益生菌对高血压影响的研究进展

肠道菌群在代谢综合征、心血管疾病和结直肠癌等疾病中的研究已经成为焦点,但是肠道微生物与这些疾 病的因果关系以及相应的致病机制尚不清楚。通过分析肠道菌群结构、组成以及代谢活动的变化对高血压的影响, 能够揭示肠道以及肠道微生物的活动与高血压之间的相关性。益生菌是对机体健康产生有益作用的活的微生物,可 以调节肠道微生态的平衡以及肠道微生物的代谢活动,从而对高血压的调节产生影响,进而为以肠道微生物为靶点 干预治疗高血压疾病提供理论参考,同时也为疾病的干预治疗提供新的途径和方法。     

膳食对肠道菌群影响的研究进展

人体肠道内大量微生物参与机体的各种代谢活动,如营养代谢、药物代谢,与人体健康密切相关。可以说,人类肠道微生物组是健康和疾病的潜在控制者。在人类的整个生命周期中,肠道微生物组的变化受到多种因素的影响,其中饮食因素起着至关重要的作用。近几年,肠道菌群已成为研究热点,而不同的膳食模式会对肠道菌群的组成、多样性、基因和功能产生重要的影响。该文总结几种比较典型的膳食模式（素食、地中海饮食及西方饮食）,阐述膳食模式以及饮食成分对肠道菌群组成、结构、功能和基因的影响,旨在为饮食、肠道微生物与健康关系的研究提供参考。     

肠道菌群微生态平衡与人体健康的研究进展

人体肠道微生物种类繁多且数量庞大。正常肠道菌群作为人体的天然屏障,对维持人体健康起着重要的作用。机体内外环境的变化可影响肠道菌群的结构,造成肠道菌群失衡,继而引发或加重疾病,影响人体健康。通过膳食补充益生菌和益生元,选择性地剌激和调节肠道菌群的数量和组成,保持肠道菌群的微生态平衡,是预防和治疗疾病,促进人体健康的有效措施。本文综述了国内外关于肠道菌群的组成及功能、与相关疾病及治疗的关系以及维持肠道微生态平衡的措施。     

饮食、肠道微生物与健康的关系研究进展

肠道微生物是膳食与人体健康的桥梁,与营养物质的吸收和代谢密切相关,是人体重要的“微生物器官”。同时,研究学者们也已经清楚地认识到这个重要的“微生物器官”与人体生理功能、健康和疾病关系密切,对人体的重要性不容忽视。为此,本文就近几年来有关膳食对肠道微生物结构以及代谢产物影响的研究进行综述,并介绍肠道微生物与人体生理功能及健康的关系,旨在为未来研究饮食、肠道微生物与健康的关系提供参考。     

膳食纤维与肠道微生物及相关疾病的研究进展

肠道微生物与人体长期共生,且与人体健康和疾病密切相关,膳食纤维通过改变肠道微生物的种类与数量,间接影响其在肠道中的代谢产物,进而影响人体的健康与疾病。肠道微生物与膳食纤维密切合作,对人体健康的影响意义重大。本文介绍了膳食纤维的定义、膳食纤维的生理功能、膳食纤维的最适摄入量、肠道微生物及其生理功能、膳食纤维对肠道微生物的影响、膳食纤维及肠道微生物对肥胖、炎症、结直肠癌、妊娠合并症及心脑血管疾病的影响,为通过调整膳食纤维治疗疾病的实践提供参考。     

肠道微生物“暗物质”与膳食营养对人体健康的影响研究进展

肠道微生物“暗物质”是指在人体肠道中以低丰度或稀有丰度形式存在并影响人体健康，但其作用及其机制有待揭示的肠道微生物。目前对于膳食、肠道微生物群、宿主健康三者之间关系的研究大多集中于人体肠道中高丰度微生物群，而往往忽视了肠道微生物“暗物质”的作用。因此，本文综述了膳食营养、肠道微生物“暗物质”、宿主健康三者之间的相互作用关系以及微生物组学技术的新进展；讨论了探索微生物“暗物质”与人体健康之间作用机制的重要性，为今后通过饮食干预影响肠道微生物，从而预防甚至改善疾病提供新的思路。     

膳食纤维与短链脂肪酸对肠道微生物以及宿主健康的影响

膳食纤维是一类能被肠道微生物利用的物质,微生物代谢产生的短链脂肪酸影响宿主健康。已有的研究证实,膳食纤维是一种多糖,它既不能被胃肠道消化吸收,也不能产生能量,饮食中添加膳食纤维能够显著改变肠道微生物的多样性,使产短链脂肪酸的菌群丰度提升。不同类别的短链脂肪酸发挥的作用迥异,对宿主的物质能量代谢、免疫系统及相关疾病的发生均有侵染。主要综述膳食纤维对肠道微生物演替的变化和可能的潜在机制,以及由代谢产生的短链脂肪酸对宿主健康的影响,为探究饮食、肠道微生物及宿主健康三者间关系提供参考。     

益生元对早产儿、肥胖及老年群体肠道菌群调节机制的研究现状

肠道微生物是人体不可或缺的一部分,微生物多样性和群落结构的稳定性与机体健康息息相关。临床研究 表明,肠道微生物数量在特殊人群的疾病发展中扮演着重要角色。益生元作为人体膳食重要的组成部分,主要为植 物源的非消化性低聚糖和膳食纤维,其具有选择性促进肠道内特定菌群增殖与活力的效果。本文以肠道微生物在人 体中的变化过程为研究对象,主要对比3 类特殊人群（早产儿、肥胖人群及老年人）的肠道微生物定植差异以及益 生元对此类人群肠道菌群的调节作用。为益生元的肠道菌群调节机理和益生元功能性食品开发提供理论依据。     

婴幼儿肠道微生物的定植特征

肠道微生物对人体的健康至关重要。婴儿肠道微生物的丰度、多样性以及构成变化较大,这些变化受母体、分娩、喂养、医疗、环境等因素影响。因此,婴幼儿肠道菌群的定植和变化标准是很难定义的。本文对早期婴幼儿肠道菌群定植与发展、微生物代谢产物的最新研究进展进行了论述。     

不同月龄婴幼儿肠道微生物差异及益生菌对相关疾病预防/治疗的研究进展

肠道微生物与机体健康息息相关,婴幼儿肠道微生物是一个动态的体系,从胎儿期到36月龄会受到不同因素的影响。越来越多的研究结果表明,不同月龄婴幼儿的肠道微生物的种类和数量不同,其对婴幼儿当下和长期健康都有影响,与许多疾病也密不可分,使用益生菌等有针对性地调节不同月龄的婴幼儿肠道微生物或许能更好地维持机体健康。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.     

酚类物质的结构与性质及其与葡萄及葡萄酒的关系

酚类物质是一类大而复杂的化合物。葡萄与葡萄酒中常见的酚类物质可分为类黄酮和非类黄酮两大类，它们是葡萄中重要的次生代谢产物，与葡萄的抗病性、采后生理、贮存、保鲜等密切相关。葡萄酒中的酚类物质来自于葡萄果实、果梗、酵母代谢以及橡木桶，参与形成葡萄酒的味道、骨架、结构和颜色等，对红葡萄酒的特征和质量尤其重要。