The world’s first purpose-built Airport City: Melbourne Airport,Tullamarine

The concept and definition of an Airport City have been ever changing since the introduction of the term in 1960. In the modern day, Airport Cities are now a ubiquitous form of airport planning with the basis of this planning paradigm, the non-aviation use of airport land as a source of revenue. The first iteration of this, in a planned, comprehensive and organized fashion at a major international airport was seen in the 1960s at Melbourne Airport, Tullamarine, which has been unreported. This paper demonstrates, through comparisons of airports opened prior to 1970, that Tullamarine established the basis of modern-day Airport Cities through the planned use of airport land for non-aviation purposes as a source of revenue. The paper documents the changing evolution of the Airport City concept, describes the unique facilities at Tullamarine and examines the ramifications of such planning.     

Managing airport stormwater containing deicers: challenges and opportunities

Stormwater runoff at airports is a significant and costly issue, especially for the stormwater laden with deicing contaminants of high Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and aquatic toxicity. To reduce the loading of deicing constituents in stormwater and to manage the increasing pressure of tightening regulations, identifying fate and transport and evaluating environmental risks of deicing stormwater are of critical importance. In this review, the regulatory development of airport deicing stormwater management was first discussed, along with the milestone Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 14 publication. The deicer usage and fugitive losses can be reduced and the amount of deicer collected can be increased by having a better understanding of the fate and transport of deicing constituents in stormwater. As such, an overview and evaluation of the constituents of concern in deicers were provided to support the assessment of environmental impacts and mitigation recommendations. The state of knowledge of airport deicing stormwater management was then reviewed, which needs to be synthesized into a national guidance document. A guidebook and a decision tool for airports were proposed to adopt specific practical stormwater management strategies while balancing their priorities in environmental, economic, and social values against operational constraints. These challenges pose great opportunities to improve the current practices of airport deicing stormwater management.     

The Dark Side of Aeromobilities: Unplanned Airport Planning in Mexico City

Land-use conflicts, noise and health problems, local air pollution, decreased urban quality and affected liveability are considered amongst the core impacts and consequences associated with global airports, all of which have largely been individually documented. Through a case study of Mexico City International Airport (MCIA), this article argues that a more integrated focus that brings such various issues and perspectives together is needed in order to widen the understanding of the existing relationship between socio-spatial and environmental effects, increased aeromobility, airport siting conflicts, airport urban surroundings and globalization. The present study of MCIA suggests that local players and airports are not just passively influenced by processes of globalization and aeromobilities, but also that such processes disentangle a wide array of socio-spatial and environmental consequences that depend on ad hoc local contexts. Hence, the article follows the argument that a much stronger focus on the planning process of airports is needed at local and regional scales, while a larger debate regarding the regulation of increased global aviation ought to be raised in national and international contexts.     

基于ANP和灰色聚类法的国际铁路EPC项目风险评价研究

中国工程承包企业在走向国际承担铁路EPC工程项目时,应当更科学合理地进行项目事前风险评价,以提高决策正确性。通过分析研究国际铁路EPC项目的特点,识别出项目中存在的风险因素和风险指标,并构建出风险评价指标体系。采用网络层次分析法（ANP）对风险指标间关系进行分析并建立风险评价模型,计算出国际铁路EPC项目风险指标权重,利用灰色聚类评价法对风险指标进行评分,通过对评分进行灰色聚类得出项目的综合风险等级。并结合迪阿铁路项目进行风险实证分析,从而为企业进行类似项目风险管理和科学决策提供参考。     

机场高端旅客服务设施

机场高端旅客服务设施是机场建设的重要组成部分,也是体现机场服务水平和实现盈利的重要手段,因此近年来越来越受到机场建设方的重视.本文通过对高端旅客服务设施的分类、流程、建设地点、装修及与国外比较的区别和不足等方面的介绍,反应出国内目前在此方面的现状和发展趋势,并希望能够形成一定的规范及标准.     

Structural efficiency assessment of regional airports: Lessons from India

This study focuses on the structural efficiency of 42 Indian regional airports over five years from 2014 to 2019. A two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) was applied to assess the structural efficiencies of airports. We find that distance to the closest airport, distance from the city centre, per capita income, accessibility and profitability of the airport significantly impact the structural efficiency scores. We also calculate the productivity growth of the sample airports over five years using the Malmquist Productivity Index. Airport productivity rankings and sources of inefficiency provide airport authorities and policymakers with valuable insights into the potential for improvement.     

