Conjugate heat transfer analysis of copper staves and sensor bars in a blast furnace for various refractory lining thickness

Lining erosion is the most important factor for determining the campaign life of a blast furnace. To provide information about the heat transfer of the copper stave in the belly of the No. 1 blast furnace at CSC (China Steel Corporation), a conjugate heat transfer model, including the heat transfer of the stave and sensor bar in thermal conduction and radiation transmission from the gas temperature inside the blast furnace and convection heat transfer in cooling pipe, was developed for the steady state process. The simulations focus specifically on the effects of the gas temperature, the geometric thickness of the cooling stave, the slag layer thickness and the material and diameter of the sensor bar. The results show that the refractory lining and the slag shell provide significant protection for the stave body. A copper sensor bar can be used to measure the residual lining thickness of the cooling stave. To estimate a more reasonable stave thickness, several key factors, such as the diameter and material of the sensor bar, were examined in this study. The results can serve as important reference information for blast furnace operation and the prediction of its campaign life.     

燃气隧道窑热工测试与节能分析

我国工业炉窑是能耗大户,总体水平较低,具有相当大的节能潜力。以某高铝砖隧道窑为测试对象进行了详细的热工测试,测量了炉气温度、烟气参数、干燥段的气流参数以及各主要壁面的温度,通过计算窑车及物料带出的热量、干燥段排气热损失、排烟热损失和壁面散热损失等参数,对隧道窑进行了热平衡分析。结果表明,所测试隧道窑的热效率为33.4%,造成热损失的原因包括,砖坯码放方式、干燥段气流组织不合理、助燃空气量过大、围护结构保温性能差等,通过改善急冷段和干燥段气流组织,减小预混空气量,增强窑顶和烧成段保温等措施可实现该类隧道窑的节能。     

Heat transfer analysis of blast furnace stave

The three-dimensional mathematical model of temperature and thermal stress field of the blast furnace stave is built. The radiation heat transmitted from solid materials (coke and ore) to inner surface of the stave, which has been neglected by other studies, is taken into account. The cast steel stave is studied and the finite element method is used to perform the computational analysis with soft ANSYS. Numerical calculations show very good agreement with the results of experiment. Heat transfer analysis is made of the effect of the cooling water velocity and temperature, the cooling channel inter-distance and diameter, the lining material, the cooling water scale, the coating layer on the external surface of the cooling water pipe as well as the gas clearance on the maximum temperature and thermal stress of the stave hot surface. It is found that reducing the water temperature and increasing the water velocity would be uneconomical. The heat transfer and hence the maximum temperature and thermal stress in the stave can be controlled by properly adjusting operating conditions of the blast furnace, such as the gas flow, cooling channel inter-distance and diameter, lining material, coating layer and gas clearance.     

椭圆扭曲管内数值模拟及其在热风炉空气预热器的节能应用

热风炉空气预热器是纳米碳酸钙生产过程中重要的节能设备,可以降低排烟温度,提高能源利用率。目前广泛采用的光滑圆管空气预热器体积庞大,换热效率低,造成排烟温度高,不仅污染环境,而且浪费大量的热量。为了解决这一问题,将椭圆扭曲管应用于热风炉空气预热器。结果显示,以椭圆扭曲管为换热元件的椭圆扭曲管空气预热器体积小、耗用钢材少、换热效率高,提高了烟气余热利用效率,降低燃料消耗量。以空气为工质,分别对椭圆扭曲管和圆管进行数值模拟,对比分析其传热性能。结果表明,相对于圆管,空气在椭圆扭曲管内湍动性更强,换热效果更好。通过对实际的工程案例进行分析,将椭圆扭曲管应用于热风炉空气预热器可减少换热面积27.9%,缩小体积37%,具有良好的节能节材效果。     

高炉铜冷却壁热模拟实验及传热特性分析

通过对高炉铜冷却壁进行热态实验,研究了铜壁在模拟高炉工况下热面不同部位的温度情况,对铜壁厚度方向的热流作了深入分析。结果表明铜壁高的导热性能和钻孔工艺对高炉长寿意义重大。     

