考虑切向刚度变化裂纹转子的分叉与混沌

基于不附加任何假设的裂纹模型,考虑切向刚度变化,建立裂纹转子无量纲动力学模型,可适用于瞬态、稳态、非线性等不同运动状态。采用分叉图、Pioncaré映射、轴心轨迹、频谱图、最大Lyapunov指数等,分析裂纹法向刚度变化、切向刚度变化、质量偏心与质量偏心角对裂纹转子分叉与混沌特性的影响,发现:随着裂纹法向刚度变化的增加,裂纹转子在亚临界转速区出现倍周期分叉、拟周期、周期3解等振动形式;考虑裂纹切向刚度变化,裂纹转子在1/2,2/3亚临界转速区出现拟周期、混沌运动,进入混沌的途径与拟周期、周期3解有关;质量偏心的增加或质量偏心角180°时,对裂纹转子的非线性运动具有明显的抑制作用。数值仿真研究可为工程实际中裂纹转子故障诊断提供依据。     

膜片联轴器对转子系统动态特性的影响研究分析

用有限元分析膜片联轴器联接转子系统的振动特性与发生裂纹、碰摩故障时的动态特性与响应。利用各单跨转子临界转速与转子系统临界转速的比较分析，研究膜片联轴器对转子系统弯曲振动、弯扭耦合振动的影响，以及转子发生裂纹、碰摩故障时膜片联轴器的影响，并提出膜片联轴器在机器故障诊断与维护中的有利作用。     

波箔气体轴承支承的转子非线性振动的研究

为提高波箔气体轴承支承的微型透平机械转子在高速运转时的稳定性,需要对由波箔轴承气膜力和箔片摩擦力引起的非线性振动进行研究。建立在轴承气膜力和箔片摩擦力共同作用下的转子局部受力模型,运用4阶变步长Runge-Kutta法计算转子在不同转速下的振动响应,观察转子升速过程中的混沌运动成分,分析转速对转子非线性动力学性能的影响。结果表明,转速变化会引起响应形态的变化,非线性振动作用在临界转速区不明显,远离临界转速区时较明显。     

双盘裂纹转子非线性响应特性

研究了轴上含有横向裂纹 ,刚性支承带有居中盘和悬臂盘的双盘裂纹转子的非线性动态响应。考虑轴旋转过程中裂纹的开闭 ,推导出双盘裂纹转子的运动方程。采用仿真计算的方法 ,分析了转速、裂纹深度、外阻尼比的变化对响应的影响 ,并且研究了盘的摆振与横向振动的区别。结果表明 ,裂纹转子随转速变化 ,响应会出现丰富的非线性特征 ;裂纹深度的增大 ,会导致系统响应出现分叉与混沌 ;外阻尼可以有效抑制非线性响应 ;盘的摆振对于裂纹的出现 ,较之横向振动 ,包含有明显的高次谐波分量 ,易于识别     

多跨度裂纹转子-滚动轴承动力学特性分析

在考虑由裂纹产生的附加刚度、滚动轴承非线性赫兹接触以及由滚动轴承支撑刚度变化而产生的VC(Varying compliance)振动的基础上,利用拉格朗日方程建立了滚动轴承支撑下含横向裂纹的双跨度转子模型,综合考虑离心、碰摩等故障,采用变步长Runge-Kutta法对单一及耦合故障导致的系统非线性动力学行为进行数值仿真,结合分岔图、轴心轨迹图、Poincaré截面图和三维谱图等,分析了裂纹扩展、裂纹角和滚动轴承径向间隙对系统响应的影响。结果表明,单一故障时,在超临界转速区有较大范围的混沌运动出现;耦合故障时,在亚临界转速区受不平衡旋转与VC振动的组合影响进入拟周期运动,超过临界转速后开始分频,表现出强非线性特性;裂纹较浅时对系统响应的影响不明显,裂纹较深时在高转速区系统响应变化明显;裂纹角对混沌运动影响较大、对周期运动无本质影响;系统响应对滚动轴承间隙的变化具有敏感性。研究结果对控制和预测旋转机械故障有一定的指导意义。     

基于时频分析的裂纹转子碰摩故障特征研究

为研究转子系统耦合故障特性,采用有限元方法建立了含有横向裂纹、转静碰摩的非线性转子动力学模型。首先研究了不同转速下裂纹、碰摩单一故障下转子系统的振动响应,其次研究了两种故障耦合情况下系统的振动响应特征。采用波形图、FFT谱图、瞬时频率和Hilbert-Huang时频谱(HHS)相结合的方法对故障转子振动信号进行了分析。分析结果表明:运用多种时频分析相结合的方法可以较为全面地了解转子的故障特征,裂纹转子在1/5、1/3临界转速时会发生较为明显的5X、3X谐波,且裂纹的产生会导致响应幅值增大,从而引起更为严重的碰摩。      

