确定测量仪器与被测齿轮位置与姿态的关系。根据激光跟踪仪多站位测量提供的冗余数据优化求解空间两点间共线方程,建立了特大型齿轮激光跟踪多站位测量模型。然后,提出了利用奇异值分解修正多站位测量模型解析矩阵条件数的方法。 实验结果表明,使用多站位测量模型求得的不同站位待测点间距离的标准差的均值为0.008 mm,明显小于直接在不同站位下测量的标准差均值0.024 mm,表明多站位测量模型具有良好精度控制效果。本文的研究提高了齿轮定位时所需测量点的三维测量精度,为特大型齿轮激光跟踪多站位测量系统建立齿轮坐标模型提供了可靠的数据来源。     

激光跟踪仪多基站转站精度模型与误差补偿

为实现大空间域激光跟踪仪的高精度测量,本文针对由转站误差导致的激光跟踪仪分时多基站测量精度难保证的问题,提出了基于多站位下单台激光跟踪仪测量误差的转站误差模型与转站参数修正的补偿方法。首先分析了激光跟踪仪测量误差的来源以及具体形式,阐述了激光跟踪仪测量误差影响空间任意点测量精度的具体形式;其次分析了激光跟踪仪的随机测量误差和系统测量误差对多基站转站参数求解精度的影响。在此基础上,建立了考虑随机、系统测量误差的激光跟踪仪多基站转站误差模型和转站参数误差补偿模型。蒙特卡洛仿真结果表明:当激光跟踪仪的长度测量误差为0.5μm/m,角度测量误差为5μm+6μm/m时,最大转站误差为0.174 7mm,补偿后最大转站误差为0.04mm,转站精度提高了77%。分时多基站转站测量实验结果表明:直接转站测量时最大转站误差为0.054 2mm,补偿后转站误差为0.033 1mm,转站精度提升了38.9%。激光跟踪转站补偿后测量精度有明显的提高。     

激光跟踪仪测角误差的现场评价

激光跟踪仪是基于角度传感和测长技术相结合的球坐标测量系统,其长度测量采用激光干涉测长方法,可直接溯源至激光波长,因此,激光跟踪仪的长度测量精度远高于角度测量精度,相对而言,测角误差就成为评价跟踪仪测量精度的重要指标。为了对现场测量激光跟踪仪的测角误差进行快速有效地评价,采用跟踪仪多站位对空间中测量区域内若干个被测点进行测量,与传统基于角度交汇原理的多站位冗余测量不同,利用各站位所观测的高精度测长值建立误差方程,并通过测长方向的矢量位移对跟踪仪测长误差进行约束,获得被测点三维坐标在跟踪仪水平角和垂直角方向上的改正值,以此来评价激光跟踪仪的测角误差。通过Leica激光跟踪仪AT901-LR进行了多站位测角误差评价实验,在现场测量条件下,跟踪仪水平和垂直方向测角误差约为0.003 mm/m(1σ),符合跟踪仪的测量误差特性。     

大型数控龙门铣床几何误差补偿方法研究

针对大型数控龙门铣床几何误差的问题,建立了大型数控龙门铣床的几何误差模型,分析了大型数控龙门铣床的几何误差源;利用API(T3)激光跟踪仪高精度大尺寸的测量特点及数据处理能力,提出了X、Y、Z轴线位移误差、角位移误差及各轴间垂直度误差的辨识算法,通过激光测量与计算准确地辨识了大型数控龙门铣床的几何误差;建立了大型数控龙门铣床加工空间几何误差数学模型,采用基于对象的事件驱动机制的程序设计语言Visual Basic开发了几何误差补偿软件,实现了几何误差补偿;现场检测了大型数控龙门铣床空行程平面运动轨迹及工件的平面度。研究结果表明,该方法使平面加工精度提高了50.77%,并验证了几何误差模型的正确性及几何误差补偿方法的有效性。     

免形状测量机的误差分离技术研究

免形状(Form-free)测量机是基于零件"小偏差假设",不依赖被测对象的几何形状、无须知道几何参数、无须精密定位的情况下,也能进行几何尺寸和形状误差的测量与评定的测量机。针对此测量机,建立了误差补偿综合模型,为测量机误差测量和补偿提供了理论基础。提出基于激光追踪仪的几何误差分离方法,快速准确实现对测量机几何误差的检定。使用软件对分离算法进行仿真及实验,结果证明该分离算法是可行的,并将其与激光干涉仪测得的误差比较,两者非常吻合,证明此算法具有快速、精度高等优点,适用于坐标测量机的几何精度检测。     

基于线性调频扩频定位的动态误差修正算法

主要研究了线性调频扩频技术定位系统误差修正方法,提出了基于距离几何约束方程和线性调频扩频测距误差模型结合的动态误差修正算法,求解每个定位点对应的最佳测距误差模型对测量距离进行动态修正,最大限度减小测距误差.最后通过室内定位实验对比分析了动态修正法、距离几何约束Ming Cao修正法和静态修正法的性能,实验结果表明动态修正算法能更好地修正测量距离改善定位精度.     

