基于低场核磁技术的不同花期金银花红外干燥过程中的水分变化

本文研究了不同花期金银花(三青期、大白期和全花期)红外干燥过程中的水分分布及状态变化。不同花期金银花在45℃条件下进行远红外干燥,应用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)分析金银花中水分随时间的迁移变化情况。结果表明,不同花期的金银花中均含有三种状态的水:结合水、半结合水和自由水,其含量为:半结合水结合水自由水;三青期金银花的结合水和自由水含量高于大白期和开花期,半结合水含量相对低于大白期和开花期;金银花干燥过程中,不同状态的水也呈现出不同的变化规律,半结合水含量逐渐减小,结合水含量先减少后增加,干燥过程改变了金银花内部水分分布状态和水分含量,不同状态的水分之间会发生一定的相互转化,三青期金银花中部分结合水在干燥初期流动性变大,后期流动性变小,大白期金银花结合水流动性持续变小。干燥过程中金银花水分含量与半结合水的峰面积、总峰面积均有较高的相关性(R20.9),LF-NMR技术为金银花中水分分布及变化规律提供了直观的参考依据。     

葡萄糖糖基化大豆分离蛋白的凝胶抗冻性研究

为解决大豆蛋白在冷冻食品中因冷冻变性导致功能性下降的问题,本研究对大豆分离蛋白进行了葡萄糖糖基化改性,并分析了改性大豆分离蛋白凝胶的抗冻性变化。结果表明,葡萄糖改性可以提高大豆分离蛋白凝胶的抗冻性,糖基化改性反应条件为蛋白:葡萄糖=2:1、反应pH 7、蛋白含量为40 mg/g。糖基化改性蛋白制备的凝胶在冻藏过程中的蛋白溶解性、亚基及凝胶水分分布等结果显示,改性大豆蛋白凝胶抗冻性的提高是由于糖基化蛋白中葡萄糖分子增强了对水分子的束缚作用从而减少蛋白质的脱水变性,同时,接枝在蛋白链上糖分子的空间位阻作用,阻止了蛋白分子间聚集和新键的形成,维持凝胶的均匀网状结构。     

醇法大豆浓缩蛋白（SPC）挤压组织化机理（Ⅱ）──蛋白质变性热力学的差示扫描量热分析法

采用差示扫描量热法分析大豆蛋白的变性热力学性质。在热变性过程中，醇法大豆浓缩蛋白的结构刚性大、次级键断裂程度低。水对蛋白质的热变性具有一定的促进作用。随着蛋白质水分含量的提高，其热变性温度（Ｔｄｅ）降低。根据这些性质，经调整醇法大豆浓缩蛋白的ｐＨ值使其热变性焓差（ΔＨｄ）增大，可实现其挤压组织化。所得挤出物的物理性质及其流变特性均有明显改善。     

大豆蛋白在面条中的应用研究

研究了添加大豆蛋白粉、改性大豆蛋白粉(面条专用)、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆分离蛋白对面条品质的影响。结果表明,普通的大豆蛋白对面条品质有不良影响,但添加改性后的大豆蛋白粉,在6％的用量以内,对面团品质没有不良影响。     

高剪切分散乳化技术对大豆分离蛋白凝胶中水分状态的影响

为了探讨高剪切分散乳化技术(High shear dispersing emulsification technology,HSDE)对TG酶诱导的大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolate,SPI)凝胶中水分状态的影响,本文采用低场核磁共振技术从水分分布、水分迁移、持水能力三个方面研究高剪切分散乳化技术对大豆分离蛋白凝胶体系中水分状态影响机制。结果表明:HSDE技术处理后制成的凝胶,其结合水的流动性增加了,但是自由水的流动性是降低的,剪切后凝胶中的自由水和结合水会发生向不易流动水迁移的现象。从成像图中可以看出剪切处理能使凝胶中水分分布均匀。从相关性角度分析,剪切与T21、T22、T23表现为极显著负相关,与凝胶的持水性呈正相关。在持水性探索过程中发现,HSDE技术能够提高TG酶诱导的大豆蛋白凝胶持水能力,在贮存过程中,HSDE技术能显著提高凝胶持水性。     

