沸石-液态水吸附储热系统的释热特性

吸附储热是一种有着较高储热密度和较低热损失的储热方式.沸石-液态水吸附储热系统以沸石颗粒作为储热介质,具有系统简单、换热性能好和储热密度大等优点.利用Fluent建立了反应器二维轴对称对流换热模型,分析了进水流速、反应器高径比和颗粒粒径对系统释热过程出口水温的影响.研究表明,在计算条件下,该系统能够获得最大70℃的温升幅度,且进口流速越小,温升幅度越大;高径比越大,温升幅度越大,当高径比≥1.5时,温升不再随高径比的增加而增大;此外,粒径越小,反应速率和温升幅度越大,也越有利于沸石与水的充分反应.本研究有助于完善固-液吸附过程释热特性,为沸石-液态水吸附储热系统的设计和应用提供理论指导.     

板式换热器颗粒污垢特性的实验研究

以纳米氧化镁颗粒溶液为实验工质,进行了板式换热器颗粒污垢特性的实验研究,分析了颗粒质量浓度、颗粒粒径、流速和低温介质温度对颗粒污垢热阻的影响.结果表明:板式换热器颗粒污垢无明显诱导期存在,结垢速率和污垢热阻渐进值均随颗粒质量浓度的增大而增大,且增大幅度逐渐减小;颗粒粒径对污垢热阻的影响较明显,在相同质量浓度下,颗粒粒径越小,结垢速率越快,且污垢热阻越大;流速对污垢热阻的影响较为复杂,高流速下的结垢速率略大于低流速下,且高流速下达到稳定时的污垢热阻渐进值小于低流速下;低温介质温度对颗粒污垢热阻的影响不明显.     

层状组合结构轴拉条件下的裂缝饱和度分析与应用

基于裂缝扩展机理分析了裂缝扩展过程中的饱和现象,建立了层状组合结构的数值模型,分析了轴拉条件下裂缝中心区域的应力分布特征,论证了裂缝饱和度存在的客观性,探讨了荷载边界条件、材料参数与上覆压力对裂缝饱和度的影响,结合钢衬混凝土组合结构工程特性,研究了裂缝饱和度的基本规律。结果表明,轴向拉伸荷载边界条件不影响裂缝饱和度,裂缝层材料的弹性模量和泊松比越大,或相邻层材料的弹性模量和泊松比越小,裂缝饱和间距越大;上覆压力对裂缝饱和间距的影响较小。对于钢衬混凝土组合结构,轴拉条件下的裂缝饱和间距主要取决于外包混凝土厚度;布筋对钢衬混凝土组合结构的裂缝饱和度有显著影响,钢筋的埋入,相当于降低了混凝土裂缝层的有效厚度,可起到控制裂缝最大宽度的效果,建议将钢筋布置在混凝土层中部,以期增加潜在的裂缝条数,而不会出现宽度过大的裂缝。     

针阀升程对乙醇柴油的空化现象及近场喷雾特性的影响

基于等比例放大透明喷嘴搭建可视化试验台,以乙醇柴油为流动介质,通过控制燃油喷射压力改变孔内燃油流动速度,对比研究了不同燃油流速下3种针阀升程(3mm、6mm和8mm)所对应的喷嘴孔内空化现象及近场喷雾形态。试验发现:喷嘴孔内空化现象随燃油流速升高依次历经无空化阶段、空化阶段(初生-发展-超空化)和柱塞流阶段;同等燃油流速下针阀升程越小,则喷嘴孔内越易发生空化,且空化现象更为强烈。喷孔流量系数随燃油流速升高呈先缓慢增大后急剧减小的变化趋势;同等燃油流速下针阀升程越大,则喷孔流量系数越大。近场喷雾锥角随燃油流速升高呈先增后减的变化趋势;在柱塞流发生之前,同等燃油流速下针阀升程越小,则近场喷雾锥角越大,且喷雾锥角峰值对应的燃油流速越小。     