电流变阻尼器支承的转子系统不平稳振动测试

对采用一种剪切型电流变阻尼器作为支承的刚性转子系统进行振动测试,对比分析了电流变阻尼器外加电场电压不同时转子振动的特点。在适当的电压条件下可使转子振动明显减低。研究了转子振动控制过程中由于电场电压切换所造成的转子不平稳振动的时频变化规律。在稳定运行过程中,由于电压突变使转子振动产生波动．而转速均匀升降会对这种不平稳振动起到一定的镇定作用。     

齿轮耦合的故障转子系统弯扭耦合振动特性研究

利用有限元方法研究了齿轮耦合汽轮机组转子系统健康时与发生裂纹故障、碰摩故障时的系统弯扭耦合振动特性。根据转子系统各阶临界转速的变化情况,并结合动态响应图,分析研究了转子系统发生裂纹、碰摩故障时的一些非线性动态特性。通过对转子系统弯扭耦合振动特性的研究,为设计工作提供参考。     

基于磁流变阻尼器的转子系统振动PID控制研究

针对大型旋转机械通过临界转速时振动过大的问题,搭建了转子实验台,在不改变转子轴系原有支撑形式的基础上,将磁流变阻尼器作为辅助机构安装在转子上,通过实验研究了阻尼器对转子振动的影响规律。提出了一种PID控制策略,设计了转子振动主动控制系统,以振动幅值为反馈参数,实时调节阻尼器电流,在线抑制转子振动。研究结果表明,该阻尼器可以有效抑制转子临界转速附近的振动,降幅可达90%;通过采用PID控制策略,可根据转子振动变化在线改变控制电流,使转子振动稳定在目标值附近,实现了转子系统开机加速过程振动的自动调控。     

含横向裂纹转子的动力稳定性研究

基于断裂力学理论，确定了含横向裂纹转轴结构的柔度，采用呼吸裂纹模型推导了旋转坐标系中转轴的运动微分方程，利用Floquet理论分析求解了转子运动的稳定性区域，研究了横向开式裂纹与呼吸裂纹对转子稳定性的影响，以及转子在裂纹深度发生变化时的动力学稳定性。研究结果表明，当转轴舍有横向裂纹时，其失稳转速由单一失稳转速变为多个转速值，形成失稳区，且失稳区域出现在量纲一转速为2/1、2/2、2/3等处。     

裂纹对齿轮轮齿结构振动的影响

建立具有裂纹的齿轮轮齿的动力学模型，分析齿轮轮齿发生裂纹后轮齿结构的动力响应及动力特性，并对裂纹出现位置和裂纹尺寸对齿轮结构动力特性的影响进行深入探讨；通过分析计算和有限元数值模拟验证表明，裂纹发生位置对齿轮轮齿振型影响较大，在裂纹发生处振型发生突变；而裂纹大小对其振型和固有频率影响都较大，当裂纹出现后齿轮固有频率发生下降，振型也发生变化，随着裂纹深度的增加，固有频率更加下降，低阶下降显著，而高阶下降缓慢，振型也与无裂纹的情形完全不同。这显示出裂纹对齿轮轮齿结构振动的影响随裂纹尺寸的增加而强烈。     

单盘含裂纹转子系统的非线性响应分析与实验研究

建立含裂纹Jeffcott转子的动力学运动方程。针对裂纹深度对转子系统动态响应的影响及转子盘摆振响应的特点进行仿真计算和试验研究。数值仿真表明，对于较浅的裂纹，系统响应为周期性运动，在某些转速下会出现倍周期运动，同时还出现各种倍频分量。此时的摆振运动常包含激振频率的倍频成分。当裂纹较深时，盘的摆振运动与横向振动都会出现各种非协调响应。试验结果表明，当轴上存在裂纹时，盘的横向振动响应和摆振响应中都会出现高次谐波分量，这些分量虽然从频率成分上讲是相同的，但各分量的大小有明显差异。这些结论对于转子裂纹故障的监测与诊断具有新的意义。     

