钛-氚反应特性研究 Ⅰ.热力学特性

测定了纯钛在523,773,798和823 K下吸氚、放氚的P-C-T曲线、吸气平衡压与温度的关系曲线;确定了钛吸氚的吸气平衡压和饱和吸气容量,并给出了吸氚热力学参数.钛吸氚在不同的相组成时,标准焓变ΔH值在第一平台(α+β相)为(-101.5±1.9) kJ/mol,在第二平台(β+γ相)为(-179.6±5.6) kJ/mol;而标准熵变ΔS值在第一平台为(-165.3±1.9) J/(K·mol),在第二平台为(-290.3±7.1) J/(K·mol);在吸氚和放氚这一可逆过程中没有发现明显的滞后效应.     

LaNi_(4.25)Al_(0.75)吸氕、氘、氚热力学同位素效应

采用自制的全金属氢化物吸放氢实验装置,恒温等容条件下测定LaNi_(4.25)Al_(0.75)材料吸氕、氘、氚单质气体的压力-组成等温线(P-C-T曲线),并根据Van’t Hoff(范特霍夫)方程得到LaNi_(4.25)Al_(0.75)吸氕、氘、氚形成氢化物相的热力学参数焓变ΔH分别为:-44.5、-45.0、-47.1kJ·mol-1,熵变ΔS分别为:-118.0、-121.8、-127.5J·mol~(-1)·K~(-1)。结果表明:LaNi_(4.25)Al_(0.75)材料吸收氕、氘、氚单质气体,在温度较低时,同位素效应不明显;温度高于100℃时,热力学同位素效应显著。相同温度、吸气容量条件下,吸气平衡压力从低到高依次是氕、氘和氚,其反应焓变和熵变从小到大依次是氚、氘和氕。结果表明,LaNiAl合金吸氢的热力学同位素效应依赖于温度的变化。     

用热解吸法研究锂陶瓷中氚扩散行为

采用热解吸法研究了氚在锂陶瓷γ -LiAlO2 中的扩散行为。根据不同线性升温速率下的氚释放曲线 ,分别测出了以HTO形式释放的氚和以HT形式释放的氚的表观扩散活化能分别为(2 53± 50 )kJ·mol-1和 (12 7± 5)kJ·mol-1     

LaNi_(4.9)Al_(0.1)热力学性能的氚老化效应

测定了LaNi4 .9Al0 .1热力学性能的氚老化效应。结果表明 ,吸氚 112 0d后 ,LaNi4 .9Al0 .1氚化物的解吸等温线表现出坪台压力和可逆吸氢容量随时间的增加而降低 ,并形成残留氚 (tritiumheel) ;坪斜和热力学焓变ΔH和熵变ΔS随时间的增加而增加     

LaNi5-xAlxDy的中子衍射研究

分别测量了LaNi4.25Al0.75和LaNi4.75Al0.25两种合金样品在未吸氘及不同含氘量的氘化物样品的中子衍射谱,用Rietveld程序拟合出它们的晶体结构,并观察到了一些过去未曾注意的现象.LaNi4.25-Al0.75在吸氘过程中,氘原子优先占据的原子坐标为(0.17,0.32,0.45).     

LaNiAl材料储氚老化氚踵特性

采用研制的全金属吸放氚系统,恒温等容条件下,针对LaNiAl系列储氚材料,测定了储氚老化300、1 000、1 200d左右吸放氚等温解吸曲线(PCT特性曲线)、氚踵特性,并开展了氚踵的氢排代回收工艺研究。测试结果表明:随着老化时间的延长,LaNiAl材料均表现出明显的氚老化特性:吸放氚PCT特效曲线改变,坪台压降低,坪斜增大,可逆吸放氚容量减少,氚踵逐渐形成并升高。建立了氚踵数学模型,并与美国氚老化测试结果进行了对比。氢氚排代置换实验研究结果表明:经过10次氢排代置换氚,材料中残余氚量从氚金属原子比(T/M)=0.128 27降低到0.000 02,几乎可全部回收合金中氚。     