专用双臂测量机几何误差补偿方法研究

针对专用双臂螺旋桨测量机的几何误差问题,提出一种运动几何误差的计算及补偿方法,辅助提高螺旋桨测量精度。针对测量机运动几何误差,基于激光跟踪仪进行空间几何误差标定。求解测量机运动几何误差,结合测量机空间几何误差模型获得测量机空间几何误差值。提出了空间几何误差补偿方法,通过多次迭代修正数控指令达到误差补偿的目的,并进行误差补偿仿真验证。     

数控机床误差补偿技术及应用——几何误差补偿技术

利用多体系统运动学理论,通过分析低序体阵列、变换矩阵和运动方程,在相邻体之间引入位置误差和位移误差,建立了机床空间定位误差通用计算模型。基于激光测量提出机床的２１项几何误差参数辨识模型。在ＸＨ７１５加工中心上,对机床的空间几何误差进行理论计算,并进行补偿前后的对比实验,结果表明机床空间定位误差减小５０％以上,同时也表明利用误差补偿技术提高机床加工精度是有效的。     

基于区间层次分析法的三坐标测量机精度分配方法

为了提高三坐标测量机(CMM)研发和整机精度设计水平，提出了一种基于区间层次分析法的CMM精度分配方法。首先建立CMM准刚体模型；基于CMM目标精度和行程范围，利用套索算法(LASSO)和正交三角分解对准刚体模型进行全参数、高精度求解，得到CMM的21项几何误差。然后根据CMM结构和运动方式，划分CMM整机的精度层次结构；利用区间层次分析法确定CMM关键零部件相对于几何误差的精度分配权重向量。利用CMM 21项几何误差和精度分配权重向量得到CMM关键零部件的精度分配结果。结果表明，针对目标精度为(4.5+L/400)μm的CMM,利用精度分配方法组装的样机精度达到(2.7+L/400)μm。因此所提出的CMM精度分配方法能够更精确的对CMM关键零部件的精度选取提供依据，提高整机精度，节约整机设计效率，降低研发成本。     

Adaptive sampling method for inspection planning on CMM for free-form surfaces

Coordinate measurement machines (CMMs) have been widely used in inspecting mechanical parts with higher accuracy. Both the distribution and the number of the sampled points on measurand have an important effect on the efficiency and quality of the measurement of CMMs. In this paper, an adaptive sampling method is proposed for inspection planning on CMM for free-form surface. The points are iteratively sampled from a form error model, which is constructed by superimposing appropriate form errors on the nominal data. Moreover, a modified algorithm is introduced to determine the deviation of two point sets for the improvement of the inspecting accuracy, and the inspection uncertainty is also analyzed. A comparison is performed between the proposed method and the two well-known sampling methods, which are the equi-parametric method and the patch mean Gaussian curvature-based method, both simulated and experiment results show the effectiveness and robustness of this method.     

Measuring large 3D structures using four portable tracking laser interferometers

A new concept that allows measuring 1D–3D objects in the range of several centimeters to 5 m × 5 m × 5 m is presented. In general terms the concept can be seen as a task specific correction of geometrical errors of coordinate measuring machines (CMMs). The developed system comprises a commercial CMM, its measurement and its evaluation software and a set of at least four high accurate tracking laser interferometers. The CMM is simply used as a mover which allows to capture points on the surface of a measuring object. In parallel the tracking laser interferometers follow a retro-reflector located close to the stylus tip of the tactile probe of the CMM. Based on a multi-lateration algorithm 3D-positions are calculated from the measured interferometric distances. Finally, two sets of coordinates emerged, namely, one by the CMM and the second from the metrological frame of the tracking laser interferometers. The interferometrically measured positions are usually more precise than the positions measured by the CMM. This is due to the high accuracy of the interferometric system and also due to the fact that the measurement positions are taken in a manner which almost avoids Abbe errors. Because of that, the measurement positions of the CMM are substituted with the more accurate measurement points calculated from distance measurements of the tracking interferometers. The position coordinates thus obtained are used for the further computerized evaluations, which yield the geometric parameters of the object measured. First measurements under laboratory condition show very promising results. It has been demonstrated that the concept is suitable for the high precision calibration of large workpieces with small tolerances, for instance, for the calibration of large gears for the windmill industry.     