热风炉提高风温的几点浅见

综述了热风炉提高风温的主要途径：采用空煤气预热和高效能陶瓷燃烧器技术提高理论燃烧温度和拱顶温度;增大单位体积格砖的换热面积和采用均匀配气技术加强蓄热室内的热交换;同时在热风炉的不同部位选用不同材质的耐火材料,实现良好的保温效果;在此基础上适当缩短送风周期时间,并采用合理的操作制度。适当评价了各种技术对提高风温的效果。     

4.2 MW燃煤热风炉换热器壁温计算方法研究

推导了烟气在管内流动、均匀受热管壁的壁温计算公式,分析得出,影响壁温的主要因素是烟气温度和表面传热系数。降低管壁温度的有效方法是降低烟气温度,即在受热面前的高温烟气中混入冷烟气或冷空气,对降低壁温的两种方法进行了比较。研究了热风炉计算中过量空气系数、再循环系数的确定方法及热风炉对风温变化的适应性。     

电窑制备SiC结合Si3N4材料加热阶段的数值模拟

电窑中SiC-Si3N4耐火砖的烧制过程按时间可分为三个阶段,即加热阶段、化学反应烧结及冷却阶段。用数值仿真的方法模拟加热阶段,分析窑内温度场的均匀性。发现窑内热棒的位置及供热功率变化对温度分布影响较大;窑内的对流换热对改善温度场,减小砖坯的表面温差有一定作用;由于发热棒的不合理布置,使得窑内的温度场均匀性较差,升温速率较慢,电窑热效率偏低。     

Numerical prediction and practical improvement of pulverized coal combustion in blast furnace

The burning characteristics of pulverized coal in blowpipe and tuyere at two different injection patterns are simulated numerically, to aid improving the practical performance of blast furnace. With the condition of the same fuel and oxidant mass flow rates, the predictions indicate that the combustion efficiency of pulverized coal using double-lance can be substantially enhanced compared with that using single lance. Accordingly, the pulverized coal injection in a practical blast furnace was modified from single lance to double-lance. As a result, the practical injection rate of the pulverized coal in the blast furnace was increased from 110 to 153 kg/tHM, revealing that a profound decrease in operating cost of the blast furnace has been implemented.     

熔融高炉渣显热回收和利用

分析了现行高炉渣处理方法的缺点,指出离心粒化法的优势.根据利用余热资源原则,着重分析了以热风炉助燃空气为回收方式,结合炼铁工序,说明熔融高炉渣显热回收和利用对炼铁节能、钢铁企业降耗的重大影响.     

包覆吸水膜的管式蒸发散热器性能的实验研究

应用间接蒸发散热的原理,在空调冷凝器表面包覆吸水膜,利用水蒸发带走热量.这样蒸发面积达到了最大值,并且能够通过毛细力自动补充蒸发的水分.空调冷凝器中热工质的温度和热容比间接散热器中的一次空气大,能够提高蒸发表面温度,提高蒸发量,进而提高散热效率.通过对通有热水的表面覆盖吸水纸膜的单铜管的实验研究,得出了该方式的传热系数以及水膜的,导热系数,证明了该散热方式较空调冷凝器空气强制对流和其它蒸发散热方式的优势.     

300MW高炉煤气与煤粉混燃锅炉热力特性及经济性分析

针对高炉煤气与煤粉混燃易发生过（再）热器超温、飞灰含碳量高等问题,对某300MW机组四角切圆高炉煤气／煤粉混燃锅炉进行了热力特性计算,并对掺烧高炉煤气后机组的经济性进行了分析．结果表明：掺烧高炉煤气后炉内温度降低,烟气量增加,辐射吸热量减少而对流吸热量增加,炉膛出口烟温及其后受热面区域的烟温升高,排烟温度升高,锅炉效率降低;掺烧高炉煤气后厂用电率有所升高,但发电煤耗降低,使发电成本降低．     

分离式热管煤气、空气双预热器在上海宝钢4#高炉热风炉上的应用

本文介绍了分离式热管煤气、空气双预热器在上海宝钢4#高炉热风炉上的实际应用情况,通过换热器将煤气和空气预热来提高热风炉风温,从而提高高炉冶炼的经济效益。文章从技术、节能以及经济效益三方面详细分析其优越性。     

