冷藏及冰藏条件下南美白对虾品质变化规律

通过测定南美白对虾在4℃冷藏和冰藏条件下的感官评分、总挥发性盐基氮(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)含量、菌落总数、肌苷酸(inosinemonpho sphate,IMP)关联物含量及生物胺含量的变化,研究南美白对虾在2种贮藏条件下的品质变化规律,评价加冰贮藏对于4℃贮藏南美白对虾品质的影响,并通过分析IMP关联物各比值与各主要鲜度指标间的相关性探讨更适合于评价南美白对虾品质变化的指标。结果表明:冰藏组南美白对虾的TVB-N值、菌落总数及部分生物胺含量均显著低于冷藏组(P0.05),此外,在鲜度指标K、Ki、G、P、H及Fr值中,Fr值更适于评价该条件下南美白对虾的品质变化。综合感官评分和菌落总数的变化情况,4℃冷藏和冰藏条件下南美白对虾的贮藏期分别为5 d和6 d,冰藏有利于虾肉品质的保持。     

凡纳滨对虾高鲜度期评定方法的建立

目的 建立科学评定虾类高鲜度期的方法，为水产品鲜度等级的划分标准与评定方法提供参考。方法 以凡纳滨对虾为研究对象，检测其在4 ℃冷藏条件下感官指标、生化指标、核苷酸关联化合物、肌肉硬度值、菌落总数等的变化，筛选适宜评定高鲜度期的指标。结果 在4 ℃条件下，感官评分确立的高鲜度期为36 h，货架期为96 h；相较于经典的K值计算方法，采用[(HxR + Hx + Xt)/(ATP + ADP + AMP + IMP + AdR + HxR + Hx + Xt)]计算的K’值更适合指示虾的鲜度变化；虾死后肌肉硬度值呈先上升后下降的趋势，可根据肌肉硬度值是否显著低于死后初始水平大致判断原料是否处于高鲜度期，但不宜根据硬度值判断货架期终点；与挥发性盐基氮（Total volatile basic nitrogen, TVB-N）相比，非蛋白氮（Non-protein nitrogen, NPN）更适宜用来评定虾类鲜度变化，高鲜度期和货架期终点对应的NPN分别为0.94 g/100 g和1.21 g/100 g；菌落总数的变化相对滞后，不宜用来指示高鲜度期。结论 适宜用修正的K’值、肌肉硬度值、NPN评定凡纳滨对虾高鲜度期。     

冷藏条件下缢蛏、文蛤ATP关联产物的变化及降解途径的探究

为了研究冷藏条件下,缢蛏、文蛤三磷酸腺苷(ATP)及关联产物的变化和降解途径。采用高效液相色谱法对贮藏在4℃下的缢蛏和文蛤的9种ATP关联物进行测定,分别为:三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate,ATP),二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP),单磷酸腺苷(adenosine monophosphate,AMP),肌苷酸(inosine monphosphate,IMP),腺嘌呤核苷(adenosine,AdR),次黄嘌呤核苷(inosine,HxR),次黄嘌呤(hypoxanthine,Hx),黄嘌呤(xanthine,Xt)和腺嘌呤(adenine,Ad)。研究发现,在4℃下,从缢蛏和文蛤中检测到的产物都为ATP、ADP、AMP、IMP、AdR、HxR、Hx和Xt,未测到Ad。ATP的初始值分别为1.033和0.824μmol/g,试验前4 d下降较快,之后缓慢下降;ADP呈下降趋势;AMP、IMP、AdR和HxR含量先上升后下降;Xt呈上升趋势;缢蛏中Hx呈上升趋势,文蛤则先上升后下降。根据ATP关联物的变化,推测2种贝类的代谢途径为ATP→ADP→AMP→IMP→HxR→Hx→Xt和ATP→ADP→AMP→AdR→HxR→Hx→Xt,因文蛤中IMP含量极少,所以推测文蛤以第2条途径为主。结合感官评价和TVB-N实验发现,2种贝类的Kax值与感官评分和TVB-N均存在显著相关性,Kax值可用于2种贝类的鲜度评价。     

