两种乳杆菌协同发酵牛骨粉促钙转化的工艺研究

以牛骨为钙源,利用嗜酸乳杆菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌的共生作用发酵牛骨粉,提高骨钙转化率。采用单因素试验确定两种益生菌协同发酵牛骨粉的最适比例、发酵时间、骨粉浓度、葡萄糖添加量。采用响应面试验设计,以钙转化率为特征性指标,优化两种益生菌协同发酵牛骨粉的工艺条件。结果表明：两种益生菌具有共生作用,均能将牛骨粉中结合态的钙转变为游离态。发酵时间与骨粉浓度是影响钙转化率的主要因素。两种益生菌协同发酵牛骨粉的最适发酵条件为菌种比例4.67:1(m/m)、发酵时间69.96h、骨粉浓度4.45%、葡萄糖添加量12.26%,钙转化率达32.21%。     

益生元及促生因子促使鼠李糖乳杆菌对牛骨钙的转化作用

以牛骨为钙源,通过添加益生元及促生因子促进鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵牛骨粉,提高骨钙转化率。单因素试验筛选出益生元、促生因子及其添加量,并在此基础上采用响应面试验,以钙转化率为特征性指标,优化鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵牛骨粉的工艺条件。结果表明:对钙转化率影响较大的因素为益生元,氨基酸次之,维生素影响最小。鼠李糖乳杆菌发酵牛骨粉促钙转化的益生元和促生因子最优组合为:m(烟酸)∶m(VB2)=3.80∶1、m(精氨酸)∶m(蛋氨酸)=2.82∶1、m(葡萄糖)∶m(低聚异麦芽糖)=1.82∶1;接种量3%,发酵时间72 h,发酵温度37℃,转速100 r/min下振荡培养,在此条件下钙转化率为28.32%。     

乳酸菌发酵猪骨粉中游离钙的研究

本实验利用保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌混合菌种对猪骨粉进行发酵,以期提高发酵液中游离钙的含量。通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定发酵猪骨粉的最佳工艺条件为：保加利亚乳杆菌:嗜热链球菌为菌浓度之比2:1,蔗糖添加量为6%、乳酸菌接种量为7%、骨粉添加量为6%,此时发酵液中游离钙的含量为0.9942%,钙磷比为2.3:1。利用乳酸菌发酵猪骨粉,能显著提高发酵液中游离钙的含量。     

乳酸菌发酵降解牛骨粉的研究

本实验利用两种乳酸菌发酵牛骨骨粉,在不同时间下,利用乳酸菌对不同浓度和不同粒度的骨粉进行发酵实验,发现发酵后骨粉液中离子钙含量明显提高,总结出在一定时间、一定骨粉浓度下乳酸菌发酵骨粉产生离子钙的最佳条件。研究结果显示,在本实验条件下,选用乳酸菌即保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌以2∶1比例接种发酵骨粉液的最佳生产条件是蔗糖添加量5%,乳酸菌接种量3%,骨粉粒度120目,接种骨粉浓度20%。     

天然促生长因子促进益生菌发酵牛骨粉钙转化的工艺优化

利用益生菌发酵牛骨粉,添加8 种天然益生菌促生长因子协同发酵牛骨粉。通过单因素试验,筛选益生菌促生长因子。采用L9(34)正交试验设计,以游离钙转化率为特征性指标,优化几种天然促生长因子的最佳组合。单因素试验结果表明：玉米汁、番茄汁、豆芽汁、白菜汁、胡萝卜汁、牛奶均对益生菌有促生长作用,除玉米汁外,发酵终止时的pH 值越低、活菌数越大,钙转化率越高。白菜汁、番茄汁、豆芽汁、牛奶最适添加量均为15%,胡萝卜汁为20%,玉米汁为5%。马铃薯汁对鼠李糖乳杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌及两者协同发酵时均有抑制作用。正交试验结果表明：番茄汁、豆芽汁、白菜汁、胡萝卜汁4 种促生长因子协同发酵牛骨粉钙转化率的最优组合为：白菜汁18.0%、豆芽汁15.0%、番茄汁12.0%、胡萝卜汁20.0%,在该条件下钙转化率可达38.8%。     

