大豆卵磷脂在食品中的加工效益

大豆卵磷脂是一种多功能型的食品添加剂，由大豆提炼而成。其过程为：从大豆中革取大豆油，再添加少量水分于大豆油中与豆胶相互产生水合作用，然后经离心作用分离，使水合豆胶沉淀，从而与油分离，再进行干燥处理，最后与大豆脂肪酸或大豆油进行标准化调配，即可制得标准级卵磷脂，俗称粗卵磷脂，其成分如表1所示。卵磷脂中的丙酮不溶物是由磷脂、糖脂表1标准级卵磷脂与去油卵磷脂的成分和碳水化合物混合而成，是卵磷脂的活性成分，含有极性脂，为卵磷脂提供介面活性。磷脂主要有PC、PE和PI等，基本上，每个磷脂分子都具有1个亲脂部分—…     

大豆卵磷脂在食品中的加工效益

<正> 大豆卵磷脂是一种多功能型的食品添加剂,由天然大豆提炼而成。其过程为:从大豆中萃取大豆油,再添加少量水分于大豆油中与豆胶相互产生水合作用,然后经离心作用分离,使水合豆胶沉淀,从而与油分离,再进行干燥处理,最后与大豆脂肪酸或大豆油进行标准化调配,即可制得标准级卵磷脂,俗称粗卵磷脂,其成分如表一所示。 卵磷脂中的丙酮不溶物是由磷脂、糖脂和碳水化合物混合而成,是卵磷脂的活性成分,含有极性脂,为卵磷脂提供介面活性。磷脂主要有PC、PE和PI等,基本上,每个磷脂分子都具有1个亲脂部     

蛋黄卵磷脂的结构、提取、功能与脂质体研究进展

综述蛋黄卵磷脂的分子结构、提取方法、功能活性,以及在脂质体方面的最新研究现状。蛋黄卵磷脂结构主要是以甘油为骨架,通过酰基键与磷酸和脂肪酸连接而成的一种磷脂类两亲分子,根据碱基基团的不同,蛋黄卵磷脂包括了磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酸和磷脂酰甘油等6种。目前,提取蛋黄卵磷脂的方法主要有溶剂提取法和超临界萃取法;蛋黄卵磷脂具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、神经保护和心脑血管保护等功能的生理活性;此外,还简单介绍了蛋黄卵磷脂脂质体的种类和应用现状。为蛋黄卵磷脂产品的开发提供良好的参考。     

EGCG磷脂复合物抗氧化活性的研究

本文研究了表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯磷脂复合物的体外抗氧化活性。将EGCG和大豆卵磷脂溶于无水乙醇,制备得到EGCG磷脂复合物。通过高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定,发现制备得到的EGCG磷脂复合物中EGCG的复合率大于99%,并利用紫外扫描、红外光谱、X射线衍射等方法对其结构进行表征,说明通过本实验方法制备得到了目标复合物。通过DPPH、FRAP、TEAC等方法测定EGCG磷脂复合物的体外抗氧化活性,结果表明EGCG磷脂复合物的体外抗氧化能力显著高于VE(P0.05)。同时测定添加EGCG磷脂复合物后,不同贮藏时间(3、6、9、12和15 d)反映大豆油氧化的指标。结果表明EGCG磷脂复合物对于大豆油的氧化具有抑制作用且呈现剂量依赖关系,并且在贮藏15 d时,抗氧化效果显著好于BHT(P0.05)。研究表明,制备得到的EGCG磷脂复合物具有显著的抗氧化活性,并且可以有效抑制大豆油的氧化。     

