13种河豚鱼COⅠ基因部分DNA序列分析及在物种鉴定中的应用

应用COⅠ基因聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)扩增通用引物,对福建省和海南省搜集的3属13种河豚鱼样品与9个未知种名的河豚鱼样品的COⅠ基因靶序列片段进行PCR扩增和测序,13个已知物种样品的DNA序列提交基因库(GenBank),取得相应的登录号。各物种COⅠ基因靶序列长度均为681 bp。应用DNAMAN V6软件对样品的DNA序列进行同源性比对分析,建立样品间系统关系同源树。基于COⅠ基因序列,供试13个样品被划分为4个类群组。群间的同源率为84%,群内同源率为90%～100%。根据序列同源性分析结果,9个未知种名的样品被归类到2个类群组中,判定这9个样品为东方鲀属或腹刺鲀属,其中1个样品(HNW2)为月腹刺鲀,4个样品(HNW3、HNW4、FJW2、FJW5)为棕斑腹刺鲀,1个样品(HNW1)为暗鳍腹刺鲀;3个样品(FJW1、FJW3、FJW4)为横纹东方鲀。探讨基于DNA条形码技术的COⅠ基因靶序列片段在河豚鱼种属鉴别中应用的可能性。     

13 种河豚鱼CO I基因部分DNA序列分析及在物种鉴定中的应用

应用CO I基因聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）扩增通用引物,对福建省和海南省搜集的3?属13?种河豚鱼样品与9?个未知种名的河豚鱼样品的CO?I基因靶序列片段进行PCR扩增和测序,13?个已知物种样品的DNA序列提交基因库（GenBank）,取得相应的登录号。各物种CO I基因靶序列长度均为681 bp。应用DNAMAN V6软件对样品的DNA序列进行同源性比对分析,建立样品间系统关系同源树。基于CO I基因序列,供试13 个样品被划分为4?个类群组。群间的同源率为84%,群内同源率为90%～100%。根据序列同源性分析结果,9?个未知种名的样品被归类到2?个类群组中,判定这9?个样品为东方鲀属或腹刺鲀属,其中1?个样品（HNW2）为月腹刺鲀,4?个样品（HNW3、HNW4、FJW2、FJW5）为棕斑腹刺鲀,1?个样品（HNW1）为暗鳍腹刺鲀;3?个样品（FJW1、FJW3、FJW4）为横纹东方鲀。探讨基于DNA条形码技术的CO I基因靶序列片段在河豚鱼种属鉴别中应用的可能性。     

河豚鱼Cyt b基因部分DNA序列分析与应用

建立河豚鱼物种DNA鉴别技术,根据GenBank公布的河豚鱼细胞色素b基因序列,应用软件Primer Premier5.00版设计上游引物HT1-F与下游HT1-R,对3属9种福建省搜集的常见的河豚鱼与2种未知物种名称且外观无法进行形态学判断的河豚鱼样品的细胞色素b基因序列中的部分片段进行PCR扩增,PCR产物通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳确证、纯化后,进行DNA碱基序列测定,序列长度均为423bp。应用DNA MANN软件进行样品间DNA序列同源性比对分析,建立样品间系统关系树状图,供试11个样品被划分为3个类群,第Ⅰ组与第Ⅱ组之间的同源率为89%,这2组与第Ⅲ组之间的同源率为85%。根据序列同源性分析结果,可推测2个未知种名的样品为腹刺鲀属或东方鲀属。     

多基因DNA条形码鉴定6 个鳗鱼物种

建立6?种鳗鱼的物种多基因DNA条形码精准鉴定方法。以鳗鱼DNA为模板,采用3?对通用引物对6?种鳗鱼的3?个基因（16S rRNA、Cyt b、COⅠ）部分DNA片段进行聚合酶链式反应扩增、测序,结果6?种鳗鱼各获得3?条16S rDNA（638～643?bp）、Cyt?b（464～466?bp）、COⅠ（705～707?bp）基因部分DNA序列,从中选取各物种序列同源的片段设计3 对新引物对6 种鳗鱼的16S rRNA、Cyt b、COⅠ基因部分DNA片段进行PCR扩增,其产物大小分别为504～507、400、609?bp,再从各片段中筛选出具有6?种鳗鱼物种特异性强的、碱基数分别为262、280、300?bp的3?条DNA片段序列,作为6?种鳗鱼物种的3?个基因的标准DNA条形码,应用DNAMAN?V6软件进行同源性分析,并通过GenBank数据库的比对验证,制定了供检测实践用的同源率判别指标,建立鳗鱼物种的多基因条形码检测方法。应用该方法对30?个待检鳗鱼样品进行检测,结果表明,各样品基于3?个基因DNA条形码的比对,符合同源率指标,物种判别结果互相吻合,从而精准判别样品的所属物种。该方法稳定、精准、易于操作,可应用于6?种鳗鱼的物种鉴定,值得推广。     