聚合温度对甲基丙烯酸三乙基锡酯辐射聚合物立构规整度的影响

本文测定了在0-50℃温度范围内,由~(60)Coγ射线引发聚合的聚甲基丙烯酸三乙基锡酯的立构规整度。用~(13)C-NMR测定聚合物分子链的立构规整度,如预料的那样,以间同立构为主,并随着聚合温度的升高间同立构等规度降低。由实验结果计算出的控制立构规整度的活化能参数是:全同和间同增长的活化焓与活化熵的差值分别为10.2kJ·mol~(-1)和19.8J·k~(-1)mol~(-1)。本文还测定了~(119)Sn与~(13)C原子之间的自旋偶合常数。     

载钯硅藻土的制备及其吸放氢性能研究

采用PdCl2溶液以浸渍还原法制备了载钯硅藻土复合材料(Pd/K),并对Pd/K复合材料中钯的分布状态,以及Pd/K复合材料的p-C-T曲线、热力学、动力学及循环吸放氢性能进行了研究。结果表明:与纯钯相比,载钯硅藻土样品吸氢量有所降低,吸放氢平台压稍有升高,平台斜率增大,其吸氢速率比纯钯的高1倍以上;吸放氢焓变值降低,熵变值升高。经2000次吸放氢循环后,载钯硅藻土的样品饱和吸氢量和吸氢速率未改变,粉化率为3.6%(质量分数)。     

氚在Li-Al合金中的扩散

【荷兰《核材料杂志》1983年第116卷第2-3期第141页报道】日本原子能研究所测定了氚在 Li-Al合金中的扩散系数。发现在铝中添加0.02%的锂以后,氚的扩散系数变为 D=8.5×10~(-5)exp[-43.9±14.8(千焦/摩)/RT](厘米~2/秒)该值比氚在纯铝中的扩散系数低一个数量级。进一步增加锂含量,会进一步降低氚的扩散系数。原因是氚与锂发生化学反应而被束缚。     

UO_2(HCOO)_2·H_2O在290K-10K的红外光谱及~(235)U-~(238)U同位素位移的研究

本文通过测定甲酸铀酰[UO_2(HCOO)_2·H_2O]在290K-10K的红外光谱,确定了该化合物铀酰基团(O-U-O)v_(as)振动峰位,研究了温度对峰宽、峰位的影响,并采用差减及峰内标法估算了甲酸铀酰在290K-10K的同位素位移值。测得290K,77K及10K时~(238)U的v_(as)值分别为931.90cm~(-1),930.82cm~(-1)和930.74cm~(-1),~(235)U-~(238)U同位素位移△v分别为0.63cm~(-1),0.67±0.18cm~(-1)和0.71±0.21cm~(-1),位移值与理论计算值接近。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Radioactivity levels in soil of salt field area,Kelambakkam,Tamilnadu,India

Soil samples in and around salt field area have been analyzed for natural radioactivity concentration using gamma ray spectrometer.The activity concentration for ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K are ranged from 27.88 to 45.27 Bq/kg, from BDL to 13.30 Bq/kg,and from 135.54 to 381.28 Bq/kg,respectively.The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with world average activity of soil.The average activity concentration of ~(232)Th in the present study is 1.19 times higher than world median value while the activity of ~(238)U and ~(40)K is found to be lower. The absorbed dose rates due to these radionuclides were calculated.The average absorbed gamma dose rate due to the presence of ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K in soil samples is 36.99 nGy·h~(-1).These results indicate no radiological anomaly. The data presented in this study will serve as a base line survey for primordial radionuclides concentration in the study area.     

Non-FDG PET imaging of brain tumors

Due to relatively high uptake of glucose in the brain cortex, the use of FDG PET imaging is greatly limited in brain tumor imaging, especially for low-grade gliomas and some metastatic tumours. More and more tracers with higher specificity were developed lately for brain tumor imaging. There are 3 main types of non-FDG PET tracers： amino acid tracers, choline tracers and nucleic acid tracers. These tracers are now widely applied in many aspects of brain tumor imaging. This article summarized the general use of non-FDG PET in different aspects of brain tumor imaging.     

