节能住宅设计的耗能量计算

住宅建筑能源消耗量与外围护结构的厚度、材料热阻有着密切相关,对今后的新建住宅建筑在设计中必须达到国家规定的标准值。通过一栋既有建筑的住宅楼采用了节能住宅的能源消耗量计算,对不同的参数进行了分析,从中判定是否是节能住宅建筑。     

Energy efficiency and energy savings in Japanese residential buildings—research methodology and surveyed results

Worldwide energy consumption has risen 30% in the last 25 years. Fossil fuels exploitation is causing depletion of resources and serious environmental problems. Energy efficiency improvement and energy savings are important targets to be achieved on every society as a whole and in residential buildings in particular. In this article, results of a survey and questionnaire on energy consumption and thermal environment held in Kansai area, Japan are reported. Energy savings potential was analyzed for the surveyed 13 houses focusing on certain electrical appliances e.g. TV, rice cooker and refrigerator. Residents’ environmental awareness towards energy consumption was clarified through questionnaire. An energy information session towards residents was held, and the resulting changes in lifestyle and their implications on energy consumption were evaluated.     

商丘市城市居民住宅能耗调查与分析

为了解经济欠发达的中小城市建筑能耗的特点,作者对河南商丘市城市居民住宅能耗进行调查与分析。对居民基本情况、电力消耗、燃料消耗和室内热环境4方面问题进行了问卷调查,得到了该地区的建筑能耗指标、家用电器拥有和使用情况,并分析了室内热环境现状。     

Field experiments on natural energy utilization in a residential house with a double skin façade system

Energy consumption in the residential and commercial sector accounts for over 25% of the total in Japan. With the information technology revolution and the improving requirement for indoor air environment, energy consumption for household air conditioning is increasing. In this research, a double skin facade is proposed for a two-story house in Kitakyushu of Japan. The stack effect in the double skin space during the summer, the green house effect during the winter and the availability for free air-conditioning during the autumn have been studied. The temperature distribution, thermal performance in the double skin space and its impact on air-conditioning load in rooms have been measured. Results show that the double skin façade leads to about 10–15% energy saving for cooling in the peak of summer because of heat exhausted by natural ventilation, 20–30% energy for heating in winter because of the green house effect, and the temperature adjustment is quite large with the different operation mode of the double skin system during the intermediate seasons. Therefore the double skin system is proved to be effective in energy conservation in residential buildings.     

Measurement of standby power for selected electrical appliances in Australia

High growth in the uptake of electrical appliances is accounting for a significant increase in electricity consumption globally. In some developed countries, standby energy alone may account for about 10% of residential electricity use. The standby power for many appliances used in Australia is still well above the national goal of 1 W or less. In this paper, field measurements taken of standby power and operating power for a range of electrical appliances are presented. It was found that the difference between minimum value and maximum value of standby power could be quite large, up to 22.13 W for home theatre systems, for example. With the exception of home audio systems, however, the annual operating energy used by most electrical appliances was generally greater than the annual standby energy. Consumer behaviour and product choice can have a significant impact on standby power and operating power, which influences both energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions.     

重庆城市发展新区村镇住宅建筑用能模型

通过对重庆市城市发展新区村镇住宅建筑能耗的全年调研,得到了重庆城市发展新区村镇居民的用能习惯及村镇建筑的能耗水平。采用分类归纳法,对家用电器测试归纳,并对非用电设施调研估算归纳。基于实测数据和调研估算数据建立了重庆城市发展新区村镇住宅建筑用能模型,并进行验证。结果表明,重庆城市发展新区村镇住宅能源消费形式以电为主,为电＋燃气＋薪柴＋煤＋太阳能的混合型结构;村镇居民用能习惯在使用何种能源的选择上存在差异,但对同一种能源的使用差异性不大。实测数据表明,所建立的村镇住宅建筑用能模型能准确反映重庆城市发展新区新村镇住宅建筑用能的实际情况。     

Relationship between possession of electric appliances and electricity for lighting and others in Japanese households

A questionnaire survey on the possession of electric appliances and on its influence upon the energy consumption in Japanese households was conducted in 1996. It was found that the increase in the consumption of residential electricity was due to the use of higher number of electric appliances. This reflects the higher economic status of the householders and their lifestyle. The relationship between electric consumption for lighting and others and the influencing factor is evaluated by using the multivariate analysis. The results of this study are expected to provide fundamental information in order to enhance residents’ awareness on the importance of energy conservation. It is also expected that the results will be helpful for Asian developing countries.     