浓香型白酒窖泥中细菌多样性的免培养技术分析

采用免培养(culture independent)技术直接从浓香型白酒窖泥中提取细菌微生物混合基因组DNA(也叫元基因组DNA),利用细菌16S rDNA通用引物扩增窖泥细菌的序列,根据16S rDNA序列对细菌多样性进行初步分析。采用PCR扩增技术、分子克隆技术以及序列同源性分析等方法测定细菌的16S rDNA,通过与基因数据库中相似菌群序列同源性的比较,得到样品菌种多样性,分别构建系统发育树。结果显示,细菌含有几大类群,表现出高度的细菌多样性。共分为Uncultured bacterium、Clostridium、Lactobacillus、Eubacterium和Syntroph-omonas五个细菌分类。     

限制性内切酶酶切确证河豚鱼成分PCR检测结果

动植物成分的聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测往往出现假阳性结果,为了有效排 除河豚鱼成分检测中出现的假阳性现象,提高检测结果的准确性,应用河豚鱼PCR检测引物进行河豚鱼成分的PCR 检测与限制性内切酶NmeA Ⅲ酶切确证实验。18 个供试样品中3 个样品无PCR扩增产物,判为阴性结果,15 个样品 初步判为疑似阳性。应用限制性内切酶NmeA Ⅲ对疑似阳性样品的PCR产物进行酶切与电泳分析,电泳图谱与河豚 鱼阳性对照不同的2 个样品,判定为假阳性结果,电泳图谱与阳性对照相同的4 个未知学名的河豚鱼加工样品,确 证为阳性结果,即检出河豚鱼成分,PCR产物序列经GenBank同源性序列查询比对（BLAST）予以验证,建立了简 便的河豚鱼成分PCR检测结果确证方法。     

韭菜18S rRNA基因序列分析和分类学意义

通过PCR方法扩增韭菜18S rRNA基因,测序获得1664bp的DNA序列,GenBank登录号是JF509958。将韭菜与GenBank中一些物种的18S rRNA基因序列进行序列对比,结果表明,韭菜18S rRNA基因序列与天门冬目的葱科、石蒜科、天门冬科的物种序列相似度高。通过测序绘制出韭菜18S rRNA二级结构。为韭菜资源在分子水平上的研究奠定了基础。     

免培养技术对浓香型白酒大曲中细菌多样性的影响

采用免培养(culture independent)技术直接从浓香型白酒大曲中提取细菌微生物基因组DNA,利用细菌16S rDNA通用引物扩增大曲混合微生物的16S rDNA,采用PCR扩增技术、分子克隆技术以及序列同源性分析等方法测定大曲中细菌的16S rDNA基因全序列,通过与基因数据库中相似菌群序列同源性的比较,构建系统发育树。结果显示,成熟的大曲中细菌共分为Lactobacillus,Pantoea,Enterobacter,Klebsiella,Leuconostoc,Erwinias,Pseudomonas,Bacillus licheniformis几大类群,表现出高度的细菌多样性。     

滁菊类黄酮3′-羟化酶基因的克隆及分子特性

以安徽滁州地区特有的药食两用植物资源——滁菊(Dendranthema morifolium‘chuju’)为试材,采用同源基因克隆方法克隆滁菊类黄酮3′-羟化酶基因(flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase,f3′h),NCBI注册号HQ256697。结果表明:采自不同地点的滁菊样品均能扩增出一条长381bp的f3′h基因片段,该片段与探针序列GU249553第3外显子对应区域的核苷酸序列同源性达98.69%,同源区域内有5个单核苷酸多态性位点(single nucleotide polymorphisms,SNP),其中3个SNPs导致氨基酸编码序列的改变。滁菊与葡萄属(Vitis vinifera)、高粱属(Sorghum bicolor)、芸苔属(Brassica napus)、牵牛属(Ipomoea nil Magenta)、苹果属(Malus×domestica)、番薯属(Ipomoea purpurea)等物种f3′h基因的核苷酸序列和氨基酸序列同源性分别在60%～98%和68%～97%之间。不同植物f3′h基因的分类与物种间的亲缘关系存在明显的相关性,菊属植物f3′h基因在系统进化中处于较高位置。     

