脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇生物降解途径研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)作为分布最为广泛的镰刀菌毒素之一,不但给全球粮食产业造成巨大损失,而且也严重威胁食品安全,利用微生物代谢来降解原料中DON已成为目前研究的热点。本文主要介绍现已发现的生物降解、转化与吸收途径,包括3C—OH氧化、开环氧化、水合作用、糖苷化、3C-异构化、结合与吸收等作用机制,以期从原理上了解DON的各种生物降解途径,为研究生物学方法控制粮食与饲料中DON含量提供一定参考。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇在食品加工中的变化研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)是最常见的一种污染粮食、饲料和食品的霉菌毒素之一,严重影响人和牲畜的健康。分析粮食从农田到餐桌的生产加工过程DON毒素的转移、降解规律,评价不同污染程度的粮食及其制品加工后的健康风险,及通过合理加工降低食品中毒素污染程度,成为保证粮食及其制品食用安全的重要方法。该文主要论述了国内外有关DON毒素在食品加工过程中的变化规律,为食品加工提供合理去除DON毒素方法并为完善食品中DON毒素的安全风险评估提供参考。     

小麦中呕吐毒素降解的研究进展

呕吐毒素,又名脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON),是镰刀菌产生的一种真菌毒素,广泛存在于世界各地的谷物,特别是小麦中。不但给全球粮食产业造成巨大经济损失,也给人类健康带来潜在威胁,因此对小麦中的DON进行降解显得非常重要和迫切。本文对清除小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的物理、化学和生物方法进行了综述,为有效控制其水平提供了思路。     

乙酰化脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染、毒性及转化研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）俗称呕吐毒素，是禾谷镰刀菌等真菌产生的次级代谢产物，是谷物原料及其制品中最常见的污染物之一。DON的产生往往伴随其主要乙酰化衍生物3-乙酰基-DON和15-乙酰基-DON的产生，这些衍生物表现出与DON相似甚至更强的毒性，因而增加了谷物及其制品的食用安全风险。本文简述了DON乙酰化衍生物的产生、检测技术及污染现状，重点分析了DON乙酰化衍生物的毒性及转化研究进展，以期为粮食中DON乙酰化衍生物的降解和防控研究提供理论参考。     

一株高效降解呕吐毒素的德沃斯氏菌筛选鉴定及效果评价

以脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（Deoxynivalenol,DON）为唯一碳源,采用富集培养法从河流污泥等样品中分离获得一株高效降解DON的微生物菌株。通过形态学观察和16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定为德沃斯氏菌(Devosia limi),命名为德沃斯氏菌D-8。该菌株在MSM培养基中3 d内可将10 μg DON完全降解。研究表明,德沃斯氏菌D-8产生的活性物质可将DON转化为质荷比为297.134 3的产物,经分析推导为DON的同分异构体3-epi-DON。以被DON污染的谷物及其副产物原料,以菌株D-8为发酵菌株,经过18 h发酵,污染小麦、玉米稀浆和酒糟蛋白（DDGS）中的DON降解率分别为98.11%、62.84%和42.5%,对被污染的小麦脱毒效果最佳,可将DON初始含量由6 110.42 μg/kg降解至115.41 μg/kg。该研究结果可为DON污染粮食及其制品采用生物脱毒方法处理提供一定的技术支撑。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇解毒酶研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（Deoxynivalenol, DON）是镰刀菌属（Fusariums spp.）产生的剧毒次级代谢产物,主要污染小麦、玉米等粮食及其制品,导致了严重的食品安全风险。目前生物酶法去除DON的技术研究,展现出良好的应用前景。综述了国内外关于DON生物转化的生物酶类型、降解机制、产物结构特征、解毒酶挖掘策略,以及解毒酶分子改造等研究现状,并对人工智能应用于真菌毒素解毒酶的相关研究进行了展望,以期为食品和饲料中DON的生物脱毒技术的研发提供参考。     

关于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(呕吐毒素)的科学解读

近期在食品药品监管总局组织的食品安全监督抽检中,发现个别粮食及粮食制品脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON,也称呕吐毒素）超过食品安全国家标准限量值。小麦粉中DON超标可能是原料小麦受到该毒素污染,企业对原料把关不严导致。1、谷物中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染在世界范围内广泛存在脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（Deoxynivalenol,DON）是由产毒真菌产生的一种次级代谢产物,     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇与人类健康

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)主要由禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)和黄色镰刀菌(F. culmorum)产生,是一种有很强细胞毒性、胚胎毒性、一定致畸性、弱致癌性,并且影响免疫系统的真菌毒素,严重污染粮谷类食品和饲料,人畜食用被其污染的粮谷后,严重危害健康.就DON的产生、特性、对粮谷类食品的污染、及其危险性分析等方面进行了综述.     