Entropy analysis of a flow past a heat‐generated bluff body

Cooling of a bluff body is a topic of interest for many engineers and scientists. Forced convection over the bluff body generates flow separation, which in turn affects the heat transfer characteristics and increases the irreversibilities involved in the system. In the present study, flow over a rectangular solid body with constant heat flux is considered. The governing flow and energy equations are solved in two‐dimensional space numerically using a control volume approach. In order to investigate the effect of the fluid properties on the heating process, three different fluids are taken into account. These are air, ethylene glycol and therminol. To determine the irreversibilities involved in the system, entropy analysis is carried out. It is found that fluid properties have considerable effect on the entropy generation. The entropy generation due to heat transfer well exceeds the entropy generation due to fluid friction. The surface temperature of the solid body highly depends on the cooling fluid employed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PG6551(B)燃气轮机进气冷却系统的研制

开发了一种可全年利用烟气余热的联合循环双工况燃气轮机进气冷却系统。在气温高、进气冷却系统投用的情况下，能有效增加燃气轮机出力；在气温低、低压加热器投用的情况下，通过回收烟气余热，增加余热锅炉出力，提高蒸汽轮机负荷。介绍了进气冷却系统的工作原理，分析了进气冷却运行方式的初步运行结果。     

辐射通道一维稳态温度场数值模拟

为得到辐射对流通道中的温度分布,依据能量守恒原理,建立了辐射、对流非线性边界条件下圆形管壁与管内空气的传热数学模型,提出了管壁温度、管内冷却空气温度一维稳态换热有限差分求解方法,其中辐射换热计算采用基于辐射传递系数的蒙特卡罗法。分析了相关参数对辐射通道温度分布的影响,所研究的参数包括辐射器表面温度、管道长度与半径比、管内冷却空气流速等。计算结果表明：辐射器表面温度是影响辐射通道最高温度的主要因素。此方法可为辐射通道精细的热工特性计算提供温度场数据。     

全燃和掺燃高炉煤气炉的比较研究

由于高炉煤气中含有大量的惰性气体 ,可燃成分少 ,发热值低 ,燃料产物的体积流量大 ,因而使大容量高压燃煤气锅炉各受热面的传热特性与燃煤锅炉相比发生很大的变化。针对 5 0MW高压锅炉全燃和掺燃高炉煤气2种炉型的特点进行了详细的分析讨论 ,并与燃煤锅炉进行了比较研究 ,阐述了燃用高炉煤气锅炉的热工参数、传热特性以及受热面布置的特点 ,为研究和设计燃用高炉煤气炉提供了可靠的实践数据和理论依据。     

新型离子渗氮炉

针对国内离子渗氮炉使用中常见的问题，从减少炉壁散热损失、增加底座承重能力、提高电极连接可靠性等方面提出了改进设计方案。新的设计中取消了大部分的炉壁冷却水夹层，增加了真空隔热层，升温时减少热量损失，降温时充入压缩空气强制对流冷却，配合快速冷却装置，增加导热系数，加快工件冷却速度。采用圆弧型封头底座，增大炉体承重能力，并改善气体流动的均匀性。输电阴极采用迷宫式屏蔽结构，作为绝缘体的熔铸云母全部屏蔽在钢制外罩之内，不会因放电而损坏；阴极与底座之间采用可靠的密封方式，长期使用不漏气。实际使用表明，新型离子渗氮炉可大大降低热量损失，增加承重能力，维护保养方便；输电阴极使用3年不用拆卸，工作稳定可靠，劳动生产率比常规的离子渗氮炉提高30％。     

高炉冷却板传热过程数学模型的研究

给出了高炉冷却板和炉衬温度分布的二维稳态传热模型，并分析了冷却板和炉衬的不同结构参数及其物性参数对温度分布和热流密度的影响，为高炉冷却系统的优化设计和控制提供了坚实的理论依据。     

高炉脱湿鼓风节能研究及除湿方法的选取

对高炉鼓风除湿进行了节能分析,通过高炉系统的热平衡原理得出了理论燃烧温度,继而得出了鼓风除湿能降低焦煤消耗与提高产量的结论。通过研究得出了最佳除湿剂为LiCl及其最佳除湿浓度为40%,并对除湿剂的除湿原理进行了介绍与说明。