没食子酸-磷脂复合物的制备与表征及其对核桃油氧化稳定性的影响

没食子酸具有多种生物活性,但较差的脂溶性使其应用受到限制。该实验以没食子酸与大豆卵磷脂为原料,使用溶剂蒸发法制备没食子酸-磷脂复合物。使用单因素实验优化出没食子酸-磷脂复合物的最佳制备条件,使用紫外、红外光谱及差示量热扫描对制得复合物进行结构表征,验证其形成;并初步测定其油水分配系数与抗氧化性能。所得最佳制备条件为：以无水乙醇为溶剂,没食子酸质量浓度为1 mg/mL,没食子酸与大豆卵磷脂的投料摩尔比为1:4,45 ℃下恒温搅拌2 h。该条件下制备的复合物,复合率达94.65%,显著提高没食子酸的油水分配系数,其体外抗氧化活性与没食子酸无显著差异。对加入没食子酸-磷脂复合物的核桃油进行加速氧化实验,测定复合物对核桃油氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明没食子酸-磷脂复合物可有效抑制核桃油氧化,且12 d内抗氧化效果显著优于没食子酸（P<0.05）。该研究制备的没食子酸-磷脂复合物复合率高,脂溶性和抗氧化性良好,可有效提高核桃油的氧化稳定性。     

不同磷脂成分的研究及其乳化能力的比较

目的:对不同磷脂的组成成分和脂肪酸比例进行研究,比较不同磷脂在乳剂中的乳化能力。方法:采用《中国药典》中蛋黄卵磷脂(供注射用)的磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺和有关物质含量的测定方法,分别测定大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂以及蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱中的磷脂酰胆碱(PC)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)、溶血磷脂酰胆碱(LPC)、溶血磷脂酰乙醇胺(LPE)、磷脂酰肌醇(PI)、鞘磷脂(SM)的含量;采用气相色谱法对大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂、蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱中主要的脂肪酸进行含量测定;分别采用大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂和蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱作为乳化剂进行脂肪乳的制备,以脂肪乳的平均粒径、粒径分布、D_(90)值、ζ电位和表面张力作为考察指标,对3种不同磷脂的乳化能力进行综合评价。结果:大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂、蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱中成分组成,脂肪酸组成及比例均有明显差异;采用大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂、蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱作为乳化剂制备的乳剂的物理稳定性也有显著差异。结论:大豆卵磷脂、蛋黄卵磷脂以及蛋黄磷脂酰胆碱由于其来源和制备工艺不同,使得其各自的成分和脂肪酸组成不一致,组成成分和脂肪酸的差异进一步导致了其乳化能力有所差异。     

槐花黄酮磷脂复合物制备及其对植物油氧化稳定性的影响

以槐花黄酮和大豆卵磷脂为原料制备黄酮磷脂复合物,以黄酮与磷脂的复合率为评价指标,通过单因素实验考察微波功率、反应时间、黄酮初始质量浓度和投料比(磷脂∶槐花黄酮质量比)对复合率的影响,由正交试验得到最优条件。研究了黄酮磷脂复合物的理化性质、溶解性及对植物油氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明,黄酮磷脂复合物的最佳制备工艺为:以乙醇为反应溶剂,微波功率为200 W,反应时间为40 min,黄酮质量浓度为2 mg/mL,投料比为2∶1,黄酮磷脂复合物复合率为79.98%。红外光谱和紫外光谱分析表明,黄酮与磷脂未形成新的化合物而是通过分子间作用力形成的复合物。与黄酮相比,复合物在水和在正辛醇中溶解性都有明显改善。添加黄酮磷脂复合物可以延缓葡萄籽油和核桃油的氧化反应。槐花黄酮磷脂复合物对核桃油的抗油脂氧化效果更好。本实验为槐花黄酮的进一步资源化开发利用提供了一定的技术依据。     

鞣花酸磷脂复合物制备及其对植物油抗氧化作用

以鞣花酸与磷脂的复合率为评价指标,以石榴皮鞣花酸和大豆卵磷脂为原料,采用超声-微波协同技术,通过正交实验得到制备鞣花酸磷脂复合物的最优条件,并研究了鞣花酸磷脂复合物的理化性质及其对植物油氧化稳定性的影响。结果表明,鞣花酸磷脂复合物的最佳制备工艺为：以乙醇为反应溶剂,鞣花酸质量浓度为 3 mg /mL,投料比（磷脂:石榴皮鞣花酸质量比）为 3:1,微波功率为300 W,反应时间为 35 min,鞣花酸磷脂复合物复合率为91.80%。光谱分析表明,鞣花酸与磷脂未形成新的化合物而是通过分子间作用力形成的复合物。与鞣花酸相比,复合物在水和在正辛醇中溶解性均稍有改善。添加鞣花酸及其磷脂复合物可以延缓葡萄籽油和核桃油的氧化反应。石榴皮鞣花酸及其磷脂复合物对核桃油的抗油脂氧化效果更好。本实验为石榴皮鞣花酸的进一步资源化开发利用提供了一定的技术依据。     