微冻保鲜对南美白对虾品质的影响研究

以南美白对虾为试验对象,研究微冻保鲜(-4℃)对肌肉品质的影响。采用常规方法检测了对虾肌肉pH、挥发性盐基氮、细菌总数、K值以及硬度和弹性。结果表明,随着贮藏时间的延长,pH、挥发性盐基氮、细菌总数和K值呈现升高趋势,硬度和弹性指标呈现下降趋势。与4℃贮藏的对照组比较,微冻保鲜在贮藏后期显著改善了(P0.05)南美白对虾各项指标的变异程度,结果揭示微冻保鲜可以通过延缓对虾肌肉的腐败进而提高其品质,旨在为对虾保鲜技术提供一定的借鉴。     

微冻对南美白对虾质构的影响

以南美白对虾为对象,研究了其在-3℃微冻条件下质构参数(硬度、弹性、剪切力,咀嚼性、黏附性、胶黏性)的变化,同时考察了TVBN值、汁液流失率和感官特性的变化。结果表明:随着贮藏时间的延长,TVBN和汁液流失率均呈上升趋势;在贮藏至第14天以前,硬度、弹性、剪切力、咀嚼性呈上升趋势,之后逐渐下降,而黏附性一直呈现上升趋势,胶黏性呈下降趋势;结合TVBN值、汁液流失率和感官特性测定结果,南美白对虾质构测定结果能够较客观的表现其品质。     

草鱼贮藏期间肌肉ATP关联物及K值的动态变化

为了明晰冷藏(4℃)过程中草鱼宰杀后背腹部肌肉ATP关联物含量变化与鲜度变化的关联,研究了贮藏期间草鱼背腹部肌肉ATP关联物及K值随时间的动态变化规律。结果表明:冷藏期间草鱼背腹部肌肉ATP关联物的变化趋势相似,但相对含量有明显区别,背部和腹部肌肉肌苷酸(IMP)含量先增加后减少,而草鱼背部IMP含量远大于腹部;次黄嘌呤(Hx)和次黄嘌呤核苷(HxR)含量均随贮藏时间延长不断增加;新鲜草鱼背、腹部肌肉K值分别为7.72%,7.78%,随着贮藏时间的增加,K值不断增大,6d时,两者均接近60%。故4℃贮藏条件下草鱼的货架期为6d。     

虾保鲜剂的研制

为延长南美白对虾的保鲜期,本论文以壳聚糖和山梨糖醇等为主要成分与常用防腐保鲜剂进行比较研究.在一定的低温(4℃件下,将市场上新购的活虾,在不同的保鲜剂溶液中浸泡3～5 min,在虾体的体表形成一层保护膜. 在贮藏期间以细菌总数、TVB-N值、pH值和感官评定等作为鲜度指标定期取样测定. 实验结果表明:5%的水溶性壳聚糖、10%的山梨糖醇与4%L-异抗坏血酸钠等复配而成的天然保鲜剂用于南美白对虾的保鲜效果显著. 与空白对照组相比,可延缓细菌总数增长2～3d,5d内抑制TVB-N值在30. 0×10-2mg/g以下,维持了较低的pH值.本论文将对提高虾的品质,促进我国水产加工业的健康发展,具有重大的意义.     