Stability and dynamics of rotor system with 45° slant crack on shaft

Crack on a shaft is one of the common damages in a rotor system. In this paper, transverse vibrations are calculated to compare the influences of transverse crack and slant crack on the rotor system. Results show that the vibration amplitude of the rotor system with a 45° slant crack on the shaft is larger than that with a transverse crack when the two types of crack have the same depth and the rotor system runs in the same condition. Stability and dynamic characteristics of the rotor system with a 45° slant crack on the shaft under torsional excitation are analyzed by considering opening and closing of the crack. It is shown that the instability of the transverse vibration of the rotor system increases with increasing difference between the bending stiffness in two main directions, and the vibration is stable when the two bending stiffness are identical. The spectrum analysis of the steady-state response reveals that the gravity and the eccentricity produce different frequency components, and when the two bending stiffness are identical, the multiple frequency components of the torsional excitation disappear. Further investigation shows that the vibration amplitudes in combined frequencies increase rapidly in transversal, torsional, and axial vibration with increasing slant crack depth. The results are helpful for the understanding the dynamic behavior of a rotor system with a slant crack on a shaft and can be used for the detection of the slant crack on a shaft.     

Identification of multiple cracks in beams under bending

The identification of a transverse crack on a beam is the subject of many investigators. Identifying the crack means to find its position and depth. In many cases there are more than one cracks on a beam. Then the solutions, or the combinations of parameters characterising the cracks are more and the problem becomes more complicated particularly when the crack must be identified using one more parameter, the relative each other angular position.In the present paper the dynamic behaviour of a cracked beam with two transverse surface cracks is studied. Each crack is characterised by its depth, position and relative angle. Both cracks are considered to lie in arbitrary angular positions with respect to the longitudinal axis of the beam and at any distance from the left end. A local compliance matrix of two degrees of freedom, bending in the horizontal and the vertical planes is used to model the rotating transverse crack in the shaft and is calculated based on the available expressions of the stress intensity factors and the associated expressions for the strain energy release rates. The compliance matrix is calculated for the first time at any angle of rotation. Thus, the compliance is given as a function of both the crack depth and the angular location. These expressions are usable, due to the stress intensity function limitations, only for limited regions around the zero angular position of the crack and not for every crack angle. For these cases, B-spline curves are used to interpolate the known points and a function in analytical form is given for every crack depth and angle. It is well known that when a crack exists in a structure, such as a beam, then the natural frequency of vibration decreases. This reduction is studied here for six independent parameters namely the depth, the location, and the rotational angle of each crack. By keeping these six parameters constant, the first three flexural eigenmodes can be computed and plotted.Due to its sensitivity in slope or displacement changes the theory of wavelets is used here to identify the locations of the cracks reducing thus the number of independent parameters. As it is well known the existence of a crack on a beam in bending, creates in the elastic line of the beam a slope discontinuity analog generally to the crack depth and additionally here to the angular position. The wavelet transformation of a vibration mode or of the vibration response of the structure under some circumstances could be used to locate the cracks. If the positions are known, then the depths and the respective angles can be determined. Here the diagrams of the first three eigenvalues versus both the crack depth and the rotational angle, are used to identify the remaining unknown parameters for both cracks.     

Crack detection in simply supported beams without baseline modal parameters by stationary wavelet transform

There are significant changes in the vibration responses of cracked structures when the crack depth is significant in comparison to the depth of the structure. This fact enables the identification of cracks in structures from their vibration response data. However when the crack is relatively small, it is difficult to identify the presence of the crack by a mere observation of the vibration response data. A new approach for crack detection in beam-like structures is presented and applied to cracked simply supported beams in this paper. The approach is based on finding the difference between two sets of detail coefficients obtained by the use of the stationary wavelet transform (SWT) of two sets of mode shape data of the beam-like structure. These two sets of mode shape data, which constitute two new signal series, are obtained and reconstructed from the modal displacement data of a cracked simply supported beam. They represent the left half and the modified right half of the modal data of the simply supported beam. SWT is a redundant transform that doubles the number of input samples at each iteration. It provides a more accurate estimate of the variances at each scale and facilitates the identification of salient features in a signal, especially for recognising noise or signal rupture. It is well known that the mode shape of a beam containing a small crack is apparently a single smooth curve like that of an uncracked beam. However, the mode shape of the cracked beam actually exhibits a local peak or discontinuity in the region of damage. Therefore, the mode shape ‘signal’ of a cracked beam can be approximately considered as that of the uncracked beam contaminated by ‘noise’, which consists of response noise and the additional response due to the crack. Thus, the modal data can be decomposed by SWT into a smooth curve, called the approximation coefficient, and a detail coefficient. The difference of the detail coefficients of the two new signal series includes crack information that is useful for damage detection. The modal responses of the damaged simply supported beams used are computed using the finite element method. For real cases, mode shape data are affected by experimental noise. Therefore, mode shape data with a normally distributed random noise are also studied. The results show that the proposed method has great potential in crack detection of beam-like structures as it does not require the modal parameters of an uncracked beam as a baseline for crack detection. The effects of crack size, depth and location, and the effects of sampling interval are examined.     

