Deoxynivalenol: Masked forms,fate during food processing,and potential biological remedies

Deoxynivalenol (DON) has drawn global attention because of its prevalence and significant effects on human or animal health. Biological remedies for DON have been developed from preharvest to postharvest. Applying microbes, including bacteria, fungi (yeast and molds), and enzymes, results in inhibited synthesis, structural destruction, or adsorption of DON. DON can be degraded into masked forms by phase I metabolism or phase II metabolism. During food processing, DON content changes dynamically and is even transformed. Physical, chemical, thermal, or biological processes physically reduce DON content. Temperature, heating time, enzymes, food additives, microorganisms, food composition, contamination level, and other ingredients are key factors. Although DON content can be reduced during food processing, increases in other toxins, such as DON‐3‐β‐d ‐glucoside and 3‐acetyl‐DON, can be potentially risky. The application of biodegradation methods in food processing bears research significance. Both microorganisms and enzymes can be potentially used. Novel techniques, such as RNA interference, omics technologies, or enzymes coupled with the genetic engineering method, can be introduced. This review systematically updates the understanding of masked forms of DON, biological degradation strategy, fate of DON during processing, and future trends for biodegradation. Challenges to the successful application of biological methods may include the stability and suitability of the detoxification agents, security of degradation products, and successful application for industrial production.     

微生物对黄曲霉毒素的抑制机制研究进展

部分黄曲霉菌会对农作物及产品造成严重污染。受相关基因的影响,黄曲霉会产生一种对人类健康与畜禽养殖构成重大威胁的真菌毒素,即黄曲霉毒素,在田间、储藏期或运输过程中黄曲霉毒素污染均可能发生。防止黄曲霉毒素进入食物链的策略有很多,其中采用生物法防治黄曲霉污染越来越引起研究者的重视,也逐渐被人们所接受。利用微生物对黄曲霉及毒素进行控制,可有效减轻黄曲霉菌及毒素对粮食作物及产品的污染,发挥功能的物质主要是微生物的代谢产物,包括多肽、小分子有机物、有机酸、抗生素和酶等。黄曲霉毒素污染对农作物产生的重大经济影响及其对人和动物的毒害作用已引起世界各国的高度关注。介绍了对黄曲霉及毒素具有拮抗作用的微生物种类(主要有芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌、链霉菌和一些海洋微生物等),分析了拮抗微生物中所发挥作用的有效成分,阐述了其对黄曲霉的抑制机制及对黄曲霉毒素的降解情况,希望为生物防治黄曲霉及黄曲霉毒素污染提供参考。     

Recent trends in detecting,controlling, and detoxifying of patulin mycotoxin using biotechnology methods

Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin that can contaminate many foods and especially fruits and fruit‐based products. Therefore, accurate and effective testing is necessary to enable producers to comply with regulations and promote food safety. Traditional approaches involving the use of chemical compounds or physical treatments in food have provided practical methods that have been used to date. However, growing concerns about environmental and health problems associated with these approaches call for new alternatives. In contrast, recent advances in biotechnology have revolutionized the understanding of living organisms and brought more effective biological tools. This review, therefore, focuses on the study of biotechnology approaches for the detection, control, and mitigation of PAT in food. Future aspects of biotechnology development to overcome the food safety problem posed by PAT were also examined. We find that biotechnology advances offer novel, more effective, and environmental friendly approaches for the control and elimination of PAT in food compared to traditional methods. Biosensors represent the future of PAT detection and use biological tools such as aptamer, enzyme, and antibody. PAT prevention strategies include microbial biocontrol, the use of antifungal biomolecules, and the use of microorganisms in combination with antifungal molecules. PAT detoxification aims at the breakdown and removal of PAT in food by using enzymes, microorganisms, and various adsorbent biopolymers. Finally, biotechnology advances will be dependent on the understanding of fundamental biology of living organisms regarding PAT synthesis and resistance mechanisms.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇脱毒方法研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）是粮食和饲料中污染广泛的真菌毒素之一,其化学性质稳定,毒性强,严重威胁人类和动物的健康。目前DON脱毒方法主要有物理脱毒法、化学脱毒法和生物脱毒法,其中生物脱毒法具有安全环保、特异性强、解毒效果显著等优点而备受推崇。生物脱毒法主要包括微生物的吸附作用和酶降解方式等。微生物的酶降解作用是通过破坏DON的毒性基团,例如C12,13位脱环氧、C3-OH氧化和C3-OH异构化等,将DON代谢转化为毒性较小甚至无毒的物质。某些种类的乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌、德沃斯氏菌和酵母菌等细菌和真菌都具备降解DON的能力,乳酸菌作为食品级的益生菌,在降解DON和防控食品真菌毒素污染具有广阔的应用前景。本文综述了DON脱毒方法的研究进展,将其优缺点进行分析总结,旨在为防控食品和饲料中DON污染,尤其是微生物对DON脱毒作用的进一步拓展和深入研究提供参考。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇解毒酶研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（Deoxynivalenol, DON）是镰刀菌属（Fusariums spp.）产生的剧毒次级代谢产物,主要污染小麦、玉米等粮食及其制品,导致了严重的食品安全风险。目前生物酶法去除DON的技术研究,展现出良好的应用前景。综述了国内外关于DON生物转化的生物酶类型、降解机制、产物结构特征、解毒酶挖掘策略,以及解毒酶分子改造等研究现状,并对人工智能应用于真菌毒素解毒酶的相关研究进行了展望,以期为食品和饲料中DON的生物脱毒技术的研发提供参考。     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇生物脱毒的研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀茵烯醇作为谷物及其制品中最常见的真菌毒素之一,严重威胁着人类和动物的健康。由于物理、化学脱毒方法存在着营养成分流失、脱毒不彻底等问题,而不能被广泛应用。微生物通过酶促反应将毒素转化成低毒或者无毒物质的生物脱毒方法不仅避免了这些缺点,还具有条件温和、安全环保的优点,是一种理想的脱毒方法。对近年来国内外脱氧雪腐镰刀茵烯醇的生物脱毒研究进展进行了概述,并对脱毒菌株、脱毒酶、脱毒方式及脱毒产物等研究内容作了重点介绍,旨在为脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的生物脱毒研究提供参考。     

