驴乳营养成分和生物活性研究进展

中医古籍记载,驴乳具有清热解毒、润燥止渴等功效。欧洲和南美,驴乳流行作为人乳的替代品。研究表明,驴乳含有蛋白质、必需脂肪酸、矿物质、维生素等丰富的营养成分,而且其含量与人乳接近,有利于人体吸收和利用。生物活性研究表明,驴乳的蛋白质构成特点使驴乳致敏性低,可用于对牛乳过敏的婴儿。驴乳富含溶菌酶,具有抗菌功能。随着我国驴产业链的发展,驴乳资源将越来越丰富,市场和应用前景广阔。     

驴乳营养成分和生物活性研究进展

中医古籍记载,驴乳具有清热解毒、润燥止渴等功效.欧洲和南美,驴乳流行作为人乳的替代品.研究表明,驴乳含有蛋白质、必需脂肪酸、矿物质、维生素等丰富的营养成分,而且其含量与人乳接近,有利于人体吸收和利用.生物活性研究表明,驴乳的蛋白质构成特点使驴乳致敏性低,可用于对牛乳过敏的婴儿.驴乳富含溶菌酶,具有抗菌功能.随着我国驴产业链的发展,驴乳资源将越来越丰富,市场和应用前景广阔.     

新疆疆岳驴乳研究进展

介绍了新疆疆岳驴乳研究进展情况.包括:驴乳的化学成分和理化指标、蛋白质和脂肪酸组成、矿物元素和维生素质量分数、功能性物质及其质量分数、驴乳中的微生物以及驴乳的抗茵作用、抗疲劳作用、抗肿瘤作用和免疫功效.文章还对今后驴乳研究工作的重点提出了建议.     

关于制定生驴乳食品安全地方标准的研究

介绍了驴乳的化学成分和理化指标,比较分析了驴乳和牛羊乳及驼乳的主要区别,对生驴乳食品安全地方标准中理化指标提出了具体建议。     

关于制定新疆驴乳和驴乳粉地方标准的研究

驴乳具有蛋白质中乳清蛋白比率高，低脂肪、低胆固醇，富舍不饱和脂肪酸等营养特点，有较大的开发利用价值，新疆已在全国率先推出了驴乳粉产品。论述了制定驴乳及驴乳粉地方标准的必要性；根据对驴乳和驴乳粉化学成分的测定结果，参照牛乳和乳粉的相关国家标准和行业标准，提出了制定《生鲜驴乳收购标准》及《驴乳粉和调味驴乳粉》两个地方标准的建议；并对标准中涉及的名称定义、技术要求、项目设定、技术指标等内容提出了具体意见。     

驴乳营养特性及其活性成分热稳定性研究进展

驴乳含有丰富的乳糖和乳清蛋白,且被证明是婴儿时期良好的母乳替代品,并能够用于牛乳蛋白过敏症的患者。近年来,驴乳的营养价值和功能特性逐渐受到关注,相关研究持续增加,本文详细介绍了驴乳的组成成分和营养特性,并将其与牛乳和人乳进行对比分析,阐述了驴乳溶菌酶、乳铁蛋白、免疫球蛋白以及生物活性肽的功能特性及抑菌作用机制,总结了驴乳活性成分的热稳定性,旨在为驴乳的深入研究与开发利用提供理论基础。     

马乳和驴乳中营养成分及加工技术研究进展

马乳及驴乳作为特色乳之一，具有较高的营养价值及功能特性，受到消费者的关注。然而，马乳及驴乳中溶菌酶、乳铁蛋白等特征性活性成分对热处理、酸碱等敏感，在产品加工方面有待进一步研究。因此，本文对比分析了马乳、驴乳与母乳、牛乳中营养成分的差异及生物活性功能，对目前马乳及驴乳的加工处理技术研究进行系统的评价，为马乳及驴乳产品加工和品质调控提供参考。     

高通量测序技术探究驴乳粉对皮肤细胞的影响

基于RNA-seq技术探究驴乳与角质形成细胞和成纤维细胞的相互作用。驴乳分别与角质形成细胞、成纤维细胞共孵育后,采用RNA-seq筛选差异表达基因（DEGs）,进行GO和KEGG富集分析。驴乳作用角质形成细胞后共筛选出819个DEGs,其中420个上调基因,399个下调基因。GO富集分析显示,差异表达基因参与与表皮发育、角质细胞分化、角化等生物学过程。KEGG富集分析显示,驴乳作用角质形成细胞涉及的分子机制包括IL-17信号通路、细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用、金黄色葡萄球菌感染等。驴乳作用成纤维细胞后共筛选出507个DEGs,其中298个基因上调,209个基因下调。GO富集分析显示,驴乳参与成纤维细胞的细胞黏附的正调控、脂质定位的调节、脂质转运的调节等生物学过程;KEGG结果显示,驴乳作用成纤维细胞涉及的分子机制包括细胞因子-细胞因子受体相互作用和c GMP-PKG信号通路等。为阐明驴乳对皮肤细胞功能的分子作用机制提供了科学依据。     