基于NPL-NMC系统的γ测量子系统的建模与优化

在军控核查中,核部件的质量、丰度、年龄属性需采用无损方法进行核查,NPL-NMC系统是一套利用中子多重性测量核部件质量属性的装置,为建立完善的属性测量系统,还需在NPL-NMC系统的基础上建立γ测量子系统。本文通过设计γ测量子系统在NPL-NMC系统上的布局及对中子屏蔽的优化,使系统能对铀部件的丰度、年龄属性进行测量。模拟计算结果表明,该γ测量子系统能很好地满足军控核查对铀部件丰度、年龄属性测量的要求。     

Improvement of carbon fiber surface properties using electron beam irradiation

Carbon fiber-reinforced advance composites have been used for structural applications,mainly on account of their mechanical properties.The main factor for a good mechanical performance of carbon fiber-reinforced com- posite is the interfacial interaction between its components,which are carbon fiber and polymeric matrix.The aim of this study is to improve the surface properties of the carbon fiber using ionizing radiation from an electron beam to obtain better adhesion properties in the resultant composite.EB radiation was applied on the carbon fiber itself before preparing test specimens for the mechanical tests.Experimental results showed that EB irradiation improved the ten- sile strength of carbon fiber samples.The maximum value in tensile strength was reached using doses of about 250 kGy.After breakage,the morphology aspect of the tensile specimens prepared with irradiated and non-irradiated car- bon fibers were evaluated.SEM micrographs showed modifications on the carbon fiber surface.     

Measurement system for SSRF pulsed magnets

This paper describes the magnetic field measurement system for pulsed magnets in SSRF.The system consists of magnetic probes,analog active integrator,oscilloscope,stepper motor and a controller.An application pro- gram based on LabVIEW has been developed as main control unit.After the magnetic field mapping of a septum magnet prototype,it is verified that the test results accord with the results of theoretical calculation and computer simulation.     

旁路阀调节对高温气冷堆闭式布雷顿循环瞬态特性影响研究

闭式布雷顿循环是第4代高温堆核能系统的关键技术之一,其典型的动态过程是旁路阀调节。为分析这一过程,建立了循环中关键部件的动态模型,其中压气机在径向平衡模型基础上耦合了对附面层发展的预测,兼顾了计算效率与准确性;换热部件模型基于双曲型守恒律方程,对工质的热物性和参数的快速变化有较好的适应性。在此基础上根据回路的质量守恒和压力平衡原则将各部件的模型耦合,建立了系统的动态模型。由于旁路阀调节是氦气透平发电系统主要的功率快速调节手段,瞬态效应较为显著,以模块式高温气冷堆（HTR-10GT）旁路阀开启后的过渡过程作为算例,分析了主要循环参数的响应特性,并通过分析,给出了降低输出功率的机制。计算结果表明：系统的容积惯性对旁路阀调节的响应速度影响较大,而阀门的开度则决定了系统在末态的输出功率;回热器的温度冲击现象可能发生在调节过程中,但可通过两旁路阀联动的方式缓解;反应堆出口温度变化幅度很小,因此反应堆模型的准确程度对结果基本无影响。     

CEFR 100%额定功率运行汽轮机发电能力分析

中国实验快堆(CEFR)首次100%额定功率发电运行中,实际电功率较设计值相差较多。为判断影响机组实际发电能力的主要原因,以现场采集的运行数据和汽轮机厂商提供的设计资料为基础,进行了相应的计算分析。对汽轮机内效率进行修正,绘制汽轮机近似热力过程曲线,并通过实测的各段抽汽压力,在热力过程曲线上获得抽汽焓值;利用换热器的能量守恒和流量守恒的基本方程进行除氧器和各加热器的热平衡计算,获得各段抽汽的流量;利用汽轮机的功率计算方程,得到汽轮机发电功率的计算值。通过计算值与实际值的比较分析,得出主蒸汽参数不达标是影响CEFR汽轮机发电能力的主要因素。