双歧杆菌酸奶生产工艺的优化

通过研究婴儿双歧杆菌和长双歧杆菌在脱脂乳中的生长特性、影响其发酵的因素以及发酵方式 ,优化出双歧杆菌酸奶的最佳生产工艺。研究结果显示 ,选用长双歧杆菌制作酸奶时 ,在乳中添加 0 3 %酵母粉 ,低聚糖取代 10 %的蔗糖 ,接菌量为 10 % ;选用婴儿双歧杆菌制作酸奶时 ,在乳中添加 0 6%的酵母粉 ,以低聚糖取代 2 0 %的蔗糖 ,接菌量为 15 %。 3 9℃条件下发酵 ,然后再按 1∶1的比例与普通酸奶混合 ,所制得的酸奶在贮存期间 ,活菌数可达到10 8cfu/mL以上。     

基于高活菌数的瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌混合发酵工艺优化

以瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌混合发酵培养,利用两菌株细胞代谢的差异,以静置发酵24 h后得到的活菌数目为指标,通过单因素实验和正交实验,研究了瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌高活菌数混合发酵的最适发酵条件。结果表明,瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌高活菌数混合发酵的最优条件为:发酵温度37℃,初始pH=6.8,接种量6%,瑞士乳杆菌:鼠李糖乳杆菌=1∶2,瑞士乳杆菌优先接种3 h。最终得到乳酸菌总活菌数为7.2×10~9m L~(-1)。与在相同条件下单独发酵的瑞士乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌活菌数相比,分别提高了1∶8倍和10.2倍。为乳酸菌的高活菌数发酵奠定了基础。     

鼠李糖乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌复配发酵乳的工艺优化

通过研究分离自新疆传统酸骆驼奶中的鼠李糖乳杆菌grx10的发酵特性,将鼠李糖乳杆菌grx10与不同发酵特性的嗜热链球菌复配制作发酵乳,优化了鼠李糖乳杆菌grx10的最适接种量和最适发酵温度,评价了复配发酵乳的发酵特性、质构特性和感官品质,并测定了其乳酸菌活菌数。结果表明,优化后的发酵工艺参数为:鼠李糖乳杆菌grx10与嗜热链球菌st447复配,鼠李糖乳杆菌grx10的最适接种量为4%,最适发酵温度为42℃,发酵时间为5 h,按照此工艺制得的发酵乳的总活菌数为1.32×10~9m L~(-1),鼠李糖乳杆菌grx10的活菌数为8.40×10~8m L~(-1),且口感、风味和整体品质俱佳,能同时满足生产工艺及消费者对产品的需求。     

双歧酸奶的研制

选用双歧杆菌分别与不同来源的酸奶菌种进行混合发酵。比较了不同接种量对制作的发酵乳在保存期内所含双歧杆菌活菌的影响。实验表明：在双歧杆菌接种量不大（体积分数2%）的情况下，可在发酵乳中获得可观的双歧杆菌。在10天内，双歧杆菌活菌数达108cfu/ml，随着时间的延长，至15天，双歧杆菌活菌数仍可达107-8cfu/ml。     

响应面法优化石花菜酸奶发酵工艺研究

采用响应面法优化石花菜酸奶发酵工艺。采用中心组合试验设计,考察不同双歧杆菌接种量、石花菜添加量、蔗糖添加量、发酵时间对感官评价（R1）、活菌数（R2）两个指标的影响。结果表明,石花菜琼胶寡糖能增加酸奶的持水力,改变酸奶的组织状态。石花菜酸奶发酵的最佳工艺条件为蔗糖添加量11%、石花菜添加量20%,双歧杆菌接种量1.5%,发酵时间为6 h,感官评分为80分,活菌数为2.65×109 CFU/mL。     