Evaluation of a multi-sensor horizontal dual arm Coordinate Measuring Machine for automotive dimensional inspection

Multi-sensor coordinate measuring machines (CMM) have a potential performance advantage over existing CMM systems by offering the accuracy of a touch trigger probe with the speed of a laser scanner. Before these systems can be used, it is important that both random and systematic errors are evaluated within the context of its intended application. At present, the performance of a multi-sensor CMM, particularly of the laser scanner, has not been evaluated within an automotive environment. This study used a full-scale CNC machined physical representation of a sheet metal vehicle body to evaluate the measurement agreement and repeatability of critical surface points using a multi-sensor horizontal dual arm CMM. It was found that there were errors between CMM arms and with regard to part coordinate frame construction when using the different probing systems. However, the most significant effect upon measurement error was the spatial location of the surface feature. Therefore, for each feature on an automotive assembly, measurement agreement and repeatability has to be individually determined to access its acceptability for measurement with a laser scanner to improve CMM utilisation, or whether the accuracy of a touch trigger probe is required.     

3-PSS并联机构正解及其在坐标测量机中的应用

针对传统坐标测量机和关节臂测量机存在的技术局限,基于3-PSS并联机构原理,提出了只需一只长光栅、一条精密导轨即可实现三维空间精密测量的坐标测量机,并研究了测量系统的测量模型、测量误差模型及并联机构误差平均效应.根据并联机构基本理论建立了测量机的六杆测量模型,在此基础上进行了杆长制造、装配误差和光栅读数误差的理论分析.然后,从理论上展示和说明了并联机构存在误差平均效应的数学本质和依据.最后,介绍了样机的设计及制造,并给出初步的实验结果.在没有进行误差修正和系统标定的前提下,该样机在X,Y,Z3个坐标方向上的测量误差分别为0.029 mm,0.045 mm和0.058 mm.得到的结果可指导新样机的优化设计.     

Measurement point prediction of flatness geometric tolerance by using grey theory

The objective of this study is to improve the efficiency in achieving accurate and speedy inspection when coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is used to measure geometric tolerance. The grey prediction in grey theory was applied in developing the algorithm for predicting the number of measuring points required for measuring geometric tolerance in this article. The said algorithm was used to plan the number of measuring points of the next workpiece and to predict the geometric tolerance dimension of the next workpiece. This step provided better foundation for on line inspection to determine the number of measuring points required for measurement inspection of the next workpiece. Besides, it can predict whether the geometric tolerance of the next workpiece conform with the geometric tolerance dimension marked on the design drawing. This algorithm is used to determine whether the manufacturing process requires modification, in an attempt to save human and material resources and improve failure rate.In this paper, the said algorithm refers to the flatness measurement point algorithm in a plane of the workpiece. In planning for the increase of measuring points, this algorithm is bound by the principle of keeping the measurement scope a rectangular shape by adding a row of measuring points. When the prediction value exceeds the designation dimensions range, immediate inspection of the manufacturing process is needed. The concept of on line inspection of the addition of measuring points is also incorporated together with the grey prediction model and concept of standard deviation model in an effort to develop the said algorithm.Experimental data were also introduced to verify the flatness geometric tolerance measuring points algorithm for the flatness geometric tolerance in a workpiece plane. The objective is to reach a balance between the smallest number of measuring points possible required for inspection and inspection accuracy. Consequently, one can avoid using too many measuring points, which increases the inspection time, while achieving the required measurement accuracy.     

基于矢量相似淘汰算法的CMM测量路径规划及仿真检验

在分析现有三坐标测量机(CMM)测量路径算法的基础上,提出一种基于已知CAD模型和矢量相似淘汰算法的CMM测量路径规划方法。该算法根据测量邻近点之间的曲率变化关系,优化选择测量点,生成测量路径和DMIS程序。同时,建立了DMIS程序仿真检验平台。试验证明,经过仿真检验平台检验调试的DMIS程序可直接运用于CMM测量,并可取得良好的测量效果,大大提高了三坐标测量的效率和精度。     

大视场相机最优投影模型识别及星光标定方法

针对在轨摄影测量中近距离大尺寸测量需求,提出利用星光约束的大视场角摄影测量相机最优投影模型识别及标定方法。首先,构建了具备调节系数的星光几何投影分段函数模型。随后,针对分段星光投影模型开发多站位自标定光束平差算法。通过将光束平差算法与北方苍鹰寻优策略相结合,对投影模型调节系数、相机内方位参数、相机外方位参数及镜头畸变系数同步优化,直到星点像面重投影均方根误差达到全局最小,得到最优投影模型及其参数。实测实验表明,大视场角相机星光标定后,星点像面坐标的重投影均方根误差为1/9 pixel。在连续帧星光标定实验中,通过卡尔曼滤波算法对相机参数随机误差进行了有效消除。该方法可在相机星光标定过程中识别最优投影模型并标定全部成像参数,具备连续帧标定及参数校准能力。