Decontamination and detoxification strategies for the Fusarium mycotoxin deoxynivalenol in animal feed and the effectiveness of microbial biodegradation

Trichothecenes are a group of mycotoxins mainly produced by fungi of the Fusarium genus. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most abundant and important trichothecenes in food and feed, and is a significant contaminants due to its frequent occurrence in toxicologically relevant concentrations worldwide. Since toxin production depends strongly on environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, Fusarium toxin contamination can not be avoided completely. Therefore, exposure to this toxin is a permanent health risk for both humans and farm animals. As cereal crops are commonly contaminated with DON and animal diets consist mainly of cereals, it can be assumed that animals are frequently exposed to DON-contaminated feeds. Many strategies can be undertaken to reduce the toxic effect of DON. In addition to the general necessity for minimizing all risk factors that might influence the contamination of cereals with DON, such as the so-called field toxins before harvest, several post-harvest strategies can be applied to counteract possible deleterious effects of this mycotoxin in farm animals. Another approach for decontamination in feedstuffs is the use of adsorbent materials. Adsorbent materials may bind mycotoxins in the gastrointestinal tract and reduce absorption and systemic toxicity. It has been shown that some adsorbents are suitable to alleviate the toxic effects of specific mycotoxins, but its efficacy against trichothecenes is practically zero. Therefore, alternative strategies to reduce animal and human health risk are needed. The use of microbial additives is a method which uses microorganisms having the capability to detoxify mycotoxins by metabolism or degradation prior to their resorption in the gastrointestinal tract. DON has been reported to be completely transformed to de-epoxy-DON by ruminal and intestinal microflora. Eubacterium BBSH 797 was capable of DON degradation and counteracted the toxic effects of DON in animals. This review focuses on the efficacy of microbial feed additives in ameliorating the toxic effects of DON. According to the results of experiments to date, it appears that microorganisms are the main living organisms suitable for this mycotoxin biodegradation. However, the use of this approach depends on its effectiveness from both a practical and economic perspective.     

单端孢霉烯族毒素及其脱毒微生物国外研究进展

单端孢霉烯族毒素是一大类霉菌毒素,对人与动物具有非常大的毒性。它们广泛存在于粮食、饲料及以被污染粮食为原料的食品中,不仅给食品安全带来了一定的隐患,也影响到畜牧业生产。许多学者正在研究食品和饲料中单端孢霉烯族毒素的控制方法,其中生物脱毒是目前的研究热点,例如利用微生物将毒素转化成无毒或低毒的化合物。由于生物脱毒具有许多优点,因而具有广阔的前景。本文综述了单端孢霉烯族毒素的结构与毒性官能团,以及单端孢霉烯族毒素脱毒微生物方面的研究进展,旨在为单端孢霉烯族毒素的转化降解研究提供参考。     