溶血卵磷脂在焙烤中的作用

<正> 在焙烤制品的生产过程中,除了面包改良剂、酶等配料对产品质量能起关键作用外,经研究证实,经过特别加工的卵磷脂也具有相同的功能。这种独特的卵磷脂是经过脱油及水解处理,含有较高的溶血卵磷脂成分(lysophospholipids)。水解时,在磷脂分子第二碳位置上的脂肪酸会被去掉,从而将其变成溶血卵磷脂和游离脂肪酸。     

油脂微胶囊乳化剂卵磷脂与壁材乳清分离蛋白相互作用研究

采用荧光光谱法与圆二色谱法研究油脂微胶囊常用乳化剂卵磷脂与壁材乳清分离蛋白(WPI)的相互作用以及卵磷脂对WPI的构象的影响。结果表明:卵磷脂通过静态猝灭过程使WPI内源荧光降低,且与WPI有单一的结合位点,疏水作用力是二者结合的主要驱动力。卵磷脂能使WPI酪氨酸和色氨酸残基周围微环境极性增强,疏水性降低,并诱导WPI二级结构α-螺旋含量降低。比较磷脂复合前、后WPI的乳化活性及乳化稳定性,蛋白结构的改变导致分子弹性增加,使得磷脂-WPI的乳化活性和稳定性均得到提高。用荧光探针标记WPI,在倒置荧光显微镜下观察卵磷脂复合后的WPI乳状液的微观结构,发现乳状液已形成形态完整的O/W液滴。     

蛋黄卵磷脂冲剂的研制

卵磷脂是一种重要的生理活性物质,鸡蛋卵黄中含有丰富的卵磷脂,且磷脂配比优良,本试验以蛋黄粉为原料,用乙醇溶剂提取法提取蛋黄卵磷脂,采用优化的配方研制出口感良好并具保健功能的蛋黄卵磷脂冲剂,并对工艺条件进行探讨,为蛋品的综合利用探索新的途径。     

蛋黄卵磷脂研究概况

卵磷脂是一种重要的具有营养与保健功能的天然物质。目前国内外关于卵磷脂的基础与应用研究很多,但绝大部分都是针对于大豆卵磷脂。蛋黄卵磷脂的研究起步较晚,但由于其含量高,且蛋黄卵磷脂具有优于大豆卵磷脂的一些特性,因此目前关于蛋黄卵磷脂的功能特性以及应用开发日益受到人们的关注。我国是禽蛋大国,对蛋黄卵磷脂的研究方兴未艾。本文对蛋黄卵磷脂的分离纯化、检测方法、基础性质、功能性以及应用研究现状分别作了详细的阐述,并提出了蛋黄卵磷脂今后的研究发展方向。     

Effects of dietary deoiled soy lecithin supplementation on milk production and fatty acid digestibility in Holstein dairy cows

Deoiled soy lecithin is a feed additive enriched in phospholipids. Our study evaluated the effects of dietary deoiled soy lecithin supplementation on (1) milk production and composition, (2) plasma and milk fatty acid (FA) content and yield, and (3) apparent FA digestibility and absorption in lactating dairy cows fed fractionated palm fat. In a split-plot Latin square design, 16 Holstein cows (160 ± 7 days in milk; 3.6 ± 1.2 parity) were randomly allocated to a main plot receiving a corn silage and alfalfa haylage-based diet with palm fat containing either moderate (MPA) or high palmitic acid (HPA) content at 1.75% of ration dry matter (72 or 99% palmitic acid, respectively; n = 8/palm fat diet). On each palm fat diet, deoiled soy lecithin was top-dressed at 0, 0.12, 0.24, or 0.36% of ration dry matter in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Following a 14-d covariate period, lecithin supplementation spanned 14 d, with milk and blood collected during the final 3 d. Milk composition and pooled plasma markers were measured. The statistical model included the fixed effects of palm fat type, lecithin dose, period, and the interaction between palm fat type and lecithin dose. The random effect of cow nested within palm fat group was also included. Lecithin linearly decreased dry matter intake. In cows fed HPA, lecithin feeding reduced milk fat content and tended to decrease milk fat yield. Although no changes in milk yield were observed, a quadratic reduction in 3.5% fat-corrected milk was observed with increasing lecithin dose. Lecithin linearly increased energy-corrected milk efficiency in cows fed MPA. Lecithin supplementation also decreased milk urea nitrogen, relative to unsupplemented cows. The proportion of 16-carbon FA in milk fat decreased linearly with lecithin dose, whereas 18-carbon FA increased linearly. Lecithin reduced de novo FA (<16-carbon) content and tended to increase preformed FA (>16-carbon) content in a linear manner. Compared with MPA, HPA diets reduced apparent total and 16-carbon FA digestibility and absorption. Deoiled soy lecithin feeding did not modify FA digestibility or absorption. Our observations suggest that soy lecithin feeding modifies rumen digestion to reduce dry matter intake and change milk composition.     