三磷酸腺苷降解产物评价冷鲜罗非鱼片新鲜度

采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定冷鲜罗非鱼片贮藏过程三磷酸腺苷(ATP)降解产物的变化,提出ATP降解产物新型的鲜度评价指标Ki、H、Fr值。通过综合分析感官特征、挥发性盐基氮、耐冷菌和ATP降解产物及其K值相关值等的变化来评价鱼片新鲜度。结果表明:RP-HPLC法能快速准确检测ATP降解产物含量;冷鲜罗非鱼片贮藏过程中ATP快速分解生成肌苷酸(IMP);ATP、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)和腺苷酸(AMP)含量均不超过0.50μmol/g,IMP初始值达到3.88μmol/g最高含量后持续分解产生次黄嘌呤核苷(HxR)和次黄嘌呤(Hx),以Hx积累为主;初始Hx含量很低,随着新鲜度下降不断增加至贮藏末期2.35μmol/g;Hx在腐败期快速生成与微生物代谢产生异味高度相关。K值与感官评价、微生物数量相关性最高,H值和Hx也可代替K值成为鱼片新鲜度的评价指标。     

典型冷链贮藏南美白对虾优势菌菌相变化与感官品质相关性分析

将南美白对虾在典型冷链温度-23,0,5℃条件下贮藏,通过菌落计数与观察、革兰氏染色、生理生化试验对优势菌进行鉴定,结合感官评分和细菌总数变化规律,分析南美白对虾在典型冷链贮藏温度下优势菌菌相变化与感官品质的相关性。结果表明:典型冷链贮藏温度5℃条件下,南美白对虾细菌总数在第3天时超过6.2 lg(CFU/g),0℃条件下细菌总数在第5天超过6.0 lg(CFU/g),-23℃条件下的细菌总数一直低于4.0 lg(CFU/g)。分离纯化的4种优势菌被鉴定为黄杆菌属、假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属和葡萄球菌属,其中黄杆菌属与假单胞菌属占70%以上,是延长南美白对虾货架期的关键控制菌。结合菌相变化的感官评价表明,0℃和5℃条件下南美白对虾分别经3 d和5 d的贮藏,感官价值大大降低;而-23℃条件下贮藏30 d,其感官品质无明显下降。     

冰衣对冷冻南美白对虾贮藏品质的影响

通过测定－20 ℃冷冻条件下无冰衣组、15%镀冰衣组和25%镀冰衣组南美白对虾的感官评分、解冻损 失、蒸煮损失、挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、盐溶蛋白含量及肌苷酸（inosine-5’- monophosphate,IMP）关联物各比值,研究镀冰衣处理对冻藏南美白对虾品质的影响。通过分析IMP关联物各比值 （K、Ki、G、P、H及Fr）与主要鲜度指标间的相关性,探讨更适宜作为－20 ℃冷冻条件下镀冰衣南美白对虾品质评 价的指标。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长,3 组南美白对虾的解冻损失、蒸煮损失和TVB-N含量均呈明显上升趋势, 盐溶蛋白含量显著下降,25%镀冰衣组南美白对虾的品质始终优于无冰衣组和15%镀冰衣组;根据各指标间的Pearson相 关性分析,K、Ki、G、P、H及Fr值中,K值更适合用于评价该贮藏条件下南美白对虾的整体质量;无冰衣组、15%镀冰 衣组和25%镀冰衣组分别在贮藏第12、16、16周感官不可接受,镀冰衣能够有效延长冻藏南美白对虾的贮藏期。     

冻结方式对不同部位草鱼呈味物质的影响

以草鱼腹肉、背肉和红肉为研究对象,采用－40?℃速冻、－20?℃乙醇液体冻结和－20?℃静止空气冻结对草鱼进行冻结处理,采用高效液相色谱法、氨基酸自动分析法以及电子舌测定不同冻结方式的鱼肉中呈味物质含量变化,并测定各部位鱼肉的乳酸含量。结果表明,冻结方式对鱼肉的鲜度和呈味物质含量有一定影响。肌苷酸（inosine monphosphate,IMP）和一磷酸腺苷（adenosine monophosphate,AMP）含量、游离氨基酸总量与冻结速率呈正相关,但乳酸、次黄嘌呤核苷（insoine,HxR）和次黄嘌呤（hypoxanthine,Hx）的含量与冻结速率呈负相关,在－20?℃冻藏条件下贮藏3?d后,－40?℃速冻组K值最小,－20?℃静止空气冻结组K值最大。红肉部分IMP、AMP含量低,而HxR和Hx含量较高,其滋味和鲜度较差,3?种冻结方式中红肉的K值分别为28.99%、40.92%、46.58%;腹肉与背肉中游离氨基酸含量相近,且高于红肉部位,但红肉中天冬氨酸、谷氨酸含量明显高于腹肉和背肉;红肉中乳酸含量显著高于腹背肉,且不同冻结方式对其影响较大。电子舌能有效区分不同冻结方式和不同部位的草鱼肉。     