消减食品加工过程中的真菌毒素：来自欧洲和东南亚的经验分享（网络首发、推荐阅读）

在世界范围内,由真菌毒素造成的经济损失估计达数十亿美元,给人类和动物带来安全风险。粮食中真菌毒素的预防可以通过食品加工过程中进行真菌毒素的消减处理。在过去几十年里,虽然发表的科技论文中报道了大量真菌毒素防控措施,但实际生产往往需要更容易实施的、简单易行的建议和指导方针。欧洲和东南亚在真菌毒素处理到数据分析、风险评估到污染防控、差异分析到流通途径等方面可以做到相互协作,互相补充。欧洲和东南亚政府及相关行业必须在综合考虑地域、农业系统和不同国家消费者偏好的背景下,寻求平衡食品安全和地区贸易二者关系,协同管控食品供应链。以谷物为例,加工过程包括初级加工（谷物清理和碾磨操作）和二次加工（如烘焙过程中的发酵和烘烤）,欧洲尤其关注烘焙食品安全性及全麦面包生产工艺对呕吐毒素的影响。结合农业、咖啡工业和科学研究人员的专业知识及亚洲咖啡生产者的具体情况,重点关注东南亚地区咖啡中赭曲霉毒素A污染问题。在农场环境中减少真菌毒素的措施给咖啡农民带来了较大的挑战,包括在规范种植农场模式下咖啡生产者和消费者之间社会经济效益和个人行为模式的相关影响因素。随着世界变得更加全球化,食品和饲料供应链也变得日趋复杂,因此,需要制定更全面的策略来确保食品供给及品质安全。     

呕吐毒素(DON)生物合成和降解研究进展

呕吐毒素(Vomitoxin),即脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON),是镰刀菌产生的次生代谢物质,是污染粮食的主要真菌毒素.随着我国灾害气候的频频发生,DON的污染程度呈现加剧趋势,因此DON污染的控制迫在眉睫.本文阐述了DON的物理化学特性,结合化学结构和基因遗传分析了DON的生物合成途径,并综述了微生物对DON的生物降解研究,推测了DON可能的作用位点、降解途径及降解产物,以此启发利用生物技术,探求安全、高效,低成本的DON生物降解途径,确保粮食和食品安全、保护消费者健康.     

真菌毒素吸附剂开发及吸附效果评价方法研究进展

国家高度重视节粮减损工作,强调采取多项措施降低粮食损失。真菌毒素污染造成了粮油和饲料资源的损失,并严重威胁人类和畜禽健康。采用物理、化学和生物法可以脱除真菌毒素,提高饲料资源的利用价值,其中吸附剂吸附是通过吸附剂和真菌毒素稳定结合成复合体的脱毒方式。对传统吸附剂的多重改性、新型吸附材料的开发显著提升了脱毒效果。综述真菌毒素吸附剂的种类及其在粮油饲料中使用效果的评价方法,简要介绍了铝硅酸盐类、碳材料、有机高分子、生物吸附剂和新型吸附材料等真菌毒素吸附剂的改性方法,重点介绍了体外法、人工胃肠液体外模拟和动物试验在真菌毒素吸附剂有效性和安全性评价中的应用,可以为新型高效真菌毒素吸附剂的开发、科学应用及其吸附机制解析提供参考。     

天然植物成分防控农产品中真菌毒素的研究进展

真菌毒素是真菌生长过程中产生的次生代谢产物,其对农产品的污染直接威胁人类和动物的生命健康。真菌毒素的预防和脱除是实现食品和饲料工业高质量发展亟待解决的关键问题之一。目前研究者采用了多种策略来防控真菌毒素污染避免健康问题和经济损失,包括抑制真菌生长及真菌毒素生成、去除和降解污染农产品中的真菌毒素、降低真菌毒素生物活性等。利用天然植物成分（Natural plant compounds,NPC）防控真菌毒素污染表现出稳定性强、安全性好和抑制效率高等优势,业已成为研究新趋势。本文综述了近年来NPC防控农产品中真菌毒素污染的不同策略,讨论了相应的作用机制,分析了现阶段采用NPC防控真菌毒素的优势和不足,并展望了在食品工业的应用前景,为开发新的真菌毒素防控试剂提供科学参考。     

Safety of Novel Protein Sources (Insects,Microalgae, Seaweed,Duckweed, and Rapeseed) and Legislative Aspects for Their Application in Food and Feed Production

Novel protein sources (like insects, algae, duckweed, and rapeseed) are expected to enter the European feed and food market as replacers for animal‐derived proteins. However, food safety aspects of these novel protein sources are not well‐known. The aim of this article is to review the state of the art on the safety of major novel protein sources for feed and food production, in particular insects, algae (microalgae and seaweed), duckweed, and rapeseed. Potential hazards for these protein sources are described and EU legislative requirements as regard to food and feed safety are explained. Potential hazards may include a range of contaminants, like heavy metals, mycotoxins, pesticide residues, as well as pathogens. Some safety aspects of novel protein sources are intrinsic to the product, but many potential hazards can also be due to production methods and processing conditions. These aspects should be considered in advance during product development. European law is unclear on several issues regarding the use of novel protein sources in food and feed products. For food product applications, the most important question for food producers is whether or not the product is considered a novel food. One of the major unclarities for feed applications is whether or not products with insects are considered animal‐derived products or not. Due to the unclarities in European law, it is not always clear which Regulation and maximum levels for contaminants apply. For market introduction, European legislation should be adjusted and clarified.     