基于Lamb波的平尾大轴裂纹扩展监测

平尾大轴作为在役飞机的主承力构件,其轴内变厚度截面处存在应力集中现象,是疲劳断裂高发的关键部位。针对平尾大轴变截面处裂纹损伤,研究其基于主动Lamb波的裂纹深度在线监测方法。首先,通过线切割制造真实损伤,对压电传感器采集的监测信号进行Shannon连续复数小波变换,去噪提取Lamb波信号;其次,重点研究了不同模式Lamb波的4种损伤因子对大轴裂纹深度的表征能力,结果表明,基于A_0模式的互相关损伤因子对裂纹深度的表征效果最佳;最后,利用A_0模式的互相关损伤因子实现了平尾大轴裂纹萌生及裂纹尺寸的定量化监测,为平尾大轴的在线监测提供了方法基础。     

Vibration and crack detection of a rotor with speed-dependent bearings

The vibration of a shaft-disk rotor containing a transverse crack and supported by speed-dependent bearings is investigated. With crack released energy, the flexibility due to crack is first evaluated. An energy principle in conjunction with the assumed-mode method follow to yield the discrete equations of motion of periodic, time-varying coefficients From the FFT analysis of the displacement responses, the two-times shaft speed component (2Ω) is extracted and serves as a good index to detect the crack location and depth. Response amplitudes to the variations of crack depth and crack location are then discussed and a technique of crack identification is introduced with the aid of response contour maps of two sensing probes.     

裂纹齿轮动力特性分析与模拟

建立了齿轮的动力学模型 ,分析了齿轮轮齿发生裂纹后的动力特性 (固有频率、振型等 ) ,并对裂纹出现位置和裂纹尺寸等对齿轮动力特性的影响进行了深入探讨和计算机模拟 ,指出裂纹发生位置对齿轮轮齿振型影响较大 ,在裂纹发生处振型发生突变 ;而裂纹尺寸对其振型和固有频率影响都较大 ,当出现裂纹后固有频率发生下降 ,振型也发生变化 ,随着裂纹尺寸增加 ,固有频率下降更加显著 ,各阶幅值下降大小不一 ,振型也与无裂纹的情况完全不同。这对齿轮的损伤监测和诊断具有重要价值     

Simulation on the motion of crankshaft with a slant crack in crankpin

A new model for vibration analysis of a crankshaft with a slant crack in crankpin is proposed, and the influence of crack depth on the transient response of a cracked crankshaft is investigated. A slant cracked shaft element is developed by deducing the local flexibility due to a slant crack. The frequently occurred slant crack in crankpin is studied, and a new finite element model of crankshaft including the slant crack in crankpin, which combines the slant cracked shaft element and Timoshenko beam elements, is derived. The support of engine block and the switching behaviour of the crack are considered, and the non-linear equation of motion for cracked crankshaft-bearing system is set up in a rotating coordinate system. The motion of a crankshaft of a four in-line cylinder engine with and without an initial crack is simulated. The influence of the crack depth on the transient response is investigated. The numerical simulation demonstrates that the current model is valid for simulating the motion of cracked crankshaft system. The results show that a useful foundation is laid for crack detection of crankshaft.     

Crack localisation and sizing in a beam based on the free and forced response measurements

In the present paper, a method of the crack localisation and sizing in a beam from the free and forced response measurements is developed. The method gives crack flexibility coefficients as a by-product. Timoshenko beam theory is used in the beam modelling for transverse vibrations. The finite element method (FEM) is used for the cracked beam free and forced vibration analysis. An open transverse surface crack is considered for the crack model. The effect of the proportionate damping has been included. A harmonic imbalance force of known amplitude and frequency is used to dynamically excite the beam with the help of an independent exiting unit. The crack localisation and sizing algorithm is iterative in nature. The iteration starts with an initial guess for the crack depth ratio and iteratively estimates the crack location and the crack depth until getting the desired convergence for both the crack location and the crack depth. For estimation of bounded flexibility coefficients, a regularisation technique has been adopted. The method has been illustrated through numerical examples. The prediction of the crack location and size are in good agreement even in the presence of the measurement error and noise.