Characterization of lecithin isolated from anchovy (Engraulis japonica) residues deoiled by supercritical carbon dioxide and organic solvent extraction

Lecithin was isolated and characterized from anchovy (Engraulis japonica) deoiled residues using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO(2)) at a semibatch flow extraction process and an organic solvent (hexane) extraction. SC-CO(2) extraction was carried out to extract oil from anchovy at different temperatures (35 to 45 °C) and pressures (15 to 25 MPa). Extraction yield of oil was influenced by physical properties of SC-CO(2) with temperature and pressure changes. The major phospholipids of anchovy lecithin were quantitatively analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) (68%± 1.00%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) (29%± 0.50%) were the main phospholipids. Thin layer chromatography was performed to purify the individual phospholipids. The fatty acid compositions of lecithin, PC, and PE were analyzed by gas chromatography. A significant amount of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were present in both phospholipids of PC and PE. Emulsions of lecithin in water were prepared through the use of a homogenizer. Oxidative stability of anchovy lecithin was high in spite of its high concentration of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Lecithin can be totally metabolized by humans, so is well tolerated by humans and nontoxic when ingested. Lecithin from anchovy contain higher amounts of ω-3 fatty acids especially EPA and DHA, it may have positive outcome to use in food and pharmaceutical industries.     

Effect of soy lecithin in enhancing fruit juice/sauce quality

Phosphatidylcholine is a major component of biological membranes and is an important mediator of physiological functions in mammals. In addition to biosynthetic routes of availability, phosphatidylcholine is also derived from the diet. The levels of phosphatidylcholine are quite low in fruits and fruit products. As the fruits ripen, the phospholipids are degraded into neutral lipids causing a drastic decline in phospholipid content. In the present study, we have evaluated the effects of external supplementation of soy lecithin on physico-chemical properties of tomato juice and sauce, as well as grape juice. The levels of protein, soluble solids and ash content were significantly enhanced by the addition of lecithin. The bulk viscosity of tomato juice and the sauce preparation was also enhanced by addition of lecithin. The yellow color values of the juice and sauce preparations were enhanced by lecithin. In grape juice preparations, the addition of lecithin did not cause any negative effects, but enhanced the solids content of the juice. Juice preparations with added lecithin were more stable than the controls. Lecithin may form complexes with pectin, lipids and other carbohydrates, affecting the food property and stability by various mechanisms.     

Influence of Liposomes on the Stability of Vitamin A Incorporated in Polyacrylate Hydrogel

Lecithin has an antioxidative potential that depends directly on the content of phospholipids. Purified lecithin with a higher phospholipid content exerts better antioxidative properties. Furthermore, due to its specific physico-chemical properties, amphiphility in particular, the phospholipid the largest portion of the lecithin lipids, forms enclosed membrane systems (liposomes) in the presence of water. Liposomes encapsulate hydro and liposoluble, pharmacologically and cosmetically active components. The relatively poor stability of vitamin A considerably limits its use in topical preparations. Protection against an oxidation process is the main reason for vitamin A encapsulation in the liposomes made from the purified phospholipid fraction (90% phosphatidyl choline). It increases the vitamin A-palmitate stability against the oxidation process caused by UV radiation. Lecithin used for preparing the liposomes increases vitamin A stability during UV radiation in pure liposome dispersion or liposomes with vitamin A incorporated in polyacrylate gel as a vehicle.     