Characterization of a Panela cheese with added probiotics and fava bean starch

Of 20 Lactobacillus and 8 Bifidobacterium species examined, only Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15700 was able to ferment starch from fava beans. Bifidobacterium breve ATCC 15700 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 were selected as probiotics for use in fresh-style Panela cheese. Two types of fresh cheese (with and without 3% fava bean starch) were manufactured with 3 combinations of probiotics: L. rhamnosus GG only, B. breve only, or both L. rhamnosus GG and B. breve. During 4 wk of storage at 4°C, the addition of fava bean starch to the cheese was not found to cause significant differences in the viability of either probiotic strain. However, the microstructure and texture of Panela cheese were altered, resulting in a much softer product. A sensory panel showed that the presence of added fava bean starch in Panela cheese was less desirable to consumers, whereas probiotic supplementation had no effect on perceived taste or appearance. Panela cheese could be a suitable food for inclusion of probiotic bacteria.     

西藏牦牛粪和乳源中益生菌的筛选与鉴定

采用钙透明圈法从西藏地区牦牛粪和乳源中分离、筛选益生菌，通过形态观察及分子生物学技术进行菌种鉴定，并对其生长特性、产酸能力、耐胆盐、酸、人工胃液能力及抑制大肠杆菌能力进行分析。结果表明，共分离、筛选出25株乳酸菌，经鉴定7株为益生菌，分别为1株植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum），2株鼠李糖乳杆菌（Lactobacillus rhamnosus）和4株副干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus paracaseium）。其中植物乳杆菌B2具有良好的生长优势、产酸能力（发酵终pH值在4左右）、耐酸（pH值为4）、耐胆盐（0.6%）、耐人工胃液能力（存活率为57.4%），且抑制大肠杆菌效果较好（抑菌圈直径为22.0 mm）。     

山药多糖和大豆多肽对复合益生菌发酵特性的影响

试验研究了山药多糖和大豆多肽对鼠李糖乳杆菌R11 (Lactobacillus rhamnosus R11)、嗜酸乳杆菌R418(Lactobacillus acidophilus R418)和动物双歧杆菌亚种B94 (Bifidobacterium lactis B94)三种复合益生菌发酵特性的影响。在复合益生菌中加入不同浓度益生元后进行复合发酵,通过测定微生物、pH、总酸和短链脂肪酸,研究山药多糖、大豆多肽对复合益生菌促发酵特性的影响。结果表明,添加2.0%山药多糖、0.5%大豆多肽能显著促进复合益生菌的增殖;添加1.0%的山药多糖和大豆多肽能够促进复合益生菌的产酸能力,其产生的短链脂肪酸含量均显著高于菊粉。此次试验进一步为开发山药多糖、大豆多肽作为新型益生元提供依据。     

Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM encapsulated using a novel impinging aerosol method in fruit food products

This study investigated the effect of microencapsulation on the survival of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM and their acidification in orange juice at 25°C for nine days and at 4°C over thirty five days of storage. Alginate micro beads (10-40 μm) containing the probiotics were produced by a novel dual aerosol method of alginate and CaCl(2) cross linking solution. Unencapsulated L. rhamnosus GG was found to have excellent survivability in orange juice at both temperatures. However unencapsulated L. acidophilus NCFM showed significant reduction in viability. Encapsulation of these two bacteria did not significantly enhance survivability but did reduce acidification at 25°C and 4°C. In agreement with this, encapsulation of L. rhamnosus GG also reduced acidification in pear and peach fruit-based foods at 25°C, however at 4°C difference in pH was insignificant between free and encapsulated cells. In conclusion, L. rhamnosus GG showed excellent survival in orange juice and microencapsulation has potential in reducing acidification and possible negative sensory effects of probiotics in orange juice and other fruit-based products.     

