可降解硝态氮的歧化厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的驯化

向SBR反应器中接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,在氨氮、亚硝态氮浓度均为100mg/L的条件下,按C/N值=0.1添加乙酸钠,研究乙酸钠对厌氧氨氧化菌去除氮素的影响。结果表明,在存在乙酸钠的条件下,出水硝态氮生成量为没有乙酸钠情况下的45%,对总氮的去除率提高到90%以上,有利于出水总氮浓度达到一级A标准。验证了在C/N值=0.1条件下,厌氧氨氧化反应是反应器中的主体反应,没有被反硝化反应取代。厌氧氨氧化菌可利用乙酸钠和硝态氮的代谢机制也为降低短程硝化控制难度提供了一种思路。     

好氧颗粒污泥处理高氨氮污水的半亚硝化研究

半亚硝化是高氨氮污水通过厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)途径脱氮的基础和关键步骤。在序批式反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS)并处理高氨氮污水,研究了实现半亚硝化的可行性。首先通过调节水力停留时间及进水氨氮浓度实现稳定的短程硝化。进水NH+4-N约为220mg/L时,对NH+4-N的去除率达到98%左右,亚硝态氮积累率(NAR)约为95%,并能够保持稳定运行。此后通过缩短水力停留时间为6 h可控制反应器出水NH+4-N/NO-2-N值在1.0左右,满足ANAMMOX对进水水质的要求。在氨氮氧化过程中NO-3-N浓度基本保持不变,氨氧化菌(AOB)为优势硝化菌群;扫描电镜表明颗粒污泥中主要是球菌、短杆菌,符合AOB的形态特征。     

厌氧氨氧化与反硝化的协同作用特性研究

在已稳定运行7个月的自养脱硫反硝化反应器中成功富集厌氧氨氧化菌后,利用反硝化菌的不完全反硝化作用为厌氧氨氧化菌提供NO2--N。以NH4+-N、NO3--N和有机物为基质,研究厌氧氨氧化与反硝化的协同作用,并探讨了其最适协同作用条件。反应器的有效容积为2L,遮光放置,通过恒温水浴维持反应器内温度为(33±0.5)℃,并投加活性炭作为填料。结果表明,厌氧氨氧化菌能与反硝化菌共存,反应器可实现厌氧氨氧化与反硝化的协同作用,且最适协同作用条件是:COD/TN=1.46、pH=7.55。     

常温下部分亚硝化的启动中试研究

在常温(16.4 ～25.5℃)、限氧(DO =0.20 ～0.80 mg/L)条件下,以A/O除磷工艺出水为原水,在中试规模的反应器中采用SBR及高低氨氮(平均值分别为303.9和82.4 mg/L)交替进水方式,经过24个周期的连续运行成功实现了短程硝化,氨氮氧化率超过50％,亚硝化率超过90％.高FA( 11.36 mg/L)、FNA(0.033 mg/L)及低DO(＜0.80 mg/L)的联合抑制是实现亚硝酸盐氧化茵(NOB)被淘汰的关键因子,而限时曝气策略是SBR短程硝化得以稳定维持的重要因素.在低氨氮、连续流下控制HRT为7～9h、反应器各格室的曝气量为2～5 L/min、DO为0.10～0.60 mg/L,可使氨氮氧化率维持在55％左右,亚硝化率在95％以上,出水NO-2 -N/NH+4 -N平均值为1.32,为后续厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应器提供了适宜的进水水质.     