大型国际机场工程进度绩效的影响因素分析——基于北京大兴国际机场的案例

进度绩效是工程项目重要的控制要素之一。大型机场工程具有工程规模巨大、工程建设程序复杂等特点，导致其建设与管理统筹管理难度比一般项目更大。以北京大兴国际机场建设指挥部与运营管理中心的22个部门为研究对象，基于组织行为学理论，考察部门工作项数、风险等级和进度跟踪问题数量对工程进度绩效的影响，探究进度跟踪问题数量的调节作用，并通过回归分析对研究假设进行实证检验。结果表明:工作项数、风险等级、进度跟踪问题数量均与进度绩效呈显著负相关关系。并对后续新建机场建设与运筹管控的进度推进工作提出可行的管理建议。     

机场工程建设安全管控模式研究——以浦东国际机场三期扩建工程为例

随着信息化、全球经济化的发展,人们出行面临越来越多的选择,特别是航空出行越来越成为更多人的选择,因此 对于民用机场的新建、改扩建等越来越迫在眉睫。民用机场工程建设扩张也带来危机,安全方面的困境层出不穷,安全管理 理念越来深入人心,机场的建设给管理和运行带来更高的要求。大型枢纽机场不能再停留在传统的工程项目管理水平上,而 是要建立科学有效的体系、采取有效的措施,在施工安全管控上加强与完善。以浦东国际机场三期扩建工程为例,以施工阶 段业主方的角度阐述机场工程建设安全管控模式。以期为类似工程建设安全管控提供借鉴和指导。     

枢纽机场陆侧轨道交通与航站楼的衔接

本文通过对进出机场交通方式的研究，指出建造连接机场的地下或地上城市铁路干线是应对机场的迅速发展，特别是满足枢纽机场的陆侧容量要求的唯一途径。对亚洲部分枢纽机场轨道车站与航站楼联系进行了分类与比较，再以北京首都机场的扩建为例重点分析。     

Assessment Of Noise Impacts At Airports

Airport operation is a major source of community concerns due to aircraft noise emissions particularly in locations close to airports and aircraft flight tracks. The effects of aircraft noise on humans can cause hearing damage for people working at airports and speech and sleep interference which can develop into stress for nearby communities. As such, it becomes essential when locating and designing to expand airports to optimize flight paths in a way to reduce noise exposure to nearby communities. For this purpose, it is required to assess changes in noise levels resulting from new runway configurations, evaluate increased aircraft operation demand, new fleet mix, revised routings and airspace structures, alternative flight profiles, and modifications to other operational procedures. This paper presents a noise impact assessment for the proposed expansion at the Beirut International Airport, Lebanon. Field noise measurements were collected at sensitive noise receptors along selected locations around the airport and the corresponding airport traffic flow was characterized. A mathematical model was then applied to simulate noise levels as a function of the different airplane classes, operations, flight path, and landing characteristics. The model was also used to predict future noise levels, optimize airplane flight path, and assess mitigation measures to minimize potential aircraft noise impacts.     

Selection of the optimal alternative: rehabilitation of a regional drainage channel in Bangladesh

Due to the dynamic inter-relationship between human society and water resources, decision-making is a tricky task in water management sectors. In this study, multi-criteria analysis has been used as a decision support tool for the selection of a sustainable option in a regional channel improvement in Bangladesh. The Malnichara channel flows across the north-eastern divisional city of the country, and is responsible for storm water conveyance to the downstream Surma River. The channel was observed to be at risk due to anthropogenic activities such as encroachment, sewage and solid waste disposal and the filling up of natural depression basins. Using the multi-criteria analysis, three alternatives for channel improvement (sodding natural channel, lined natural channel and concrete box culvert) were evaluated with respect to ten indicators, grouped into four sustainability criteria (technical, economic, environmental and social). Sodding natural channel was found to be the optimal alternative, though the selection was sensitive to social criteria. Such a straightforward tool can efficiently be used to ensure sustainability of the channel through stakeholders' involvement in decision-making.     

宏——机场设计实践与心得

民航机场是在20世纪随着航空技术和航空市场的发展而产生的一个新兴的建筑类别．并随着技术的进步和社会的发展．不断地更新和扩展着基本内涵。今天的航空业以其在长途运输领域安全、快捷的特点，在整体交通体系当中担当着不可替代的行业支柱职能．越来越多的机场依托迅速增长的客货流量和丰富的相关产业发展。     

椰风海韵美兰如画--海口美兰国际机场环境设计

座落于海口近郊灵山镇的美兰国际机场,当时全国环境绿化占地面积最大的国际4E级机场,其环境设计以满足功能为前提,突出营造了一个具有独特海南自然景观特色的机场环境.     