复合益生菌协同发酵葡萄汁菌种筛选与工艺优化

为增强葡萄汁的保健功能,以巨玫瑰葡萄为原料,选择21株益生菌对葡萄汁进行发酵,经过初筛和复筛,得到适宜葡萄汁发酵的植物乳杆菌21802和短乳杆菌6239,并将两株菌进行复配,以活菌数和感官评分为指标,对复合益生菌协同发酵葡萄汁工艺进行优化。结果表明,复合益生菌协同发酵葡萄汁最佳发酵工艺条件为:植物乳杆菌21802与短乳杆菌6239的菌种比例1:2,葡萄汁料水比2:1,接种量5%,发酵温度36 ℃,发酵时间60 h。此条件下发酵所得益生菌发酵葡萄汁的活菌数可达到8.98×109 CFU/mL,感官评分为91.1分。     

几种薯类与豆类抗性淀粉的抗消化性及其益生效应

采用压热法制备了木薯、红薯、马铃薯、豌豆和绿豆5种抗性淀粉,研究了它们对人工胃液和人工肠液的抗消化性,以及它们对肠道益生菌生长的影响。结果表明:人工胃液对木薯、红薯、马铃薯、豌豆和绿豆抗性淀粉的消化作用很小,人工肠液对它们有明显的消化作用;经人工胃液和人工肠液先后作用,它们的消化率都比单独人工肠液处理后的要高;各种抗性淀粉对双歧杆菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、乳链球菌都有不同程度的增殖作用。综合分析可知,对肠道益生菌增殖作用最强的是豌豆抗性淀粉,其次是红薯和绿豆抗性淀粉,再次是马铃薯抗性淀粉,最差的是木薯抗性淀粉。     

Exopolysaccharides produced by probiotic strains modify the adhesion of probiotics and enteropathogens to human intestinal mucus

Exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are exocellular polymers present in the surface of many bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. The genome sequence of several strains revealed the presence of EPS-encoding genes. However, the physiological role that EPSs play in the bacterial ecology still remains uncertain. In this study, we have assessed the effect of EPSs produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium longum NB667, and Bifidobacterium animalis IPLA-R1 on the adhesion of probiotic and enteropathogen strains to human intestinal mucus. The EPS fraction GG had no significant effect on the adhesion of L. rhamnosus GG and B. animalis IPLA-R1. However, the EPS fractions NB667 and IPLA-R1 significantly reduced the adherence of both probiotic strains. In contrast, the three EPS fractions increased the adhesion of Enterobacter sakazakii ATCC 29544 and Escherichia coli NCTC 8603. Higher adherence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 29631 and Clostridium difficile ATCC 9689 was detected in the presence of the EPS fractions GG and NB667. In general, these effects were obtained at EPS concentrations of up to 5 mg/ml, and they were EPS dose dependent. The competitive exclusion of probiotics in the presence of EPS could suggest the involvement of these biopolymers in the adhesion to mucus. The increase in the adherence of enteropathogens could be explained if components of the pathogen surface are able to bind to specific EPSs and the bound EPSs are able to adhere to mucus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work reporting the effect of EPSs from probiotics on bacterial adhesion properties.     

清涧红枣乳酸菌发酵饮料工艺优化

以清涧红枣为原料,提取红枣枣清汁。通过选择干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌和鼠李糖乳杆菌3种乳酸菌进行单独及复配发酵,探索发酵时间、发酵菌种、接菌量及枣清汁初始可溶性固形物含量对发酵饮料pH及感官评价影响,并通过正交试验优化发酵工艺。结果表明,红枣枣清汁以干酪乳杆菌:植物乳杆菌:鼠李糖乳杆菌=6:1:1 (m/m)复配发酵为宜,接菌量为0.01%,在初始可溶性固形物含量13.5%,37 ℃发酵48 h,pH为3.61,乳酸菌活菌数≥1.5×108 CFU/mL,还原糖含量为10.46 g/100 g,总酸含量为8.99 g/kg,符合QB/T 5356-2018果蔬发酵汁标准;环磷酸腺苷含量为21.4 μg/mL,较好的保留了发酵前枣清汁中含有的环磷酸腺苷。本文制备出一款营养丰富、风味俱佳地清涧红枣乳酸菌发酵饮料。