短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化/全程硝化工艺处理焦化废水

通过对短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化工艺的研究,开发了短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化/全程硝化(O1/A/O2)生物脱氮新工艺并用于焦化废水的处理.控制温度为(35±1)℃、DO为2.0～3.0mg/L,第一级好氧连续流生物膜反应器在去除大部分有机污染物的同时还实现了短程硝化.考察了HRT、DO和容积负荷对反应器运行效果的影响.结果表明,当氨氮容积负荷为0.13～0.22gNH4+-N/(L·d)时,连续流反应器能实现短程硝化并有效去除氨氮.通过控制一级好氧反应器的工艺参数,为厌氧反应器实现厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)创造条件.结果表明,在温度为34℃、pH值为7.5～8.5、HRT为33 h的条件下,经过115 d成功启动了厌氧氨氧化反应器.在进水氨氮、亚硝态氮浓度分别为80和90 mg/L左右、总氮负荷为160 mg/(L·d)时,对氨氮和亚硝态氮的去除率最高分别达86%和98%,对总氮的去除率为75%.最后在二级好氧反应器实现氨氮的全程硝化,进一步去除焦化废水中残留的氨氯、亚硝态氮和有机物.O1/A/O2工艺能有效去除焦化废水中的氨氮和有机物等污染物,正常运行条件下的出水氨氮＜15 mg/L、亚硝态氮＜1.0 mg/L,COD降至124～186 mg/L,出水水质优于A/O生物脱氮工艺的出水水质.     

镉离子对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的影响

采用批次试验,研究镉离子对厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应的短期影响。结果表明,镉离子浓度2 mg/L时,对厌氧氨氧化的脱氮性能影响较低;超过2 mg/L时,镉离子浓度的增加对厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能的抑制作用逐渐增大。采用模拟废水,以上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器实现厌氧氨氧化,研究镉离子对厌氧氨氧化反应器脱氮性能的长期影响。近150 d的连续培养发现,当镉离子浓度5 mg/L时,其厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能不受影响;当镉离子浓度≥10 mg/L时,厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能显著降低;经过约25 d的恢复培养,厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能得到恢复。     

原生动物捕食对低污泥龄SBR硝化性能的影响

以模拟城市污水为处理对象,在相同的运行条件下采用两个SBR反应器对其进行处理,其中1#反应器的进水中添加原生动物抑制剂--环己酰酮及制霉菌素各4 mg/L,2#反应器的进水中则未添加抑制剂.通过测定两个反应器的氨氧化速率、亚硝酸盐氧化速率以及利用荧光原住杂交技术解析硝化菌的群落结构,来分析原生动物捕食对低污泥龄SBR硝化性能和硝化菌群落结构的影响.运行过程中,1#反应器的出水氨氮浓度略低于2#反应器.1#的氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率分别为2.60 mgNH3-N/(L·h)和0.80 mgNO2--N/(L·h),2#的分别为2.90mgNH3-N/(L·h)和0.80 mgNO2--N/(L·h).两个反应器中氨氧化菌的优势菌属为Nitro-somonas europaea和Nitrosococcus mobilis lineage;此外,Nitrosospira只存在于1#反应器中.亚硝酸盐氧化菌的优势菌属为Nitrospira sp.,1#反应器中亚硝酸盐氧化菌的数量比2#的高一个数量级.可见,原生动物的捕食作用对反应器的硝化性能基本无影响,但会对菌群的多样性产生一定影响.     

反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化与厌氧氨氧化耦合颗粒污泥脱氮效能

采用改进的升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,在温度为30℃条件下,逐渐缩短HRT(水力停留时间)由9.6 d到0.9 d,经过160 d运行,成功培养出反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化与厌氧氨氧化耦合颗粒污泥,采用荧光原位杂交(FISH)分析、16S rRNA分析等方法研究颗粒结构和微生物组成特征。结果表明:耦合颗粒污泥的氨氮和亚硝酸盐的脱除速率分别为588.9和523 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化活性达95.2 mg·L~(-1)·d~(-1),出水硝酸盐质量浓度小于40 mg·L~(-1),总氮去除率达92.5%;耦合颗粒污泥平均粒径为0.76 mm,与接种厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥相比增加了1.46倍;反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化微生物主要位于耦合颗粒污泥外层,厌氧氨氧化菌位于耦合颗粒污泥内部;主要的厌氧氨氧化菌为Candidatus Brocadia,主要的反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化细菌为Candidatus Methylomirabilis,反硝化厌氧甲烷氧化古菌为Candidatus Methanoperedens。     