广深机场天然光环境营造方式的比较研究

天然光环境更有利于人体健康与视觉舒适,这促使机场等大空间建筑对于天然采光设计的重视程度逐渐提高。比较广州新白云机场、深圳宝安机场T3航站楼两个大型机场的采光设计方案及其实际采光效果,文章旨在提出机场等大空间公共建筑采光设计应注意的问题以及设计原则。通过理论分析、现场测量、使用后评价等方法,研究两者在天然采光设计方面的优劣。经调研对比后发现开敞式大空间建筑使用集中式带型天窗不利于在整个室内实现均匀的天然光环境,而使用分散式平天窗更有利于营造均匀的天然光环境。     

Measuring Spanish airport performance: A bootstrap data envelopment analysis of efficiency

This work studies the efficiency of Spanish airports for the year 2018. In the first stage, efficiency is calculated by applying the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. As inputs, variables have been selected representing the airports' physical aspects, such as the number of boarding gates or the runway area. As outputs, the number of passengers, tons of cargo and the number of operations are included. By means of bootstrapping, it is empirically demonstrated that the airports operated under variable returns to scale. In the second stage, a truncated regression is carried out to determine which variables influence the efficiency of the airports. Previously a bootstrapping with 2000 iterations is applied to correct the possible bias of the DEA results. Airport apron and opening hours are relevant factors to explain the efficiency of airports as well as being a tourist airport.     

临空经济与地区发展的空间关系研究——以浦东机场周边地区为例

临空经济是在依托机场的特大人流、物流优势而发展起来的经济形态,临空经济区是其空间载体。首先对临空经济的概念与内涵进行剖析,并结合国际经验提出培育临空经济区的时空结构模式;进一步以浦东机场周边地区发展临空经济为例,探讨功能定位、产业选择及空间布局等相关课题;最后,就国内方兴未艾的＂空港城＂建设热潮,提出若干思考与建议。     

Ecological risk assessment (ERA) and hormesis

Based on our current state of knowledge, the significance and importance of hormesis is likely to be greater for ecotoxicology, a component of ecological risk assessment (ERA), than for the overall process of ERA. Appropriately determining the role of hormesis in ERA will require extension of hormesis beyond chemical stressors to abiotic (e.g. habitat) and biotic stressors (e.g. species introductions, organism interactions). It will also require determining for all stressors whether at both individual and higher levels of organization, hormesis has positive, neutral or adverse effects. This determination must be made for model organisms, populations and communities. Adverse effects are the least likely, however, neutral effects cannot be ruled out. Presently, consideration of hormetic effects in ERA is most appropriate in a detailed level ecological risk assessment (DLERA), the most complex form of ERA. It is not appropriate in either problem formulation or a screening level ERA (SLERA). Further, for hormetic effects to be recognized and accepted fully into ERA may require a paradigm shift. Three on-going paradigm shifts to which hormesis could be linked are: recognition of the low utility of no-observed effects concentrations (NOECs); recognition of the need for special treatment of essential element dose/concentration-responses, which are similar to hormetic responses; and, the replacement of environmental toxicology with ecological toxicology (ecotoxicology).     

国际航空港近邻区域发展分析与借鉴

拥有发达的航空港,是国际城市的重要标志。大型国际航空港,在推动地区经济的发展中起着重要的作用,航空港近邻地区正在成为区域开发中最活跃的地区和经济发展的增长极。本文通过分析海外国际航空港周边区域的发展状况,为我国航空港近邻区域的综合规划与协调发展提供借鉴。     

Investment incentives and airport regulation

Arguments for and against the proposition that price-capped privatised utilities have an incentive to under-invest are examined in the context of airport regulation. The general proposition finds support from generic arguments associated with the hold-up problem and with ex-post opportunism. Three counter arguments are then considered: that under-investment imposes additional internal costs on the firm; that the regulated firm can consume its monopoly rent by expanding its asset base; and that it can leverage its market power through seeking excessive investment. Consideration is then given to the empirical evidence focusing on price-capped airports in the UK and Ireland. It is concluded that, on balance, it is probable that the regulated airport companies have inclined towards over-investment.     

Structural and operational management of Turkish airports: a bootstrap data envelopment analysis of efficiency

This paper explores the structural and operational dimensions of the efficiencies of airports. The two-stage procedure is suggested to assess the efficiencies of airports in this study. In the first-stage, Classification and Regression Tree, which is one of the machine-learning approaches used to divide the airports into homogeneous and thus comparable sub-groups. In the second stage, the bootstrap data envelopment analysis approach obtains more precise structural and operational efficiency scores. To illustrate the proposed framework use, we applied it to a real case associated with Turkish airports. The results demonstrate that this framework presents a more comprehensive assessment of airport performance rather than conventional data envelopment analysis models. Moreover, it provides to show the deficiencies of the structural and operational management of airports. The findings can help anywhere airport authorities as well as Turkish airport authorities.