Hypoxanthine Ratio Determination in Fish Extract Using Capillary Electrophoresis and Immobilized Enzymes

Fish freshness was assessed using capillary electrophoresis and an immobilized enzyme procedure to monitor degradation of inosine-5′-monophosphate (IMP), inosine (HxR) and hypoxanthine (Hx). The enzymatic method used an amperometric probe at + 0.7 V (platinum vs silver/silver chloride) with immobilized xanthine oxidase, catalase, nucleoside phosphorylase, and nucleotidase for converting Hx, HxR or IMP to uric acid. Capillary electrophoresis resolved IMP, inosine and Hx by migration rates resulting from an applied electric field (416 V/cm, 50 μA). Components were detected at 250 nm. The H ratio of Hx/[IMP + HxR + Hx] and simplified K value of [HxR + Hx]/ [IMP + HxR + Hx] were determined in cod, salmon and trout stored on ice (0-4°C) and at 20°C. The two procedures agreed and for all species H ratio and K values increased with storage time.     

不同贮藏条件下鸡肉肌苷酸含量的变化规律

为了探讨肌苷酸在冷藏和冷冻期间产生和降解规律,以70日龄黄羽肉鸡为实验材料,连续7 d测量4 ℃冷藏期间胸肌IMP、HxR、Hx、ADP、AMP和IMPc含量以及-20 ℃不同冷冻时间鸡肉IMP及其代谢物含量。结果显示:冷藏第2 d和第5 d IMP含量有显著降解,分别为屠宰后4 h的66%和45%。Hx含量在第2 d和第5 d极显著增加,分别为屠宰后4 h的2.6倍和4.6倍。HxR含量第4 d达到最大值,之后快速下降。IMPc含量从第5 d开始降解趋势明显。冷冻1周内IMP、Hx和HxR含量变化均不大。IMP含量冷冻1个月、210 d和540 d后分别为屠宰后4 h的65%、41%和6%,冷冻1个月到4个月之间变化不大。Hx和HxR含量分别在冷冻30 d和300 d时最高。IMPc含量冷冻210 d和540 d时下降极显著,分别为屠宰后4 h的84%和42%。因此,建议鸡肉4 ℃冷藏保存时货架期4 d为宜;-20 ℃冷冻保存时1周最宜,鸡肉冷冻保存时间最好不超过4个月。     

Postmortem changes in yellow grouper (Epinephelus awoara) fillets stored under vacuum packaging at 0 °C

The freshness of yellow grouper (Epinephelus awoara) stored under vacuum-packing at 0 °C was assessed by physicochemical, sensory and microbiological methods. No significant differences were found in pH and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values during the storage, while TVB-N, TMA-N, HxR, Hx and K values increased significantly with time. The content of IMP was decreased significantly with the storage time. The texture profile, hardness and chewiness were significantly decreased with the time. L∗ values, the values of chroma and hue were all decreased. However, the increased b∗ values were observed. Furthermore, the significant variations and correlations of sensory attributes were shown with the storage time. A regression analysis for total viable counts yielded a shelf life of 26 days. This suggested that the TMA-N, IMP, HxR, Hx, K value, hardness, chewiness, colour, sensory attributes and microbiological counts may be considered suitable indicators for evaluating yellow grouper fillets spoilage during refrigerated storage.     