隐蔽型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的研究进展

隐蔽型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（maskedDON）是由脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）与极性较强的化合物结合而形成。与DON相比有不同的极性及溶解度,因此不能用常规检测方法检测出来。隐蔽型DON在体内会水解为毒素单体,具有潜在危害能力。就隐蔽型DON发现、人工合成和生物转化、污染状况、污染样品中隐蔽型DON的提取、净化、检测进行了综述,并就粮食行业需求提出了建议。     

关于脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(呕吐毒素)的科学解读

近期在食品药品监管总局组织的食品安全监督抽检中,发现个别粮食及粮食制品脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON。也称呕吐毒素）超过食品安全国家标准限量值。小麦粉中DON超标可能是原料小麦受到该毒素污染,企业对原料把关不严导致。1、谷物中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇污染在世界范围内广泛存在。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇脱毒方法研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）是粮食和饲料中污染广泛的真菌毒素之一,其化学性质稳定,毒性强,严重威胁人类和动物的健康。目前DON脱毒方法主要有物理脱毒法、化学脱毒法和生物脱毒法,其中生物脱毒法具有安全环保、特异性强、解毒效果显著等优点而备受推崇。生物脱毒法主要包括微生物的吸附作用和酶降解方式等。微生物的酶降解作用是通过破坏DON的毒性基团,例如C12,13位脱环氧、C3-OH氧化和C3-OH异构化等,将DON代谢转化为毒性较小甚至无毒的物质。某些种类的乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌、德沃斯氏菌和酵母菌等细菌和真菌都具备降解DON的能力,乳酸菌作为食品级的益生菌,在降解DON和防控食品真菌毒素污染具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了DON脱毒方法的研究进展,将其优缺点进行分析总结,旨在为防控食品和饲料中DON污染,尤其是微生物对DON脱毒作用的进一步拓展和深入研究提供参考。     

Global distribution,toxicity to humans and animals,biodegradation, and nutritional mitigation of deoxynivalenol: A review

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the main types of B trichothecenes, and it causes health-related issues in humans and animals and imposes considerable challenges to food and feed safety globally each year. This review investigates the global hazards of DON, describes the occurrence of DON in food and feed in different countries, and systematically uncovers the mechanisms of the various toxic effects of DON. For DON pollution, many treatments have been reported on the degradation of DON, and each of the treatments has different degradation efficacies and degrades DON by a distinct mechanism. These treatments include physical, chemical, and biological methods and mitigation strategies. Biodegradation methods include microorganisms, enzymes, and biological antifungal agents, which are of great research significance in food processing because of their high efficiency, low environmental hazards, and drug resistance. And we also reviewed the mechanisms of biodegradation methods of DON, the adsorption and antagonism effects of microorganisms, and the different chemical transformation mechanisms of enzymes. Moreover, nutritional mitigation including common nutrients (amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and microelements) and plant extracts was discussed in this review, and the mitigation mechanism of DON toxicity was elaborated from the biochemical point of view. These findings help explore various approaches to achieve the best efficiency and applicability, overcome DON pollution worldwide, ensure the sustainability and safety of food processing, and explore potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of DON in humans and animals.     

Deoxynivalenol: Masked forms,fate during food processing,and potential biological remedies

Deoxynivalenol (DON) has drawn global attention because of its prevalence and significant effects on human or animal health. Biological remedies for DON have been developed from preharvest to postharvest. Applying microbes, including bacteria, fungi (yeast and molds), and enzymes, results in inhibited synthesis, structural destruction, or adsorption of DON. DON can be degraded into masked forms by phase I metabolism or phase II metabolism. During food processing, DON content changes dynamically and is even transformed. Physical, chemical, thermal, or biological processes physically reduce DON content. Temperature, heating time, enzymes, food additives, microorganisms, food composition, contamination level, and other ingredients are key factors. Although DON content can be reduced during food processing, increases in other toxins, such as DON‐3‐β‐d ‐glucoside and 3‐acetyl‐DON, can be potentially risky. The application of biodegradation methods in food processing bears research significance. Both microorganisms and enzymes can be potentially used. Novel techniques, such as RNA interference, omics technologies, or enzymes coupled with the genetic engineering method, can be introduced. This review systematically updates the understanding of masked forms of DON, biological degradation strategy, fate of DON during processing, and future trends for biodegradation. Challenges to the successful application of biological methods may include the stability and suitability of the detoxification agents, security of degradation products, and successful application for industrial production.     

臭氧对不同基质中呕吐毒素的降解效果研究

为了研究臭氧对不同基质中呕吐毒素（DON）的降解效果及其规律，本研究采用臭氧来处理不同状态下DON纯品和赤霉病小麦，并初步探究了小麦组分对臭氧降解DON效果的影响。结果表明，臭氧可以在短时间内降解水溶液中的DON纯品和固态DON纯品，在处理浓度为10 mg/L、处理时间为60 s时，DON的降解率可达90%；臭氧可以有效降解小麦中的DON，料液比对小麦中DON的降解效果具有显著影响，当小麦粉与水的料液比为1:6时，臭氧可将初始含量为1.82 mg/kg的全麦粉中DON含量降解至国家标准限量 (1 mg/kg)以下。此外，在臭氧降解小麦中的DON时，小麦麸皮、淀粉和蛋白均对其降解效果有着明显的阻碍作用，且蛋白的阻碍作用最大。由此可知，臭氧可以显著降解不同状态下的DON纯品，对小麦各组分中的DON有较好的降解效果，并且臭氧对DON纯品的降解效率要显著高于赤霉病小麦，说明小麦各组分对臭氧降解DON有一定影响，其中蛋白的影响效果最为明显。不同基质中的DON的臭氧降解效果不同，且该降解效果受臭氧处理浓度和处理时间、样品与臭氧接触面积、样品水分含量等因素的影响。     