基于静动高压联合处理法的驴乳加工工艺优化及贮藏期内品质变化

该研究以鲜驴乳为原料,采用静态超高压（High-Pressure Processing,HPP）联合动态超高压（Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization,UHPH）技术对鲜驴乳进行处理,以杀菌效果及酸度、pH值等指标为考察因素,利用单因素试验及正交实验优化驴乳加工工艺,并对其贮藏期内品质变化进行观察。结果表明,采用静动高压联合处理（High-Pressure Processing+,HPP+）驴乳,最佳工艺为HPP最佳处理压力为550 MPa,HPP处理最佳保压时间为12 min,UHPH最佳处理压力为150 MPa,通过该工艺加工驴乳酸度为2.67 °T,pH值为7.10,菌落总数为8 CFU/mL。在4 ℃冷藏条件下,以巴氏灭菌（Pasteurization Treatment,PAST）（72 ℃,15 s）驴乳为对照,对HPP+驴乳进行贮藏期品质变化研究发现,PAST驴乳贮藏时间到达14 d时已不适合饮用与销售,HPP+驴乳贮藏时间到达21 d时出现酸败气味,并于28 d出现分层现象,建议PAST驴乳最佳饮用时间为7 d内,HPP+驴乳最佳饮用时间为14 d内。综上所述,驴乳经HPP+技术处理后可有效杀灭其中所含微生物并有效延长驴乳的货架期。该研究可为HPP+技术在乳品加工行业提供一定的理论基础。     

鲜驴乳缓解体力疲劳作用的实验研究

目的：研究鲜驴乳缓解体力疲劳作用。方法：192 只健康成年ICR 小白鼠随机分为4 批(每批48 只),每批动物随机分为对照组、鲜驴乳低、中、高剂量组(每组12 只),鲜驴乳低、中、高剂量(5、10、20mL/(kg bw·d))组分别灌胃给予鲜驴乳,对照组灌胃等体积蒸馏水,所有实验按照中华人民共和国卫生部《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》(2003)方法操作,测定动物负重游泳时间、血清尿素氮、血乳酸含量和肝糖原含量。结果：鲜驴乳高剂量组血清尿素氮含量、肝糖原含量、负重游泳时间和血乳酸含量与对照组比较结果具有统计学意义(P ＜ 0.05～0.01)。结论：鲜驴乳具有一定缓解体力疲劳作用。     

不同哺乳动物乳的营养成分及生物活性研究进展

乳中富含多种人体必需的营养成分,对机体的生长发育及免疫功能具有重要作用,是人们日常生活中必不可少的高频消费品。随着不同哺乳动物乳的活性组分及其营养功能被逐渐解析,骆驼乳、驴乳、马乳、羊乳等特色乳越来越受到消费者的青睐。本文总结并比较了不同哺乳动物来源（牛、羊、马、驴、骆驼）乳中的主要营养成分组成及含量,并对不同乳的生物活性功能进行阐述,为各类型乳制品的进一步开发应用和产业健康发展提供一定的科学依据。     

驴乳中蛋白质组分的分离纯化与鉴定

目的：分离纯化并鉴定驴乳乳清中蛋白质组分,为进一步研究驴乳用于辅助治疗疾病,以及为作为人乳替代品提供参考。方法：采用DEAE-52 离子交换层析和Sephadex G-100 凝胶层析分离纯化驴乳乳清中蛋白质组分,并通过十二烷基硫酸钠--聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法和高效凝胶渗透色谱法对所纯化蛋白质进行鉴定。结果：与牛乳乳清中蛋白组分相对比,发现驴乳乳清中存在3 种未知蛋白质,分子质量分别为32、70.1、72.2kD。结论：驴乳中除了含有与牛乳相似的营养成分外,还具有其他生物活性成分,它们可能是一些保护性蛋白,在机体的抗病机制方面起着重要作用。     

Effects of thermized donkey milk with lysozyme activity on altered gut barrier in mice exposed to water-avoidance stress