活性污泥法单级自养脱氮工艺的启动及污泥特性

在SBR反应器内,先后接种普通活性污泥及少量具有单级自养脱氮能力的生物膜,在温度为(32±1)℃、p H值为7.5~8.5的条件下,进行了活性污泥法单级自养脱氮工艺的启动及污泥特性研究。SBR首先接种活性污泥,采用控制较高游离氨浓度(5.75~8.97 mg/L)及较低DO值(0.17 mg/L)的方法,经过50 d实现了短程硝化,亚硝酸盐氮积累率在80%以上;然后采用进一步降低DO值、以清水置换SBR内剩余出水及改连续曝气为间歇曝气等方法,尝试在SBR内富集厌氧氨氧化菌,但过程缓慢;当接种0.15 g单级自养脱氮生物膜后,很快建立了厌氧氨氧化与亚硝化的协同作用,23 d后,对TN的去除率及去除负荷分别达到83.07%及0.422 kg N/(m3·d)。镜检发现SBR内为活性污泥絮体与颗粒污泥的混合物,经激光粒度仪测定,絮体污泥粒径为1~300μm,颗粒污泥粒径在300~1 800μm,两者的体积比约为7∶3。     

低溶解氧下活性污泥法的短程硝化研究

研究了低溶解氧(DO)下,在SBR和CSTR反应器内实现短程硝化的条件及其污泥性状的变化。试验结果表明,当SBR进水氨氮浓度为260mg/L时,氨氧化期间反应器内DO接近零,出水中亚硝酸盐氮占到亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮总和的80%以上,污泥沉降性能良好(SVI<100mL/g);当CSTR的DO为0.2～0.3mg/L、SRT≤30d时实现了亚硝酸的积累,但运行50d后发生了污泥膨胀,导致污泥流失,硝化效率下降。     

短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化联合工艺处理含氨废水的研究

在SBR中接种普通好氧活性污泥,通过控制运行条件来实现短程硝化,同时提高厌氧生物转盘系统中厌氧氨氧化的氮负荷,使之与SBR出水中NO2--N的积累量相匹配,并将二者组合形成短程硝化/厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮工艺.处理含氨废水的试验结果表明:在SBR的进水NH4+-N为150～250 mg/L、温度为(28±2)℃、pH值为7～8、DO<1 mg/L的条件下,可实现稳定的短程硝化,NO2--N积累率达85%以上,NH4+-N负荷达0.129 kgN/(kgVSS·d),AOB和NOB的数量之比为103:1.将短程硝化出水加入NH4+-N后作为厌氧氨氧化反应器的进水,在(40±1)℃下可以达到自养脱氮的目的,对NH4+-N、NO2--N和TN的去除率分别达86%、97%和90%以上,TN容积负荷为0.488 kgN/(m3·d).     

厌氧氨氧化工艺处理低氨氮污水的影响因素研究

考察了厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）工艺处理低氨氮污水的影响因素。结果表明,当进水NO2^--N浓度较低时,提高NO2^--N浓度可促进ANAMMOX反应的进行,而当NO2^-N浓度过高时（〉118．4mg／L）则会对该反应产生抑制作用,但此时ANAMMOX反应并没有停止,厌氧氨氧化菌仍保持较高的活性;适当增加进水的无机碳（IC）浓度可刺激厌氧氨氧化菌的生长,但过高浓度的IC会对厌氧氨氧化菌的生长带来不利影响;进水中总有机碳（TOC）的存在不利于厌氧氨氧化反应的进行;ANAMMOX菌的自养固定CO2过程会导致周边环境呈碱性,为保证反应的顺利进行,应当控制反应器中的pH值。     

硫酸盐还原对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

采用双SBR和人工配水进行试验,考察了厌氧选择器中硫酸盐还原对好氧反应器内活性污泥沉降性能的影响。结果表明,当进水硫酸盐浓度一定时,厌氧选择器的水力停留时间越长,则硫酸盐的还原程度越高;当厌氧选择器的水力停留时间一定时,进水的硫酸盐浓度越高,则硫酸盐的还原程度越高。当进水硫酸盐浓度为85 mg/L、在厌氧选择器水力停留时间为60 min时,好氧反应器内已有污泥膨胀迹象;当进水硫酸盐浓度为125 mg/L、在厌氧选择器水力停留时间为60min时,好氧反应器内开始发生污泥膨胀,镜检发现活性污泥中存在大量丝状菌;当进水硫酸盐浓度为250 mg/L、在厌氧选择器水力停留时间为20 min时,好氧反应器内活性污泥膨胀严重,反应器内污泥浓度降低,出水漏泥现象严重,影响到反应器的处理效果。     