一株降解呕吐毒素蜡样芽孢杆菌的筛选与鉴定

目的:分离筛选能够降解呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol,DON)的芽孢杆菌,以用于该毒素的生物降解。方法:采集霉变秸秆、土壤和粪便样品,先将样品加热80℃后,取上清液接种到以DON为唯一碳源的分离培养基富集DON降解菌。以LB培养基分离纯化富集菌,然后对分离到的菌株进行DON毒素降解能力检测。对降解能力最强的菌株进行形态学观察、生理生化实验和16S r DNA序列鉴定。结果:从16株分离菌中筛选得到一株对DON降解能力最强的菌株B.JG05,降解率最高可达80.61%,且对含DON饲料的降解率为82.68%。该菌株呈短杆状,能形成芽孢;生理生化特性符合蜡样芽孢杆菌的基本特征;16S r DNA序列进化树分析表明该菌株与蜡样芽孢杆菌的亲缘关系最近。结论:筛选获得了一株高效降解DON的蜡样芽孢杆菌B.JG05,为饲料和食品中DON毒素的生物降解提供了可能。     

小麦中呕吐毒素研究进展

小麦是全球三大谷物之一。由镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是我国最主要的小麦病害之一,能造成小麦严重减产、品质下降,而且镰刀菌还能产生多种真菌毒素,进一步危害小麦及其制品的质量安全,其中,呕吐毒素(deoxynivalenol, DON)是小麦中检出率最高、危害最严重的真菌毒素之一,已成为关系小麦及其制品食用安全的重要问题。DON在小麦等谷物及其制品中的污染和防控是全球面临的严峻挑战,对DON进行定期检测和污染分析,研究高效、安全的降解技术,确保消费者安全,已成为目前世界各国政府和公众广泛关注和高度重视的热点问题。本文综述了DON的理化性质及毒性、影响产生的因素、污染现状及防控与脱毒方面的研究进展情况,以期为小麦中DON的风险评估及防控策略的制定提供有利参考。     

Trichothecene genotypes and chemotypes in Fusarium graminearum complex strains isolated from maize fields of northwest Argentina

Members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (Fg complex) cause Gibberella ear rot in maize from northwest Argentina. The potential of these pathogens to contaminate maize grains with type B trichothecenes is a health risk for both humans and animals. We evaluated the reliability of multiplex PCR assays based on TRI3 and TRI12 genes, and single PCR assays based on TRI7 and TRI13 genes to infer trichothecene chemotypes of 112 strains of Fg complex collected from northwest Argentina, checking trichothecene production by chemical analysis. Single and multiplex PCR assays indicated that strains belonging to F. meridionale (87/112) had a NIV genotype. The remainder strains (25/112), which belonged to F. boothii, had a DON genotype (based on single PCR assays) or 15ADON genotype (based on multiplex PCR assays). No strains tested were incorrectly diagnosed with a DON/NIV genotype. Chemical analysis indicated that the F. meridionale strains were NIV producers only (44/87), major NIV producers with unexpected high DON/NIV ratios (36/87), or unexpected major DON producers with minor NIV production (7/87). Strains with atypical DON/NIV production seem to be new phenotypes under a putative NIV genotype, since PCR assays do not provide evidences of a new trichothecene genotype. DON production and absence of its acetylated forms were shown for strains of F. boothii. The inconsistencies between genetic and chemical data highlight the risk of inferring the trichothecenes potentially contaminating food and feedstuffs based only on PCR assays. This study confirms for the first time that strains of Fg complex from maize of northwest Argentina are DON and NIV producers. In addition, dominance of NIV producers in the Fg complex population isolated from maize is unprecedented in Argentina, and of significant concern to food safety and animal production.     

超声波处理对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）的降解效果研究

为了降低小麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的含量,本文采用超声波处理促进其降解,考察了超声时间、超声振幅和脉冲占空比分别对DON纯品和赤霉病小麦籽粒中DON的降解效果。结果表明:延长超声时间、增大超声振幅、升高脉冲占空比都会在一定程度上促进纯品DON溶液和赤霉病小麦籽粒中DON的降解。综合考虑其经济效益,当超声时间为18 min、振幅为50%、脉冲占空比为100%(连续超声)时,纯品DON降解率最高(32.25%)。当超声时间为15 min、振幅为60%、连续超声时,赤霉病小麦籽粒中DON降解率高达37.59%,表明超声波处理对纯品DON和赤霉病小麦籽粒均有较好的降解效果。