火电厂WFGD中石膏旋流器节能降耗分析

脱硫系统是火电厂的能耗大户,本文针对石灰石/石膏湿法脱硫系统中,石膏旋流器内空气柱导致的耗能问题进行研究。采用Fluent软件对石膏旋流器内部流场进行了数值模拟,结果表明:空气柱内的气体具有一定的轴向速度与切向速度,空气做螺旋流动,该流动引起旋流器内能量的损耗;采用中心棒能部分或全部消除空气柱。通过实验对无中心棒以及采用中心棒后,旋流器的生产能力、底流含固量等指标参数以及单台旋流器的能耗进行了测量,实验数据表明:采用中心棒后,石膏旋流器的生产能力与底流含固量明显增大;根据4×600 MW机组的实际石膏产量,对不同结构石膏旋流器分析计算得出:生产相同石膏量的前提下,采用倒锥形中心棒可使能耗降低13.41%,并且能有效缓解底流夹细现象。     

火电厂石膏旋流器分离性能强化研究

针对火电厂石膏旋流器存在空气柱、分离效率低等问题,进行了分离性能强化研究。采用Fluent软件,应用RSM(雷诺应力湍流模型)、VOF(流体体积模型)、DPM(离散相模型)对石膏旋流器的流场特性进行数值模拟;并搭建实验台分别对无中心棒、插入圆柱形中心棒、倒锥形中心棒的石膏旋流器进行性能实验,获得生产能力、分股比、分离效率等指标参数的变化规律。研究结果表明:石膏旋流器内存在负压区,导致外界空气从两端出口倒流进入形成空气柱;空气的螺旋运动会引起能量损失;采用中心棒可有效消除空气柱,降低能耗,提高生产能力,对于石膏旋流器的分离有很好的促进作用,并具有良好的入口压力适应性。     

湿法烟气脱硫中石膏旋流器底流夹细的试验研究

针对石膏旋流器运行时存在的底流夹细问题,对排口比分别为0.500、0.625、0.667、0.714、0.750、0.833和1.000时,石膏浆液中不同粒径颗粒的分级情况进行试验研究,分析不同排口比对底流夹细的影响,以及排口比为0.625时入口压强对细颗粒分级的影响和空气柱对分级效率的影响.结果表明:选取适当的排口比以及入口压力均能有效降低底流中细颗粒的比例,同时能够保证粗颗粒具有较高的分级效率;插入中心棒取消空气柱也能在一定程度上减轻底流夹细现象,但会引起中等粒径颗粒分级效率降低.     

石灰石一石膏湿法脱硫系统石膏旋流器分级效率的研究

针对提高脱硫效率和石灰石利用率、提高产品品质和降低厂用电率等问题,从优化分级效率的角度探索提高石膏旋流器性能的方法．采用试验的方法,寻找石膏旋流器结构和工作参数对分级效率的影响规律．结果表明：较高的入口压力、适中的溢流管壁厚和内径、较大的溢流管插入深度以及选用渐缩式阿基米德螺旋线入口结构等因素对石膏旋流器的分级效率有积极效果．     

结构参数对石膏旋流器分股比的影响分析

对石膏旋流器在不同溢流管插入深度、溢流管壁厚和溢流与底流管径比k等参数条件下进行了研究,并分析了分股比的变化规律．结果表明：溢流管壁厚和溢流管插入深度均存在一个最优值,使得石膏旋流器分股比最大;入口压力对分股比的影响随着k值的增大而减小,并且k值越小,变化趋势越明显;在保持旋流器柱段内径、锥角、入口管内径以及溢流管壁厚不变,当k值一致时,分离效率随着入口压力的升高而提高,提高的趋势较平缓．     

溢流口结构对石膏旋流器分离性能的影响

通过试验研究了溢流口结构参数对石膏旋流器生产能力、分离效率及分流比等工艺指标的影响.结果表明:随着溢流管插入深度的增加,石膏旋流器的分离效率和分流比呈先升高后降低的趋势,其生产能力则呈相反的变化趋势,存在一个最优的插入深度值;随着溢流管内径的增大,石膏旋流器的分离效率和分流比均降低,而生产能力则提高;在溢流管壁厚约为18 mm时,石膏旋流器的分离效率和处理能力达到最大值.     

锥形旋流器贫熄实验点测量与外推

对低工况下燃料分配比对贫熄实验点的影响进行了研究.实验使用的燃烧器采用了燃料分配比可调的锥形旋流器头部结构.该研究提供了近贫熄时能够维持燃烧的锥形旋流器头部两部分燃料的取值范围;提供了在有限实验数据点的情况下,通过外推取得贫熄点的方法,并进行了初步实验验证,这对于处于振荡或低燃烧效率的近贫熄状态取得准确的相关数据有参考意义.本文的工作可为低工况下低排放高效稳定燃烧的相关研究提供参考.     

中心分级燃烧室旋流角变化对燃烧特性的影响

实验研究了一种中心分级燃烧室值班级旋流角变化对燃烧性能的影响。采用了单头部单管式燃烧室,值班级一级旋流器旋流数分别为0. 63、0. 72和0. 93,实验研究了采用不同旋流数时燃烧室的点火、慢车贫油熄火、污染物排放和燃烧效率等燃烧特性。实验结果表明:旋流数变化对燃烧室的点火、慢车贫油熄火、污染物排放及燃烧效率等有很大影响;旋流数及一级旋流器和二级旋流器的旋流数差值增加后燃烧室的点火和慢车贫油熄火特性得到改善。一级旋流器旋流数的增加会导致污染物排放的增加及燃烧效率的下降。     

七棒束内超临界流体流动传热的数值分析

在7棒束内超临界氟利昂流体传热试验数据的基础上,采用ω类湍流模型SST和RSO以及ε类湍流模型RNG和SSG对三组典型工况进行了数值计算.结果表明:近壁面区域采用低雷诺数模型处理的ω类模型能定性捕捉到壁面的局部传热弱化现象,而壁面函数法的处理方式不能预测到此类现象;受7棒束非对称热边界条件和强浮力的影响,棒束不同通道内流率分布存在强烈的不均匀性,中心棒和周边加热棒的传热特性存在显著差异.为了准确预测棒束内超临界流体的传热特性特别是典型传热弱化现象,应重点完善湍流模型的近壁面区域处理方式.     

WFGD水力旋流器中石灰石颗粒分级试验与数值模拟

湿法烟气脱流装置中水力旋流器分级试验表明,进口石灰石浆液的颗粒质量浓度为15%时,溢流口颗粒质量浓度达30%,溢流颗粒粒径则集中于30μm以下;随着颗粒粒径的增大,颗粒底流口回收率也在增大,当粒径达到30μm时,回收率已经接近100%。数值模拟表明,雷诺应力湍流模型、自由表面多相流动模型和斯托克斯拉格朗日模型能很好地描述水力旋流器内复杂三维运动的石灰石颗粒分级运动和规律。采用了初始边界条件不给出分流比、也不设定空气柱的模拟方法,模拟结果显示了空气柱的形成、流体的旋流流动。模拟得到的不同粒径颗粒的分级效率与高进口质量浓度条件下的试验结果吻合较好。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.