Nutrition plays a crucial role in human gut health through the improvement of gut barrier functionality. Donkey milk represents an interesting source of natural antimicrobial factors such as lysozyme. Recently, anti-inflammatory properties of donkey milk lysozyme activity were described in a mouse model of ileitis. The current increase of donkey milk consumption highlights the necessity to propose a healthy milk compliant with microbiological standards. This study aims to define a heat treatment of donkey milk, retaining its high lysozyme activity, and to evaluate its beneficial effects on a gut barrier impairment model due to chronic stress in mice. To perform this experiment, samples of raw donkey milk were collected in 15 distinct French farms. Microbiological analysis and lysozyme content and activity were evaluated for each sample. Then, several heat treatments were carried out to define a time and temperature combination that allowed for both a reduction in the number of total micro-organisms, increasing the shelf-life of the product, and preservation of lysozyme activity. The beneficial effect of heated donkey milk on the gut barrier of mice was evaluated and compared with raw donkey milk. We found that samples of raw donkey milk showed low total mesophilic microbial counts, and no pathogens were detected. Among the different heat-treatment procedures tested, a 2-min, 72°C combination was determined to be the most optimal time and temperature combination to preserve lysozyme activity and increase the shelf-life of donkey milk. Oral administration of this heat-treated donkey milk in mice counteracted chronic stress-induced intestinal damage, illustrated by gut hyper-permeability and low-grade inflammation, similar to raw donkey milk. We have demonstrated for the first time that oral intervention with donkey milk, optimally heat-treated to retain enzymatic lysozyme activity, improves intestinal barrier damage linked to psychological stress in mice.     

The nutritional ingredients and antioxidant activity of donkey milk and donkey milk powder

The aim of this work was to shed light on the nutritional ingredients and antioxidant activity of donkey milk and powder. It indicated that basic components of donkey milk were closed to human milk, especially lactose. The fat content of donkey milk was lower than that of cow milk and human milk. The essential amino acids, fatty acids and taurine in donkey milk and powder were richer. The whey protein content of donkey milk was 49.08 g/100 g. The ratio of casein to whey protein in donkey milk and powder was 70.3:100. The cholesterol of donkey milk was 8.6 mg/100 g. Therefore, donkey milk and powder are typical low-fat and low-cholesterol foods. The precious values of donkey milk and powder are suitable calcium and phosphorus proportion, and strongly resistant to oxidation. In conclusion, donkey milk and powder are good supplementary of cow milk and powder, would be better for infant dietary.     

模糊数学评价法优化驴乳奶啤稳定性的预处理参数及香气成分分析

基于模糊数学评价法对驴乳奶啤稳定性预处理参数初步优化,结合气相色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）技术确定驴乳奶啤的最佳预处理参数,通过与牛乳奶啤香气成分差异化对比,探究驴乳奶啤的香气组成。结果表明,最佳预处理参数为单甘脂添加量0.10%、海藻酸丙二醇酯添加量0.15%、果胶添加量0.20%。在此最佳条件下,5号驴乳奶啤综合评分最高（84.20分）,稳定性系数、离心沉淀率、黏度分别为（98.23±0.17）%、（5.21±0.14）%、（37.13±0.08） mPa·s。从牛乳奶啤及5号、9号驴乳奶啤中共检测出79种香气化合物,包括醇类11种、酯类25种、醛类8种、酸类12种、酮类6种、苯类2种、烷烃类12种、萜烯类2种、其他类1种,其中醇类、酯类和酸类挥发性化合物相对含量较高,对牛乳奶啤及5号、9号驴乳奶啤共有的18种香气成分进行主成分分析,经综合评价得出5号驴乳奶啤香气品质最佳,GC-MS分析结果与综合模糊评判结果一致。     

Invited review: Human,cow, and donkey milk comparison: Focus on metabolic effects

Milk is an important food of the daily diet. Many countries include it in their dietary recommendations due to its content in several important nutrients that exert beneficial effects on human health. Human milk is a newborn's first food and plays an important role in the growth, development, and future health of every individual. Cow milk is the type of milk most consumed in the world. However, its relatively high content of saturated fats raises concerns about potential adverse effects on human health, although epidemiological studies have disproved this association. Indeed, dairy consumption appear to be linked to a lower risk of mortality and major cardiovascular disease events. In the last few years many researchers have begun to focus their attention on both the production and quality of cow milk as well as the analysis of milk from other animal species to evaluate their effect on human health. The need to investigate the composition and metabolic effects of milk from other animal species arises from the adverse reactions of individuals in several groups to certain components of cow milk. It has emerged that donkey milk compared with that of other animal species, is the nearest to human milk and an excellent substitute for it. Milk from various animal species shows substantial differences in nutritional composition and distinct metabolic effects. In this review, we discussed the main compositional features and metabolic effects of 3 types of milk: human, cow, and donkey milk.     

