餐厨垃圾发酵产乳酸菌种的筛选、鉴定及应用

从餐厨垃圾有机肥样品中筛选能够发酵餐厨垃圾产乳酸的菌株。经过平板分离纯化、形态观察及生理生化鉴定，获得了6株形态各异的单菌株。通过比较各菌株对温度、盐度和酸碱度的耐受性，最终确定M4、M5和M6为潜力菌株。经过分子生物学鉴定，确定菌株M4、M5和M6分别为乳酸片球菌、干酪乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌。将这3株菌株等比例制成复合菌剂作为菌种与枯草芽孢杆菌混合接种用于餐厨垃圾乳酸发酵实验，发现该复合菌剂能明显提高乳酸产量(约63.6%),且缩短发酵时间(约1/3)。该复合菌剂可用于餐厨垃圾处理工业，具有良好的应用前景和经济价值。     

高效降解高盐高油餐厨垃圾微生物的筛选与应用

好氧处理法是一种有效的餐厨垃圾处理方法。借助摇瓶恒温振荡培养模拟生化处理的降解过程，从实验室所保存的高产酶菌株库中，筛选出在20 h可高效降解餐厨垃圾90%以上固型物的6株菌(BLE、BI1、BI2、LZM-B、B10-5和WL-BA-1),其中BLE和BI2两菌株可在20 h高效降解>90%的含有5.0%盐和6.0%油的餐厨垃圾；再者，经稳定性试验验证，菌株BLE和BI2连续12批次仍可对餐厨垃圾稳定降解，二者降解率均高于90%。经过分子生物学鉴定，确定BLE与BI2菌株均为Bacillus amyloliquefaciens。最后，对BLE和BI2菌株不同时间产生的水解酶进行分析，发现2株菌在发酵24 h内产酶均达到峰值，这是它们快速高效降解餐厨垃圾的重要原因。该研究可为餐厨垃圾快速减量化提供技术支持。     

餐厨垃圾原位处理菌株的筛选和鉴定

按照产酶能力强、菌株间无拮抗性的原则,从本实验室27株菌中筛选到2株淀粉酶产生菌;苏云金芽孢杆（Bacillus thuringiensis、TKFW r8）和枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis、TKFW 10004）,2株蛋白酶产生菌;蜡样芽孢杆菌（Bacillus cereu. frankland 、TWKF 11014）和纳豆芽孢杆菌（Bacillus natto、TWKF 11002）。将该4株菌与植物乳酸菌(Lactobacillus plantarum、TWKF 12006)和酿酒酵母菌（Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen、TKFW 13024）等比例组合,试验结果表明处理后的餐厨垃圾没有恶味,蚊虫较少,具有淡淡的酒香味,能够抑制病原微生物的生长,具有一定的减量效果。为了保证菌株的生物安全性,对未知菌TKFW r8进行观察和鉴定,通过16S rDNA序列分析,确定为苏云金芽孢杆菌。     

动物肠道益生菌地衣芽孢杆菌的筛选及培养基的优化

为了研制新型微生态制剂,以常用益生菌株———地衣芽孢杆菌(bacillus licheniformis)为试验菌株,在测定了初发菌株的极限耐受性后,运用紫外诱变技术筛选到了一株耐酸性较强、耐胆汁、耐高温的地衣芽孢杆菌D-11。其极限耐受条件为:pH4·18,胆盐浓度0·4g/L,温度58℃。并通过试验对该菌株进行了形态和生理生化特征的鉴定。最后通过单因素和正交试验对地衣芽孢杆菌D-11的发酵培养基成分配比进行了选择和优化,为以后的工业化生产提供依据。结果显示当培养基的配比浓度为:玉米淀粉15g/L、豆粕粉90g/L、玉米浆6g/L时菌体的培养效果最好。     

一株高产辛酸乙酯地衣芽孢杆菌的诱变育种

为了提高产辛酸乙酯地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus lincheni formis)的产酯能力,以前期分离得到的产辛酸乙酯地衣芽孢杆菌作为出发菌株,通过紫外线对该菌株进行诱变,筛选高产辛酸乙酯的突变株。结果显示,经诱变后筛选出一株发生正突变的菌株即DY-3,经发酵后通过气相色谱法测定其辛酸乙酯的产量较出发菌株提高了62.5%。     