运行工况对多向扰流强化管CaSO4污垢特性的影响

为更深入并准确研究运行工况条件对多向扰流强化管CaSO_4污垢特性的影响,基于FLUENT软件的UDF功能构建了恒壁温条件下结垢传质过程与温度场的耦合作用关系,进一步采用田口法对运行工况致垢的贡献率进行了模拟比较,分析了贡献率较大的运行工况对污垢特性的影响。结果表明:溶液溶度致垢的贡献率占53.2%,而壁面温度、进口流速和进口温度的贡献率分别为22.2%、19.3%和5.3%;溶液溶度在4.0～2.5 kg/m~3,污垢热阻降低达90.47%,并且随溶度降低其相邻溶度间降低比例基本不变;壁面温度在340.0～315.0 K时,污垢热阻降低了65.22%,在前一阶段相邻温度间降低比例基本上不变,当达到320.0 K后降低明显;流速在1.0～2.5 m/s时,随流速的增加,污垢热阻降低68.65%,且随流速的增加,相邻流速间降低的速度明显减缓。     

基于Fluent/Matlab的地下水流速对顺流模式热泵性能的影响分析

地下水源热泵系统在地下水顺流模式下,不同的地下水横流速度对热泵性能参数的影响不同:顺流水流速越小,系统发生热贯通时间越晚;流速越大,发生热贯通时间越早。地下水横流流速度越大,热泵机组的COP越大,系统能效比越大。随着地下水横流流速增大,垂直顺着水流方向上温度场变化区域逐渐减小,为了减少井群占地区域,顺流模式下同类井群间距可以适当减少。     

圆管内置涡流发生器强化传热数值模拟

恒壁温条件下,采用RNG k-ε湍流模型的增强壁面处理(EWT),对圆管内置一种新涡流发生器雷诺数(Re)在25953～51906范围内的流体流动及传热特性进行数值模拟。通过计算努塞尔数(Nu)、摩擦阻力系数(f)与综合性能评价指标(PEC),分析涡流发生器的强化传热性能;得到横截面速度场、温度场及流线图分析强化传热形成原因。结果表明:同一Re,涡流发生器数量越多Nu越大、偏心安装Nu大于中心安装、顺置安装Nu大于倒置安装,同时考虑压力损失,发现偏心安装具有最优的强化传热性能;在涡流发生器附近,流体流速变大,同时涡流发生器产生2层旋流和涡流对壁面形成冲刷作用,破坏传热边界层,并使壁面不易结垢,达到强化传热和自清洁的双重效果。     

带有冷却熔盐的单罐蓄热过程数值模拟

本文对具有冷却熔盐的单罐蓄热储罐进行研究,考虑了冷却熔盐流速及流动方向、蓄热罐直径、高径比对蓄热储罐的影响。结果表明,在蓄热过程中,较低的冷却熔盐流速不会对蓄热区温度场造成影响,但能够明显降低内筒峰值壁温,有助于改善单罐蓄热的热棘轮效应;同等储热容积情况下,高径比越小,待机时通过内筒散热损失越小;在2h以内的蓄热待机情况下,受压外壁区域的熔盐温度低于碳钢、低合金钢最高使用温度,采用合理的壁温监控手段,可以使用成本较低的碳钢、低合金钢材料作为受压罐体,降低单罐蓄热的初始投资。     

砂土导热特性及表观热导率预测关联式模型

以细观尺度假设条件下砂土多孔/颗粒介质周期性单元结构为几何模型,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件开展针对不同孔隙率和饱和度、不同边界条件下,固-液-气三相砂土稳态热传导过程有限元数值实验。研究结果表明,砂土热导率随孔隙率的增加而降低,随饱和度的增加而增加,变化速率均逐渐减小;相同孔隙率和饱和度工况下方形单元结构采用恒壁温+绝热+第3类边界条件的组合方式时,热导率反向计算结果最优;基于数值实验结果建立的砂土热导率与孔隙率、饱和度之间的指数、幂律函数关系式计算获得的热导率在低、高饱和度区与实验回归模型预测结果吻合度较高;与理论和试验研究相比,数值模拟/实验可以有效表征孔隙/颗粒尺度砂土导热特性,进而以土壤物理参数为基础建立具有较高精度的砂土表观热导率预测关联式模型。     