驴乳外泌体中miRNA的测序与分析

为探究驴乳外泌体中微小RNA（miRNA）的种类和功能性,利用Illumina测序技术对驴乳外泌体中非编码小RNA（sRNA）进行测序分析,鉴定其中的miRNA并以人乳外泌体miRNA作为对照组进行生物信息学分析。驴乳外泌体中sRNA在质量控制之后,长度主要分布在18～22 nt,在其中共鉴定到212 个miRNA,其中包括16 种已知miRNA和196 种新miRNA。基因本体论富集分析发现,驴乳外泌体miRNA的功能性与人乳相似,构成细胞、细胞器等组分;具有结合和催化活性等功能;参与细胞代谢、生物调节等过程。京都基因与基因组百科全书通路富集分析发现,驴乳外泌体miRNA参与醛固酮的合成与分泌、Hedgehog信号、线粒体调节、癌症等通路。     

Human Milk Composition and Preservation: Evaluation of High-pressure Processing as a Nonthermal Pasteurization Technology

Human milk is seen not only as a food, but as a functional and dynamic biologic system. It provides nutrients, bioactive components, and immune factors, promoting adequate and healthy growth of newborn infants. When mothers cannot supply their children, donated breast milk is the nutrition recommended by the World Health Organization, as it is a better alternative than infant formula. However, because of the manner in which donor milk is handled in human milk banks (HMB) many of the properties ascribed to mother's own milk are diminished or destroyed. The major process responsible for these losses is Holder pasteurization. High-pressure processing (HPP) is a novel nonthermal pasteurization technology that is being increasingly applied in food industries worldwide, primarily as an alternative to thermal treatment. This is due to its capacity to inactivate microorganisms while preserving both nutritional and bioactive components of foods. This review describes human milk composition and preservation, and critically discusses HMB importance and practices, highlighting HPP as a potential nonthermal pasteurization technology for human milk preservation. HPP technology is described and the few currently existing studies of its effects in human milk are presented.     

Milk biologically active components as nutraceuticals: review

Milk contains components that provide critical nutritive elements, immunological protection, and biologically active substances to both neonates and adults. Milk proteins are currently the main source of a range of biologically active peptides. Concentrates of these peptides are potential health-enhancing nutraceuticals for food and pharmaceutical applications. Several bioactive peptides may be used as nutraceuticals, for example, in the treatment of diarrhea, hypertension, thrombosis, dental diseases, as well as mineral malabsorption, and immunodeficiency. Minor whey proteins, such as lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, and immunoglobulins, are considered antimicrobial proteins. Milk also contains some natural bioactive substances. These include oligosaccharides, fucosylated oligosaccharides, hormones, growth factors, mucin, gangliosides, and endogenous peptides, which are present in milk at secretion. Most of the claimed physiological properties of milk bioactive components have been carried out in vitro or in animal model systems, and these hypothesized properties remain to be proven in humans. Whether these milk bioactive components will replace drugs entirely in the immediate future is still unclear, but the increasing appreciation of "drug foods" or nutraceuticals plays a complementary rather than a substitutional role to the synthetic pharmacological drugs.     

Preparation,Bioavailability, and Mechanism of Emerging Activities of Ile‐Pro‐Pro and Val‐Pro‐Pro

Ile‐Pro‐Pro and Val‐Pro‐Pro are two most well‐known food‐derived bioactive peptides, initially identified as inhibitors of angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) from a sample of sour milk. These two peptides were identified in fermented and enzymatic hydrolyzed cow and non‐cow (that is, goat, sheep, buffalo, yak, camel, mare, and donkey) milk, as well as sourdough prepared from wheat, rye, and malt. Similar to other bioactive peptides, bioavailability of these peptides is low (about 0.1%), reaching picomolar concentration in human plasma; they showed blood pressure lowering activity in animals and in human, via improved endothelial function, activation of ACE2, and anti‐inflammatory property. Emerging bioactivities of these two peptides toward against metabolic syndrome and bone‐protection received limited attention, but may open up new applications of these peptides as functional food ingredients. Further studies are warranted to determine the best source as well as to identify novel enzymes (particularly from traditional fermented milk products) to improve the efficiency of production, to characterize possible peptide receptors using a combination of omics technology with molecular methods to understand if these two peptides act as signal‐like molecules, to improve their bioavailability, and to explore new applications based on emerging bioactivities.