基于DNA条形码技术的海参物种鉴定

DNA条形码技术(DNA barcoding)是一种新型高效的物种鉴别方法。本研究基于DNA条形码技术,以线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I基因(COI)和16S核糖体RNA(16S rRNA)基因作为靶基因对海参物种进行鉴别,结果表明COI基因或16S rRNA基因均能实现大部分海参的物种鉴定,部分样品需结合两个靶基因鉴定出来。将所建立的DNA条形码方法用于市售海参样品的物种鉴定,24份市售海参样品中10份市售海参样品的物种鉴定结果与标签名称相符,6份样品与标签名称不符,存在将低价海参品种标为高价海参的现象;其余8份样品的标签只有商品名但没有明确的物种信息,利用DNA条形码技术对其鉴定可得到明确的海参种名。本研究结果证实DNA条形码技术可应用于市售海参的物种鉴定,为海参的监管提供技术支撑。     

DNA-based identification of fish species implicated in Puffer fish poisoning

A method for identification of fish species using three different mitochondrial DNA regions, 16S rRNA, cytochrome b and cytochrome c gene fragments, was investigated. The combined use of all three regions enabled reliable species identification in not only raw fish, but also dried, seasoned and boiled fish, products. Furthermore, the method was applicable even to vomitus from a patient involved in a puffer fish poisoning incident. However, further improvement is necessary to discriminate between closely related species such as Takifugu rubripes and T. chinensis, because they showed close similarity in the nucleotide sequences in the three gene fragments analyzed in this study.     

Tetrodotoxin poisoning due to smooth-backed blowfish Lagocephalus inermis and toxicity of L. inermis caught off the Kyushu coast, Japan

Food poisoning due to ingestion of a puffer fish occurred in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, in October 2008, causing neurotoxic symptoms similar to those of tetrodotoxin (TTX) poisoning. In the present study, we identified the species, toxicity, and toxins using the remaining samples of the causative puffer fish. The puffer fish was identified as smooth-backed blowfish Lagocephalus inermis by nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and cytochrome b gene fragments of muscle mitochondrial DNA. The residual liver sample showed toxicity as high as 1,230 mouse unit (MU)/g by bioassay and TTX was detected by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. We therefore concluded that the food poisoning was due to TTX caused by consumption of the toxic liver of L. inermis. This is the first report that the liver of L. inermis caught in Japanese waters is strongly toxic, with levels exceeding 1,000 MU/g. In this context, we re-examined the toxicity of L. inermis collected off the coast of Japan. Of 13 specimens assayed, 12 were toxic, although the toxicity varied markedly among individuals and tissues. Because the intestine and ovary of L. inermis have been considered non-toxic, it is particularly noteworthy that these organs were determined to be toxic, with a maximum toxicity of 43.6 MU/g and 10.0 MU/g, respectively. Furthermore, kidney, gallbladder, and spleen, whose toxicity has been unknown, were frequently found to be weakly toxic with levels ranging from 10 to 99 MU/g. Therefore, further study is needed to re-examine the toxicity of smooth-backed blowfish L. inermis in the coastal waters of Japan.     

Identification of Ingredient in Mullet Roe Products by the Real-Time PCR Method

Mullet roe is a product of high economic value in a number of Asian countries, particularly Taiwan. However, actual mullet roe is commonly adulterated by the addition of other species, such as escolar and oilfish. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to detect the ingredient of mullet roe products. Based on the TaqMan real-time PCR assay, we designed the specific primers-probe set (mullet) that targets the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Meanwhile, the positive amplification control is designed based on the eukaryotic 18S rRNA gene. The PCR amplicon used to identify fish species in processed roe products is smaller than 200 bp. Method specificity was evaluated by analyzing tissue samples of 29 food fish and 9 puffer fish species. No indications of cross-reactivity toward non-target species were observed. Sensitivity and linearity tests were conducted using five-fold serial dilutions of target DNA from processed mullet roe, and we determined that our proposed method has a sensitivity of 1.2 ng. Further tests on a random survey of commercial fish roe products demonstrated the efficacy of the technique in the detection of mullet DNA. The real-time PCR methods developed in this study could be used to verify the labeling of actual mullet roe products.     