高温高压条件下,不同水分含量对大豆蛋白变化的影响

本文探讨了大豆蛋白分子内部间的反应、尤其是高温高压条件下,蛋白质分子之间键结合的形式。本实验采用脱脂大豆粉(DSF)作原料,用流动点测定器进行实验,得到如下结果,在20～100kg/cm~2的压力下,大豆蛋白变化不明显,然而,原料脱脂大豆粉的水分含量对大豆蛋白变化影响很大,当水份含量较高时(50％),二硫键(-S-S-)在大豆蛋白分子中起重要作用;当水分较低时(20％),二硫键结合较少,可能肽键结合是主要的。     

大豆蛋白膨化新法

<正> 日本最近发明的大豆蛋白膨化新法,不加含硫物质,而采用加食用还原剂和膨化剂将水分调正到19—27％进行膨化,膨化大豆蛋白风味、组织、口感均佳。实例:将含68％蛋白的浓缩大豆粉末(分离大豆蛋白粉及脱脂大豆粉也可),83kg,加抗坏血酸0.5kg、CaCO_30.5kg、     

低场核磁共振分析乳酸菌细胞中水分分布及其变化

该文选取乳酸菌发酵剂为研究对象，利用低场核磁共振(low-field nuclear magnetic resonance, LF-NMR)分析方法研究乳酸菌细胞水分分布及其变化。横向弛豫时间(T₂)可以提供样品组织结构中的水分状态及水分分布的信息。根据弛豫时间T₂可以将乳酸菌细胞的水分依次划分为结合水(T₂₁)、半结合水(T₂₂)以及自由水(T₂₃),并分别对应不同的细胞结构中，包括T₂₁<10 ms对应与细胞壁结合的水质子；10 ms22<100 ms对应细胞质中与蛋白质等大分子结合的水质子；T₂₃>100 ms具有较高的自由度，代表细胞壁水。渗透压冲击会改变乳酸菌细胞内水分分布情况，使得水分的自由度增大；而反复冻融会使得细胞内的水分结成冰晶，损伤细胞结构，造成解冻后细胞内水流失，导致细胞塌陷破裂。研究结果表明，LF-NMR分析方法可以准确地提供乳酸菌细胞内部水分分布信息，并且细胞...     

电子束变性处理对大米蛋白酶解效率的影响

利用电子束辐照(EBI)技术对大米蛋白进行变性处理,以水解度、多肽产率为评价指标,研究大米蛋白在不同酶作用下的酶解效果。研究发现,EBI变性处理能有效提高不同酶对大米蛋白的酶解效率,增加多肽产率,其中EBI辅助碱性蛋白酶水解效果最好,大米蛋白水解度提高(19.02±0.37)%,多肽产率提高(13.50±0.29)%。扫描电镜结果表明,EBI变性处理使大米蛋白表面结构完整性下降,颗粒化程度增加。二级结构中α-螺旋含量由(18.38±0.31)%下降到(4.46±0.43)%,大米蛋白分子灵活性增加。紫外光谱和内源荧光光谱分析表明,EBI变性技术使大米蛋白分子空间构象展开,包埋在内部疏水区域的活性基团暴露,有利于酶解反应的进行。     

大豆蛋白粉的碱改性研究

用碱液对大豆蛋白粉改性,研究了加碱量、温度及时间对碱改性大豆蛋白液黏度的影响,并通过X射线衍射和红外光谱等表征手段考察了碱改性大豆蛋白粉的结晶性及蛋白质二级结构。结果表明,在加碱量4%(以大豆蛋白粉质量计)、温度60℃、时间0.5 h时,改性大豆蛋白液的黏度最大,改性大豆蛋白粉的结晶性遭到破坏,蛋白质二级结构中无规卷曲含量达到最大值。     

Structural characterization and functional properties of egg white protein treated by electron beam irradiation

This study investigated the functional properties and structural characteristics of egg white protein (EWP) powder treated by electron beam irradiation (EBI) at the doses of 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 70 and 100 kGy. In comparison with the untreated sample (0 kGy), the EBI-induced EWP showed generally better solubility and higher antioxidant capacity by ABTS•⁺ radical scavenging assay. Furthermore, the emulsifying activity index of EBI-induced EWP increased with increased EBI dose, reaching the maximum value of 15.8 ± 0.4 m²/g at 100 kGy. The emulsifying stability index and ϛ-potential of EBI-induced EWP showed fluctuating tendencies. These functional property changes of protein were attributed to the conformational changes caused by EBI. SDS-PAGE patterns confirmed that high-dose EBI would result in protein depolymerization to low-mass molecules at 11 kDa, contributing to the increased solubility. Circular dichroism data demonstrated that EBI-induced EWP exhibited partial denaturation and a flexible structure, which was responsible for the improved emulsifying properties. Fluorescence spectra revealed that high EBI doses led to an increase in the polar environment around tryptophan, which could enhance the solubility and antioxidant activity of EWP. In addition, high EBI doses decreased the content of free and total sulphydryl groups, and changed the intermolecular forces of protein, including ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and disulfide bonds. These findings can provide solid support for practical applications of EBI technology in EWP food processing.     