Effect of sugar, cocoa particles and lecithin on cocoa butter crystallisation in seeded and non-seeded chocolate model systems

The effect of major chocolate ingredients (sugar, cocoa particles and lecithin), in combination with the two pre-crystallization techniques, seeding and non-seeding, was investigated with respect to the kinetics of cocoa butter crystallisation and the resulting microstructure. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to monitor microstructural evolution under dynamic thermal conditions. DSC measurements and image analysis were also applied in order to quantify the impacts of processing and formulation on microstructure. All ingredients and pre-crystallisation techniques considered proved to have a large impact on fat crystallisation kinetics and the resulting microstructure. Seeded samples tended to form multiple nucleation sites, inducing rapid growth of a crystal network. The non-seeded samples showed an altering structure, with some domains developing large spherical crystals while in other domains a more heterogeneous microstructure resulted. Lecithin showed a remarkable impact on crystallisation kinetics in both the seeded and non-seeded samples. For the seeded samples, the effect was most noteworthy in samples containing cocoa butter and sugar, where lecithin significantly reduced the induction time. In the absence of seeds, lecithin itself acted as the nucleation site for fat crystallisation.     

大豆浓缩磷脂组成研究

该文综述关于大豆浓缩磷脂组成研究现状,对磷脂类物质,特别对伴随物质组成进行详细分析,指出影响浓缩磷脂己烷不溶物和色泽可能原因,对制备食品级浓缩磷脂和粉末磷脂方法选择提供一些理论依据,有利于分析食品级浓缩磷脂和粉末磷脂生产过程中一些物质变化。     

卵磷脂的功能和用途

卵磷脂是构成生物体膜的重要成分 ,具有控制多种成分进入细胞内或排出细胞外的重要功能 ,以维持身体的整体协调 ,从而保证人体正常的生理活动。卵磷脂也是良好的食品添加剂 ,具有表面活性功能 ,可用作乳化剂、湿润剂、分散剂、抗氧剂等。本文主要介绍了大豆卵磷脂的结构、功能及其在工业上的用途。     

Short communication: Effects of dietary deoiled soy lecithin supplementation on circulating choline and choline metabolites,and the plasma phospholipid profile in Holstein cows fed palm fat

Dietary lecithin is a source of choline. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of dietary deoiled soy lecithin feeding on circulating choline, choline metabolites, and the plasma phospholipid profile in lactating dairy cows fed fractionated palm fatty acids. In a split-plot Latin square design, 16 Holstein cows (160 ± 7 d in milk; 3.6 ± 1.2 parity) were randomly allocated to a main plot receiving a corn silage and alfalfa haylage-based diet with palm fat containing either moderate or high palmitic acid content at 1.75% of ration dry matter (moderate and high palmitic acid containing 72 or 99% palmitic acid in fat supplement, respectively; n = 8/palm fat diet). Within each palm fat group, deoiled soy lecithin was top-dressed at 0, 0.12, 0.24, or 0.36% of ration dry matter in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 14-d experimental periods. A 14-d covariate period was used to acclimate cows to palm fat feeding without lecithin supplementation. Blood sampling occurred during the final 3 d of each experimental period. Plasma choline and choline metabolites were quantified using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Plasma phospholipids were profiled using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Whereas no effects of treatments were detected for plasma choline or methionine, lecithin feeding increased the plasma concentrations of choline metabolites trimethylamine N-oxide and dimethylglycine (24 and 11%, respectively). Plasma phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) concentrations increased with deoiled lecithin feeding (e.g., PC 16:0/22:6 and SM d18:1/18:3). Lecithin supplementation also increased plasma lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) concentrations (e.g., LPC 18:0) while reducing plasma phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) concentrations (e.g., PE 16:0/20:5). Although increases in microbial-derived trimethylamine N-oxide suggest gastrointestinal lecithin degradation, elevations in plasma dimethylglycine, PC, LPC, and SM suggest that choline availability was improved by lecithin feeding in cows, thus supporting enhanced endogenous phospholipid synthesis.