Muscle High-Energy Phosphates and Stress Affect K-Values during Ice Storage of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Initial levels of white muscle high-energy phosphates, IMP, ATP:IMP-ratio, adenylate energy charge and pH were used as indicators of handling stress when Atlantic salmon were slaughtered. Ante-mortem handling included fish that were either anesthetized (baseline), quickly netted and killed by a blow to the head (unstressed) or chased to exhaustion in the holding tank (stressed). During subsequent storage in ice, freshness was evaluated in terms of IMP, HxR, Hx and K-values. HPLC showed initial differences in distribution of metabolites induced by struggling gradually fell during storage. K-values were different only for 2 days post mortem, but the effect of handling stress was discernible as higher mean K-values and different IMP and HxR contents for up to 7 days post mortem.     

南美白对虾贮藏过程中挥发性物质的变化

采用顶空固相微萃取(headspace soild phase microextraction,HS-SPME)-气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术并结合保留指数的方法,测定4 ℃ 贮藏条件下南美白对虾肌肉挥发性物质的变化情况。采用聚类分析、相关性分析及主成分分析(PCA)的方法,研究南美白对虾贮藏过程中挥发性物质变化规律。本实验共检出66种挥发性物质,聚类分析结果表明,挥发性物质变化可以用来表征新鲜度的变化;相关性分析结果表明,3-甲基丁醛、2-甲基丁醛、吡嗪在内的29种挥发性物质与新鲜度变化显著相关;主成分结果表明,南美白对虾贮藏0~7 d样品的特征挥发性物质为亚氨脲、2-乙基己醇、2-壬酮等物质,贮藏8~12 d样品的特征挥发性物质为吡嗪、2-乙基己醇、苯乙醇等物质,0~12 d整个贮藏过程的特征挥发性物质为吡嗪、2-乙基己醇、亚氨脲等物质,这些特征挥发性物质可应用于南美白对虾新鲜度的检测。     

Effects of freshness on ATP-related compounds in retorted chub mackerel Scomber japonicus

To examine the usefulness of measurement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-related compounds for estimation of the quality of canned and/or retorted fishes, we investigated the ATP-related compounds, in sashimi (for raw-eating)-grade and for-cooking-grade chub mackerel Scomber japonicus before and after retort process (121 °C for 30 min) by HPLC method. By the deterioration (storage time) and retort process, inosine monophosphate (IMP), an umami-taste compound, was decreased and inosine (HxR), hypoxantine (Hx) and the K-value, an index of fish freshness defined as the ratio of the sum of HxR and Hx to the sum of ATP-related compounds, were increased. By the retorting, the K-values of sashimi-grade, for-cooking-grade and unacceptable-grade meats were increased from 9.9%, 26.6% and 70% to 36%, 46% and 81%, respectively. These results suggest that the measurement of ATP-related compounds in retorted fish products may estimate the freshness in raw materials, the product quality and/or the good manufacture practices.     

Patterns of Nucleotide Catabolism as Freshness Indicators in Flatfish from the Gulf of Alaska

Hypoxanthine was the major catabolite of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in rock, yellowfin, flathead and Dover soles examined from the Gulf of Alaska. Inosine monophosphate (IMP)/hypoxanthine (Hx) ratios were as effective as K₁ values for assessing freshness. In contrast, inosine (HxR) was the end catabolite in rex sole and hypoxanthine was barely detectable. The gradual accumulation of hypoxanthine in rock and yellowfin soles made this catabolite a useful freshness indicator for these species.     

Bacterial and Autolytic Changes in Water Retention and Adenosine Nucleotides of Cod Mince

Water uptake ability (WUA), expressible moisture (EM), hypoxanthine (Hx), and inosine (HxR) were monitored in cod mince stored at 0, ?2, ?3°C, with or without bacterial inactivation using NaOCl. Hx and HxR increased (p < 0.05) in all samples during the first 9-10 days. Bacterial inactivation reduced Hx and HxR build up. Beyond day 10, Hx and HxR decreased in all samples. The decrease was slower in samples in which bacterial had been inactivated. Bacterial inactivation deterred WUA increases and EM decrease.