传统发酵牦牛酸奶中马克斯克鲁维酵母菌的分离鉴定及系统发育分析

对川西北部分牧区的10 份传统发酵牦牛酸奶样品进行酵母菌的分离,通过常规形态特征和26S rRNA基因测序分析鉴定出16 株马克斯克鲁维酵母菌（Kluyveromyces marxianus）。同源性分析显示16 株分离菌与已知马克斯克鲁维酵母的同源性高达99.3%～100%。16 株分离菌中形成明显的两种序列类型,其中10 株分离菌与另外6 株分离菌相比在扩增片段的第537位点上发生碱基缺失、第554位点上碱基由G突变为A、第564位点上碱基由A突变为T。系统进化分析显示两种序列类型的分离株也形成两个独立进化分支。     

Identification of Puffer Fish of the Genus Lagocephalus: L. lunaris,L. spadiceus and L. inermis,Using Multiplex PCR

A multiplex PCR assay was developed to identify widespread poison-containing puffer fishes of the genus Lagocephalus: L. lunaris, L. spadiceus and L. inermis, using a novel KUGEN_ILSspec primer set which is specific for 12S ribosomal RNA (12S rRNA) and Cytochrome b (Cyt b) genes. KUGEN_ILSspec set is composed of fish positive-amplified primers that produced a 289-bp fragment while L. lunaris-, L. spadiceus- and L. inermis-specific primers produced 123-, 196- and 493-bp fragments, respectively. The sensitivity of this primer set was found to be high as it was capable of amplifying targeted DNA at concentrations as low as 1 ng/μL. Moreover, the primer set was shown to amplify intact DNA and species-specific fragments from heat-processed food. Consequently, multiplex PCR technique in combination with KUGEN_ILSspec primer set could offer an effective measure for detecting poisonous puffer fish contamination in both fresh and processed fish products, which will greatly aid in public health control and law enforcing endeavors.     

Puffer fish-based commercial fraud identification in a segment of cytochrome b region by PCR–RFLP analysis

To identify the mislabeled or fraudulently substituted toxic puffer fish in thermally processed fish products, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using restriction sites and sequence analysis has been developed in this study. A 376-bp fragment of the cytochrome b gene was produced after PCR amplification. Fish tissue samples were prepared under autoclaving conditions at 121 °C for 10–90 min at 10 min intervals. DNA fragments could not be detected after 90 min of autoclaving at 121 °C. For PCR product digestion, BsaJ I, Aci I, Hinf I, Taq I, and Sap I endonucleases were used to yield species-specific profiles for the identification of puffer fish species from 60 commercial market samples. Results from this study showed that the restriction fragment length polymorphism technique can be used to identify 17 puffer fish species from commercial products even after severe thermal processing.     

Terminal restriction pattern analysis of 16S rRNA genes for the characterization of bacterial communities of activated sludge

A culture-independent molecular technique using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes was applied to the characterization of bacterial communities of activated sludge taken from different municipal sewage treatment plants. 16S rDNA fragments from the bulk DNA of sludge were amplified by PCR with a Cy5-labeled forward primer corresponding to nucleotide positions 8 to 27 and a reverse primer complementary to positions 907 to 926 in the Escherichia coli numbering system. The 16S rDNAs thus obtained were digested with tetrameric restriction enzymes and analyzed using a Pharmacia automated DNA sequencer. A preliminary study on a model DNA mixture prepared from different bacterial species showed that the fluorescence intensity of terminal fragments (T-RFs) of 16S rDNAs amplified and detected was directly proportional to the 16S rRNA gene copy number rather than the amount of genomic DNA of each species present. 16S rDNA fragments amplified from the sludges and digested with HhaI usually generated at least 60 T-RFs, among which T-RFs of around 208 bp were the most abundant regardless of the time or area sampled. Southern blot hybridization with oligonucleotide probes specific to the 5' terminal regions of the 16S rDNA of different phylogenetic groups indicated that the T-RFs of around 208 bp were derived from members of the beta subclass of the class Proteobacteria. Hybridization with a probe specific to the class Actinobacteria failed to detect any appreciable signal. These results did not agree fully with those obtained by quinone profiling. The usefulness and limitations of the T-RFLP method for monitoring bacterial population dynamics in activated sludge were discussed.