微波处理对豆粕胶黏剂性能影响的研究

采用微波对豆粕粉进行处理制备胶合性能良好的豆粕胶黏剂,通过单因素试验探究微波功率、微波时间、豆粕粉质量分数对胶黏剂的黏度、干剪切强度和固形物含量的影响,并通过正交试验确定微波处理豆粕粉制备胶黏剂的最佳工艺条件,采用傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜探究微波处理对大豆蛋白分子结构和形态的影响。结果表明:微波处理豆粕粉使其中的大豆蛋白分子结构遭到破坏,暴露出内部的极性与非极性基团,暴露的基团通过氢键、静电相互作用等形成分子聚集体,增加了胶合强度;同时得到微波处理豆粕粉制备胶黏剂的最佳工艺条件为微波功率300 W、微波时间3 min、豆粕粉质量分数25%,在此条件下豆粕胶黏剂的干剪切强度为1. 61 MPa、黏度为924 MPa·s、固形物含量23. 05%。     

醇洗豆粕对大豆分离蛋白热稳定性影响

该文主要探讨醇洗豆粕对大豆分离蛋白热稳定性影响。大豆粕经乙醇处理后制备大豆分离蛋 白,蛋白质构象发生改变,其三维结构构建是通过蛋白质分子重新定向形成更加有序结构来完成,醇改 性大豆蛋白结构更加稳定;与未经处理大豆分离蛋白相比,变性转变协同性增强,变性热焓升高,变性温 度上升,热稳定性增加。     

基于红外光谱分析热处理对牛乳蛋白质二级结构的影响

运用傅里叶变换红外光谱技术对乳蛋白及其酰胺Ⅰ带进行解析,进一步用红外解谱法对其二级结构进行表征。以原料乳为对照,研究65℃/30 min(低温长时巴氏杀菌)、80℃/15 s(高温短时巴氏杀菌)、95℃/5 min(酸乳热处理)、137℃/5 s(超高温灭菌)等不同热处理条件对乳中蛋白质二级结构的影响。结果表明,热处理会导致乳蛋白间发生相互作用,乳蛋白原空间结构受到破坏,导致分子内氢键被破坏。不同热处理程度的乳蛋白酰胺Ⅰ带均向低波数方向发生了不同程度的红移,表明乳蛋白变性过程中疏水氨基酸残基暴露形成分子间氢键。同时热处理后乳蛋白各二级结构比例发生明显改变。α-螺旋含量显著降低(P0.05),无规卷曲含量显著升高(P0.05),β-转角及β-折叠含量在加热过程均呈先增加后减少变化趋势,表明热处理程度增强导致部分有序结构向无规卷曲结构转化,蛋白质热变性后会发生热聚集现象,且β-折叠、β-转角结构在热聚集体的形成过程中具有重要作用。     

乳清蛋白改性综述

通过改性可以加强乳清蛋白的功能性质，从而扩大它在食品中的应用。乳清蛋白可以通过化学法、酶法和物理法得以改性。化学法包括酰化、酰胺化、酯化、磷酸化、硫醇化、还原烷基化和共价连接氨基酸等；酶法改性主要为部分水解，蛋白质分子内或分间交联和连接特殊功能基团；物理改性有热变性、与生物大分子聚合以及质构化。     