好氧颗粒污泥技术用于味精废水处理的研究

以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,采用人工模拟废水在SBR反应器内培养好氧颗粒污泥,35 d后颗粒污泥成熟,反应器对COD和NH4+-N的去除率分别高于95%和99%。采用该反应器处理味精废水,当COD、NH4+-N的容积负荷分别为2.4、0.24 kg/(m3.d)时,对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别在90%、99%和85%左右,且颗粒污泥未出现解体的现象。以厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥、味精废水为进水,在与上述相同条件下培养好氧颗粒污泥,经过60 d的培养,反应器内的污泥以絮状污泥为主,该系统对COD、NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别为85%、99%和70%。     

Anaerobic/oxic/anoxic granular sludge process as an effective nutrient removal process utilizing denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms

In a biological nutrient removal (BNR) process, the utilization of denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (DNPAOs) has many advantages such as effective use of organic carbon substrates and low sludge production. As a suitable process for the utilization of DNPAOs in BNR, an anaerobic/oxic/anoxic granular sludge (AOAGS) process was proposed in this study. In spite of performing aeration for nitrifying bacteria, the AOAGS process can create anaerobic/anoxic conditions suitable for the cultivation of DNPAOs because anoxic zones exist inside the granular sludge in the oxic phase. Thus, DNPAOs can coexist with nitrifying bacteria in a single reactor. In addition, the usability of DNPAOs in the reactor can be improved by adding the anoxic phase after the oxic phase. These characteristics enable the AOAGS process to attain effective removal of both nitrogen and phosphorus. When acetate-based synthetic wastewater (COD: 600 mg/L, NH4-N: 60 mg/L, PO(4)-P: 10 mg/L) was supplied to a laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactor under the operation of anaerobic/oxic/anoxic cycles, granular sludge with a diameter of 500 microm was successfully formed within 1 month. Although the removal of both nitrogen and phosphorus was almost complete at the end of the oxic phase, a short anoxic period subsequent to the oxic phase was necessary for further removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. As a result, effluent concentrations of NH(4)-N, NO(x)-N and PO(4)-P were always lower than 1 mg/L. It was found that penetration depth of oxygen inside the granular sludge was approximately 100 microm by microsensor measurements. In addition, from the microbiological analysis by fluorescence in situ hybridization, existence depth of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms was further than the maximum oxygen penetration depth. The water quality data, oxygen profiles and microbial community structure demonstrated that DNPAOs inside the granular sludge may be responsible for denitrification in the oxic phase, which enables effective nutrient removal in the AOAGS process.     

Development of a 2-sludge, 3-stage system for nitrogen and phosphorous removal from nutrient-rich wastewater using granular sludge and biofilms

A novel 2-sludge 3-stage process using a combination of granular sludge and biofilm was developed to achieve biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from nutrient-rich wastewater. The system consists of a granular sequencing batch reactor (SBR) working under alternating anaerobic/anoxic conditions supplemented with a short aerobic phase and an aerobic biofilm SBR. The wastewater is first fed to the granular SBR reactor, where easily biodegradable carbon sources are taken up primarily by polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs). The supernatant resulting from quick settling of the granular sludge is then fed to the biofilm SBR for nitrification, which produces oxidized nitrogen that is returned to the granular reactor for simultaneous denitrification and phosphorus removal. While maximizing the utilization of organic substrates and reducing operational costs, as do other 2-sludge processes previously reported in literature, the proposed system solves the bottleneck problem of traditional 2-sludge systems, namely high effluent ammonia concentration, due to its high-volume exchange ratios. An ammonia oxidation rate of 32 mg N/Lh was achieved in the biofilm SBR, which produced nitrite as the final product. This nitrite stream was found to cause major inhibition on the anoxic P uptake and also to result in the accumulation of N(2)O. These problems were solved by feeding the nitrite-containing stream continuously to the granular reactor in the anoxic phase. With a nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency of 81% and 94%, respectively, the system produces an effluent that is suitable for land irrigation from a wastewater stream containing 270 mg N/L of total nitrogen and 40 mg P/L of total phosphorus.     