天津农村住宅围护结构调研及节能设计

针对天津农村住宅普遍存在的能耗高、室内舒适度差等问题,通过对农村住宅的体形系数、窗墙比、围护结构传热系数的分析,提出适合天津农村住宅的围护结构节能设计方案。建议采用天然材料和适宜的技术,以耗费最少的资源,实现农村住宅节能目标。     

A user-centric space heating energy management framework for multi-family residential facilities based on occupant pattern prediction modeling

Space heating is the highest energy consumer in the operation of residential facilities in cold regions. Energy saving measures for efficient space heating operation are thus of paramount importance in efforts to reduce energy consumption in buildings. For effective functioning of space heating systems, efficient facility management coupled with relevant occupant behaviour information is necessary. However, current practice in space heating control is event-driven rather than user-centric, and in most cases relevant occupant information is not incorporated into space heating energy management strategies. This causes system inefficiency during the occupancy phase. For multi-family residential facilities, integrating occupant information within space heating energy management strategies poses several challenges; unlike with commercial facilities, in multi-family facilities occupant behavior does not follow any fixed activity-schedule pattern. In this study, a framework is developed for extracting relevant information about the uncertainties pertaining to occupant patterns (i.e., demand load) in multi-family residential facilities by identifying the factors affecting space heating energy consumption. This is achieved using sensor-based data monitoring during the occupancy phase. Based on the analysis of the monitoring data, a structure is defined for developing an occupant pattern prediction model that can be integrated with energy management strategies to reduce energy usage in multi-family residential facilities. To demonstrate the developed framework, a multi-family residential building in Fort McMurray, Canada, is chosen as a case study. This paper shows that integrating the developed occupant pattern prediction model within space heating energy management strategies can assist facility managers to achieve space heating energy savings in multi-family residential facilities.     

山东省居住建筑节能75%设计标准和德国建筑节能标准对比分析

对比山东省居住建筑节能75%设计标准与德国相关标准,发现我省建筑节能设计标准尚有需要提高的地方。以某多层住宅为例,计算我省75%节能标准,德国2002年、2009年节能标准,以及被动式建筑节能设计标准的供热需求量。探讨了我省建筑节能标准再提高的技术路线图,包括使用高性能围护结构保温产品,减少新风耗热量所占比例,提高建筑物整体气密性等应对策略。     

Residential-commercial energy input estimation based on genetic algorithm (GA) approaches: an application of Turkey

The main objective of the present study is to develop the energy input estimation equations for the residential-commercial sector (RCS) in order to estimate the future projections based on genetic algorithm (GA) notion and to examine the effect of the design parameters on the energy input of the sector. For this purpose, the Turkish RCS is given as an example. The GA Energy Input Estimation Model (GAEIEM) is used to estimate Turkey’s future residential-commercial energy input demand based on GDP, population, import, export, house production, cement production and basic house appliances consumption figures. It may be concluded that the three various forms of models proposed here can be used as an alternative solution and estimation techniques to available estimation techniques. It is also expected that this study will be helpful in developing highly applicable and productive planning for energy policies.     

基于BIM的小型节能建筑生命周期环境影响和成本分析

被动式超低能耗建筑通过被动式设计策略、高性能的围护结构和高效的设备体系降低其使用阶段能耗。零能耗建筑在此基础上,采用太阳能光伏发电等可再生能源系统,进一步降低不可再生能源消耗。这两类节能建筑的材料和设备系统的隐含能耗、环境影响和成本通常高于一般建筑,同时对构件的后期维护和替换提出了更高的要求。因此,有必要从生命周期的范畴分析其环境和经济效益。建筑信息模型（BIM）能够为建筑项目的建造、运行和拆解等阶段提供多专业共享的数据平台。本文基于BIM,通过LCA和LCC方法对一座小型住宅建筑在不同节能目标情景下的生命周期全球变暖潜势值（GWP）、一次能耗（PE）和成本（LCC）进行分析和比较。结果表明,零能耗乃至正能源建筑在降低一次能耗和GWP方面具有明显优势,被动式超低能耗建筑也具有良好的环境效益。在经济效益方面,由于住宅建筑能源价格较低,如果按近年的价格指数计算,零能耗建筑和被动式超低能耗建筑的初建成本和后期构件替换成本增量将抵消其使用阶段节约的能耗成本,因此生命周期成本高于普通节能建筑。如果未来50年能源价格涨幅超过建筑安装价格涨幅,那么零能耗建筑在生命周期成本方面将具有优势。     

Overheating in residential passive house: Solution strategies revealed and confirmed through data analysis and simulations

Energy efficiency and living comfort certainly contribute to popularity of the passive house concept. Since these houses are weakly coupled to an environment, any internal energy gains are difficult to be released against small temperature gradients, i.e. in a typical situation occurring in hot summer months. In such a case already a small energy input raises the internal temperature significantly and dramatically affects the living comfort. To provide more information on this problem, we collected and analyzed data from a single family Slovenian passive house. Our goal was to estimate the general house response under real conditions and to investigate overheating in hot summer periods. Different energy gains were identified and explored with respect to their influence on the overheating of this passive house. Results show that windows-opening during the nights in hot summer days, strict shading of the southern and western windows as well as minimization of internal energy sources are necessary and sufficient to keep internal temperature on the comfort level.     