Recent progress of soybean protein foods: Chemistry,technology, and nutrition

Abstract

The most important chemical reactions during the process of soybean protein foods are the intermolecular reactions among the residues exposed on the surface of the protein molecules through the denaturation process. In native soybean protein molecules, most amino acid residues responsible for the reactions—such as cysteine (‐SH), cystine (S‐S), and hydrophobic amino acid residues—are buried in the inside region of the molecule, inaccessible to water. These residues become reactable with each other through the exposure from the inside by heat denaturation during processing. The unique textures of soybean protein foods, such as tofu, kori‐tofu, yuba, and texturized products produced by extruder, etc., are the results of both the intermolecular interchange reaction between the exposed ‐SH and S‐S groups and the intermolecular hydrophobic reaction among the exposed hydrophobic amino acid residues. The exposure of amino acid residues is also important for the hydrolysis of soybean proteins by enzymes, through which soy sauce is produced, because the cleavage of the peptide bonds is carried out after binding between the active sites of the enzymes and the enzyme‐specific amino acid residues exposed through denaturation. These facts indicate the importance of the three‐dimensional structures of soybean protein molecules in the technology of soybean protein foods. Recently great progress has been made in the manufacturing techniques of soybean protein foods, such as soy milk, tofu, abura‐age, textured protein products, and soy sauce. The quality of soy milk and tofu was very much improved by controlling the action of the biologically active substances such as lipoxygenases and β‐glucosidases which are contained in soybeans and responsible for the production of off‐flavor. A new abura‐age, whose texture does not deteriorate during frozen storage or drying, was developed by using soybean protein isolate and oil as materials. A new type of textured protein product was also developed: a deep‐fat‐fried nugget with unique texture and flavor. This product is textured through a twin‐type extruder. For soy sauce manufacturing new biotechnology has been applied on the pilot‐plant scale. This is a system of continuous fermentation through bioreactors with the immobilized whole cells of microorganisms, by which the fermentation term is shortened strikingly. New and important discoveries were made on the nutrition of soybean proteins. According to recent experiments using human beings, the amino acid score of soybean proteins is 100 for persons more than 2 years old, indicating that the nutritive value of soybean proteins is equal to animal proteins. Further, it was elucidated that soybean proteins have cholesterol‐lowering action. A discussion is presented on the future of the soybean protein foods.     

The boron fixation to the cellulose, lignin and wood matrix through its reaction with protein

This paper is an attempt to determine the actual boron adsorption and retention in wood and its isolated components: cellulose and lignin. The rate of boron retention in cellulose, lignin and wood powder of Scots pine Pinus silvestris L. was investigated using denaturing properties of protein contained in reaction solutions. Both animal and plant origin protein was used in this study. In order to determine the reactivity of the analyzed formulation the reactions of cellulose, lignin and wood powder with protein borates were carried out. The aim of the analyses was also to compare methods of protein denaturation: thermal and chemical with the use of tannic acid solution. The obtained products were subjected to water extraction at 20 °C. Boron content in the solid and water extracts was analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results showed that the method of protein denaturation played the crucial role in the rate of boron retention. The type of protein used in the reaction solution had also significant effect on the boron retention.     

魔芋胶与大豆分离蛋白相互作用研究

以魔芋胶与大豆分离蛋白为试材，研究两者之间的复合增稠性、乳化性及胶凝性，并对两者之间的作用机理进行了探讨。结果发现魔芋胶与大豆分离蛋白复配具有明显的协同增稠作用；魔芋胶对低浓度大豆分离蛋白的乳化性能具有显著的改善作用；魔芋胶与大豆分离蛋白复配具有较好的胶凝作用。显微结构观察表明魔芋胶与大豆分离蛋白复配后两者胶束间发生一定的相互作用；红外光谱分析表明复配后两者分子上的化学基团没有发生本质上的改变，但氢键作用增强；复配凝胶体系中作用力的研究结果表明体系中作用力主要为氢键作用，从而说明魔芋胶与大豆分离蛋白主要是通过分子间氢键发生作用。     

Influence of dietary protein level and source on the course of protein digestion along the small intestine of the veal calf

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the dietary crude protein (CP) content and source on the distribution of digesta proteins and peptides according to their molecular mass along the small intestine of veal calves. Diets contained 14, 104, 205, and 279 g/kg of CP supplied by skim milk powder (SMP) in experiment 1. Diets contained only SMP or SMP plus proteins (1:1 on digestible CP basis) from either a soybean protein concentrate (SPC), an isolated soy protein partially hydrolyzed (HSPI), or a potato protein concentrate (PPC) in experiment 2. Duodenal, jejunal, and ileal digesta were collected from calves fitted with simple cannulae and continuously infused the milk replacers into the abomasum. The distribution of molecular mass (Mr) of proteins and peptides was studied by gel filtration chromatography. Increasing the dietary CP level of milk replacers increased the flow of oligopeptides and free amino acids in ileal digesta. Incorporating plant protein increased the flow of proteins with Mr > 20,000 in the duodenum and that of proteins and peptides with Mr < 10,000 in the ileum. Hydrolysis of oligopeptides and absorption may be a limiting step in the digestion of plant protein in the veal calf.