浙江某工业废水处理厂升级改造运行效果解析

浙江某工业废水处理厂升级改造,采用AAO—MBBR复合生物膜工艺,在未新增建设用地和扩建池容的基础上,日处理量由3×10⁴m³/d提高至6×10⁴m³/d。改造后实际运行出水COD、TP、NH₃-N和TN浓度分别为(37.7±6.61)、(0.09±0.03)、(0.25±0.14)和(5.87±1.54)mg/L,出水水质稳定达到一级A标准。实际监测表明,在好氧MBBR区存在TN去除现象,约占TN总去除量的10.36%。系统内的优势硝化菌属为硝化螺旋菌属Nitrospira,其在悬浮载体生物膜和活性污泥中的相对丰度分别为8.98%和0.92%,悬浮载体的投加使硝化细菌得到有效富集;反硝化菌在生物膜中的占比为7.94%,为悬浮载体同步硝化反硝化(SND)效果的发生提供了微观保证,提高了TN去除率。     

Simultaneous nitrification and p-cresol oxidation in a nitrifying sequencing batch reactor

The tolerance, kinetic behavior and oxidizing ability of a nitrifying sludge exposed to different initial concentrations of p-cresol (25-150mg/l) were evaluated in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with 200mg NH(4)(+)-N/ld. The nitrifying SBR operated up to 300mg/ld of p-cresol, achieving simultaneously the complete ammonium oxidation to nitrate and the total consumption of p-cresol and its transitory intermediates from the culture. p-Cresol induced a significant decrease in the values for specific rates of ammonium consumption, showing that the ammonium oxidation pathway was mainly inhibited. After 7 months of operation in SBR, the specific rates of NH(4)(+)-N oxidation, NO(3)(-)-N formation, and total organic carbon consumption were 0.6g NH(4)(+)-N/g microbial protein-Nh, 0.3g NO(3)(-)-N/g microbial protein-Nh, and 0.24g total organic carbon/g microbial protein h, respectively. The microbial growth rate was always low (maximum value of 12.2+/-0.4mg protein-N/ld) and settleability of the sludge was good with sludge volume index values lower than 21ml/g. The oxidation of p-cresol and its intermediates was carried out faster throughout the cycles and nitrification inhibition decreased with the number of cycles.     

固定化氨氧化菌短程硝化的启动研究

采用亲水性玻璃态单体,应用辐射技术制备生物相容性高分子共聚物载体,使用固定化细胞增殖技术对氨氧化菌进行固定化,并以流化床为生物反应器,采用SBR运行方式对人工配水进行短程硝化的启动研究.结果表明:当进水氨氮浓度为100、75、50和25mg/L时,对氨氮的的去除率分别为98.6%、99.1%、98.8%和99.8% ,亚硝化率分别为 98.6%、94,5%、95.2%和94.7%:对氨氮的去除速率由开始时的10.6mg/(L·d)提高到25.7mg/(L·d),耗氧速率(OUR)则由0.37mg/(L·d)提高到1.12mg/(L·d).可见,该方法具有启动速度快、亚硝化程度高、容易控制等优点.     

MLSS、pH及NO-2-N对反硝化除磷的影响

利用DPB反硝化聚磷污泥以SBR进行试验,以考察MLSS、pH值和NO-2-N浓度对聚磷菌厌氧放磷和缺氧吸磷过程的影响.结果表明:增大MLSS可缩短放磷和缺氧吸磷反应时间,但MLSS过高易导致反硝化吸磷后期出现磷的二次释放;随着pH值的升高(pH=6～8)则P/C值也升高,继续升高pH值到8以上时发生了磷酸盐的沉淀,影响到正常的放磷反应.此外,在反硝化吸磷过程中pH值的大幅升高也会对生物除磷效果造成干扰;控制NO-2-N浓度为5.5～9.5mg/L可使聚磷污泥以NO-2-N作为电子受体进行吸磷反应,当NO-2-N达到15 mg/L时反硝化和吸磷反应均受到了抑制.