新疆地区既有居住建筑节能改造的技术研究

寒冷地区既有居住建筑能耗在建筑总能耗中所占比例最大,浪费特别严重,也是节能潜力最大的部分。结合新疆目前既有居住建筑节能改造的现状,从建筑外围护结构、供热管网和热源系统等方面研究了主要的节能改造技术,针对既有居住建筑的改造工程,探讨合理的改造方案,为即将到来的大规模既有居住建筑节能改造提供参考。     

Three different genetic algorithm approaches to the estimation of residential exergy input/output values

This study develops residential exergy input/output estimation equations in order to better analyze exergy values and predict the future projections using genetic algorithm (GA) notion. GA EXnergy Input/Output Estimation Model (GAEXIEM/GAEXOEM) is used to estimate the future residential exergy input/output values based on the indicators of gross domestic product, population, import, export, house production, cement production and basic house appliances consumption. The model is applied to Turkey's residential sector, of which exergy input and output values were 861.06 and $\text{77.32}\text{PJ}$ in 2002, respectively. The three different estimation models are proposed in quadratic forms. Developed models are validated with actual data, while future estimation of exergy values is projected for the years between 2003 and 2023. It may be concluded that all the models developed seem to be capable of predicting the residential–commercial exergy input/output values of Turkey as well as countries. This study is also expected to give a new direction to engineers, scientists, and policy makers in implementing energy planning studies and in dictating the energy strategies as a potential tool.     

Occupant related household energy consumption in Canada: Estimation using a bottom-up neural-network technique

A national model of residential energy consumption requires consideration of the following end-uses: space heating, space cooling, appliances and lighting (AL), and domestic hot water (DHW). The space heating and space cooling end-use energy consumption is strongly affected by the climatic conditions and the house thermal envelope. In contrast, both AL and DHW energy consumption are primarily a function of occupant behaviour, appliance ownership, demographic conditions, and occupancy rate. Because of these characteristics, a bottom-up statistical model is a candidate for estimating AL and DHW energy consumption. This article presents the detailed methodology and results of the application of a previously developed set of neural network models, as the statistical method of the Canadian Hybrid Residential End-Use Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (CHREM). The CHREM estimates the national AL and DHW secondary energy consumption of Canadian single-detached and double/row houses to be 248 PJ and 201 PJ, respectively. The energy consumption values translate to per household values of 27.8 GJ and 22.5 GJ, and per capita values of 9.0 GJ and 7.3 GJ, respectively.     

住宅能耗设备的能耗现状及节能措施

随着城镇住宅面积的增加和人们对住宅建筑内热环境要求的不断提高,住宅建筑的能耗指标迅速增加。而能源问题是我国目前经济发展面临的一个重大问题,能否有效降低能耗势必关系到我国经济发展和环境保护。通过分析我国住宅能耗设备的能耗现状及存在的问题,提出了我国住宅能耗设备节能的侧重点应为住宅建筑内供暖系统的优化设计和运行调节、空调系统的合理选择、太阳能热水器的充分利用以及提高灯具和其他家用电器的工作效率。     

Using a pattern recognition approach to disaggregate the total electricity consumption in a house into the major end-uses

The method presented in this paper shows a promising potential for application in residential buildings. The results prove that the whole-house electricity consumption can be disaggregated into its major end-uses, using a pattern recognition approach and only one sensor installed on the main electric entrance of the house. It also required a one-time submetering of the target appliances during the training period, of about a week, to find the electric characteristics of appliances. The results are provided in terms of daily load profiles, energy consumption and energy contribution of selected appliances. The proposed method was tested with monitored data from 3 weeks: (i) the training period of 1 week in October, (ii) the near-to-date testing period of 1 week in November and (iii) the far-to-date testing period of 1 week in January. For instance, the difference between monitored and estimated contribution is, for the month of October 1996, as follows: (i) 13 kW h or $0.85 for the DHW heater and (ii) 6 kW h or $0.36 for the refrigerator. The overall difference for both appliances does not exceed $1.25 for the month of October, for a total electricity bill of 912 kW h and $60.60, which appears to be acceptable for every homeowner. The errors in evaluating the daily energy consumption is between −10.5% and 15.9% for both the DWH heater and the refrigerator.     

辽宁地区农村住宅节能综述

辽宁地区农村住宅由于在观念、设计和新技术采用上的问题,存在耗能高、舒适性低的问题.本文立足于辽宁地区农村住宅中存在的问题,深入分析农村住宅能耗高的问题关键所在,在建筑的设计、建筑施工以及附属设施方面提出了切实可行的措施,为提升农村住宅舒适度和节能减排提供了参考.     

住宅区域能源消耗分项计量监测系统分析与设计

节能减排降耗是人类生存面临的紧迫问题.目前,全世界有近30%的能源消耗在建筑物上,其中住宅的能耗占相当大的比例.若欲降低住宅的能耗就必须有确实可靠的数据为依据一多少能源消耗在这方面,这就需要对住宅进行能耗分项计量.然而.现今世界上没有一个对于区域住宅能耗分项计量的监测系统及方法.以统计学和系统控制理论为基础.提出了住宅区域能源消耗分项计量监测系统的理论方法和设计方案.