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇的前处理及检测方法研究进展

小麦和谷物制品作为我国餐桌上的主要饮食,常受到各种真菌的污染并产生毒素.尤其是脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON),属B型单端孢霉烯族化合物,主要由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物或者贮存的过程中产生,温润的环境更促使DON的产生,具有细胞毒性和致癌性,影响人和动物的健康.目前从国家市场监督管理网站等...     

单端孢霉烯族毒素转化降解研究进展

单端孢霉烯族毒素广泛存在于粮食、动物饲料及以被污染粮食为原料的食品中,给食品安全带来了一定的隐患。许多学者正在研究用物理、化学以及生物的方法将单端孢霉烯族毒素进行转化降解。本文就这些方法进行概述,重点阐述化学法和生物法的最新研究进展,包括转化作用机理、转化产物及其毒性,旨在为单端孢霉烯族毒素的转化降解研究提供参考。     

婴幼儿谷类辅助食品加工工艺对其脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及衍生物影响

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(deoxynivalenol,DON)是由镰刀菌在侵染小麦等禾谷类作物过程中产生的一种有毒次级代谢产物,主要污染小麦、大麦、燕麦、黑麦和玉米等谷物。DON在植物和微生物作用下会转化形成各种衍生物,且这些衍生物可与DON原型同时存在,增加了谷物及其相关制品的安全风险。谷类辅食是婴幼儿膳食中的重要组成部分,且婴幼儿对毒素的敏感性更强,应严格限制DON及其衍生物在谷类辅食中被检出。已有研究表明谷物类食品的制作加工方式会对DON及其衍生物的含量水平产生影响,但专门针对婴幼儿消费人群的谷类辅助食品的加工过程如何影响DON及其衍生物水平还鲜有报道。目前婴幼儿谷类辅助食品中DON及其衍生物含量存在超标问题,严重影响婴幼儿这类特殊人群的生长发育和健康。本文从婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON及其衍生物的污染状况及其在加工过程中的含量变化等方面进行较为详细的阐述,以期为婴幼儿谷类辅食中DON的风险评估及防控策略的制定提供有利参考。     

粮食中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇检测方法研究进展

脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（deoxynivalenol,DON）具有免疫毒性、器官毒性、蛋白质合成抑制和致畸性。粮食在不当的储藏条件下,容易受真菌污染而产生DON,DON被人体或动物摄入后,会引起严重的健康问题。DON性质稳定,在加工过程中难以被破坏和除去,是粮食生产加工过程中的重要安全隐患。我国粮食中DON含量超标问题突出,因此,准确、高效的DON检测方法对保障粮食安全,保证人体安全健康至关重要。该研究总结了近年来粮食中DON的主要检测方法,主要包括薄层色谱法、高效液相色谱-质谱法、酶联免疫法、侧流免疫层析法、光谱法、电化学法和表面等离子共振法等。通过探讨这些检测方法的优缺点,对各种方法进行了对比和总结,并对DON检测方法的发展趋势进行展望,为开发新型的检测方法提供理论支持,有利于推动准确快速检测方法在粮食安全检测中的应用。     

Overview on mitigation of acrylamide in starchy fried and baked foods

Acrylamide in fried and baked foods has the potential to cause toxic effects in animals and humans. A major challenge lies in developing an effective strategy for acrylamide mitigation in foods without altering its basic properties. Food scientists around the world have developed various methods to mitigate the presence of acrylamide in fried food products. Mitigation techniques using additives such as salts, amino acids, cations and organic acids along with blanching of foods have reduced the concentration of acrylamide. The use of secondary metabolites such as polyphenols also reduces acrylamide concentration in fried food products. Other mitigation techniques such as asparaginase pre‐treatment and low‐temperature air frying with chitosan have been effective in mitigating the concentration of acrylamide. The combined pre‐treatment process along with the use of additives is the latest trend in acrylamide mitigation. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry     

动物食品中铅污染现状及饲料控制技术研究进展

环境中的铅可通过生物链污染饲料和动物性产品,带来食品安全风险。本文总结了铅的污染来源、铅在动物中的代谢及其影响因素,归纳了饲料及动物食品中铅的污染现状,重点叙述近年来铅的减量控制技术研究进展,并分析展望了今后的研究重点,以期为保障动物食品的质量安全提供参考。     

黄曲霉毒素B1的分子致毒机理及其微生物脱毒研究进展

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