烧鸡中产芽孢菌的分离鉴定及耐受性比较研究

从烧鸡中筛选出产芽孢菌,探究高温巴氏杀菌后烧鸡腐败的主要原因。利用划线纯化法、革兰氏染色法结合芽孢染色法从烧鸡及其卤汤中筛选出产芽孢菌,然后对菌株进行16S rRNA分析及生理生化鉴定,确定菌株的种属,并对菌株的生长曲线及耐盐、耐酸和耐热性进行研究。结果表明：从烧鸡及其卤汤中共筛选分离出4 株革兰氏阳性芽孢杆菌,分别为海水芽孢杆菌（Bacillus aquimaris）、黄海芽孢杆菌（Bacillus marisflavi）、甲基营养型芽孢杆菌（Bacillus methylotrophicus）和地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）,其中,地衣芽孢杆菌的生长繁殖速度最快,至6 h就基本进入生长稳定期;海水芽孢杆菌和黄海芽孢杆菌的耐盐性最强,在NaCl质量浓度达到12 g/100 mL时仍然有部分存活;甲基营养型芽孢杆菌的耐酸性最强,在pH值4.5条件下培养6 h后菌落数能够达到约8（lg（CFU/mL））;在4 株产芽孢菌中,地衣芽孢杆菌的耐热性最强,且不受处理温度和时间的影响。     

酱香型酒醅产香芽孢杆菌的分离鉴定及其代谢产物分析

本文研究了酱香型酒醅中的产香芽孢杆菌及其优势代谢产物。通过平板分离法从酱香型酒醅中筛选出5株芽孢杆菌,采用PLFA技术对其鉴定,分别为:蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus ereus)、泛酸枝芽孢杆菌(Virgibacillus pantothenticus)、巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)和地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis);革兰氏染色试验结果说明:这五类菌株均为革兰氏阳性菌;生化分析发现:枯草芽孢杆菌产淀粉酶能力最强,巨大芽孢杆菌蛋白质水解能力最强;以高粱粉为底物进行固态发酵,采用GC-MS分析技术对发酵代谢产物进行分析表明:菌株的优势产物主要为3-羟基-2-丁酮,另外还有少量的2,3-丁二醇和酯类等芳香物质。蜡样芽孢杆菌、泛酸枝芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌这五类菌株是酱香型白酒主要的产香功能菌。     

玉米赤霉烯酮脱毒菌株的筛选及脱毒机理初探

为筛选高效脱除玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)的脱毒菌株,利用96孔板高通量筛选法,从135份赤霉病高发区域土壤样品中成功筛选出具有较强ZEN清除作用的两株芽孢杆菌Fu2-3和Fu41-3。经16S rRNA序列分析,菌株Fu2-3和Fu41-3分别为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)和特基拉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus tequilensis)。对其降解机理的初步研究表明,两株菌对ZEN均具有一定程度的吸附作用,但主要脱毒作用仍为生物的降解作用。BLYES法研究结果表明,菌株Fu41-3的脱毒体系中仍具有较大雌激素毒性,菌株Fu2-3脱毒体系无雌激素响应,该菌可将ZEN转化为雌激素含量极低的代谢产物,脱毒效果更佳。筛选获得了两株ZEN降解芽孢杆菌,为ZEN的生物脱毒提供了一定的理论依据。     

柑橘皮渣降解菌的筛选及特性

为有效处理柑橘皮渣,筛选高效降解柑橘皮渣的菌株。本实验从堆肥中分离得到5 株菌株,测定其香精油耐受性,选取两株耐受性较好的菌株测定纤维素酶和果胶酶活力,并进行柑橘皮渣降解实验。结果表明,菌株L207和L702在65 ℃条件下可正常生长,属于耐高温菌株;对柑橘香精油具有较好的耐受能力,其最大耐受体积分数为25.0%;2 株菌株的纤维素酶活力和果胶酶活力分别是对照菌株（Bacillus subtilis L520）的1.31、2.08 倍和12.68、7.30 倍。柑橘皮渣降解实验表明,菌株能快速高效分解纤维素和果胶。16S rDNA基因序列分析鉴定表明菌株L207和L702均属于地衣芽孢杆菌（Bacillus licheniformis）。     

微生物发酵床中黄腐酸生产菌株的筛选及其鉴定

筛选能够高效降解木质纤维素的黄腐酸生产菌株,以提升有机固体废弃物资源化利用水平。从北京京郊奶牛养殖场发酵床品样品中,分离筛选获得7株45℃条件下生长良好的耐高温菌株,检测其黄腐酸产量和木质纤维素降解率,得到能够较好降解纤维素和半纤维素降解的黄腐酸生产菌株DLS07和木质素降解性能良好的黄腐酸生产菌株DLS03。将两株菌1∶1复配,进行黄腐酸发酵试验,结果证明复合菌剂试验组其黄腐酸产量为76.73 g/kg,较DLS03、DLS07单菌发酵分别提高37%、9%,纤维素、半纤维素、木质素的降解率高于单菌发酵,分别为32.87%、45.46%、44.55%,说明采用复合发菌剂发酵较单菌发酵具有更高的转化效率。DLS03、DLS07菌株经16Sr DNA分类鉴定,初步确认DLS03为枯草芽孢杆菌,DLS07为地衣芽孢杆菌。芽孢杆菌复合菌剂能够高效降解木质纤维素,黄腐酸产量较高,在有机固体废弃物资源化利用领域有着极大的潜力。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。