喷嘴距离和喷嘴角度对油膜附壁的影响

为研究进气道燃油喷射汽油机内喷嘴距离和喷嘴角度对燃油碰壁形成的附壁油膜的影响,采用激光诱导荧光法,研究了不同喷嘴距离和喷嘴角度下的附壁油膜厚度二维分布规律.结果表明,喷嘴角度越小,附壁油膜厚度较大的区域越向下游移动,油膜较厚区域的范围越大,油膜的最大厚度越小.喷嘴距离越大,附壁油膜的厚度越薄.     

Heat transfer analysis of thermal disassociation of ZnO for solar hydrogen production

Hydrogen production by the two-step solar thermochemical cycle has high cycle efficiency, low cost, and a great development space. Of special interest is the solar thermochemical cycle based on ZnO/Zn redox reactions since its high theoretical hydrogen yield and relatively low endothermic reaction temperature. In this paper, a steady heat transfer model for thermal ZnO dissociation in a solar thermochemical reactor is developed, coupling conduction, convection and radiation with chemical reaction. Accuracy was evaluated by comparison of results obtained from other references. Based on the new proposed reactor, the model is adopted to analyze the operating parameter effect on the conversion rate and fluid feature inside the solar reactor. The results show that the mass flow rate of ZnO and aperture gas temperature have a positive relation with ZnO conversion rate, however, the diameter of particles and aperture gas velocity has an inverse relation with ZnO conversion rate under specific condition. The results will provide useful foundation for improving the solar-to-fuel conversion rate in the near future.     

节流型微通道换热特性研究

为研究节流型微通道换热特性,设计并加工制作了突缩突扩结构的微通道实验件。采用控制变量法控制改变加热电压、质量流量、入口温度,通过实验数据对比分析研究了影响节流型微通道对流换热的规律。研究结果表明:随着质量流量的增加,微通道蒸发器的对流传热系数不断减小;随着雷诺数的增大努谢尔数不断增大,对流换热效果比较明显。     

Influences of bubble formation on different types of heat exchanger fouling

In this paper, a systematic comparison is performed to investigate fouling of suspended particles under forced convective and subcooled flow boiling heat transfer. For this purpose, two different types of fouling are separately considered: crystallization fouling of dissolved CaSO₄ particles in water and particulate fouling of suspended Al₂O₃ particles in n–heptane. The effect of hydraulic parameters such as fluid velocity and also bubble generation under subcooled flow boiling are studied. Results of the experiments demonstrate that creation of boiling condition in the heat exchanger has opposite influence in these two types of fouling. It means that bubble generation on the heat transfer surface promotes scale formation under crystallization fouling. This is due to the fact that increased bubble generation creates higher supersaturation beneath the vapor bubble, therefore, increasing the crystal concentration in the boundary layer. On the other hand, boiling condition inhibits the scale formation under particulate fouling because the suspended particles are repelled from the boundary layer by the strong turbulences created by the swarm of bubbles.     

Effect of chemical reaction and thermal radiation on heat and mass transfer flow of MHD micropolar fluid in a rotating frame of reference

This paper studies the effect of first order chemical reaction and thermal radiation on hydromagnetic free convection heat and mass transfer flow of a micropolar fluid via a porous medium bounded by a semi-infinite porous plate with constant heat source in a rotating frame of reference. The plate is assumed to oscillate in time with constant frequency so that the solutions of the boundary layer are the same oscillatory type. The dimensionless governing equations for this investigation are solved analytically using small perturbation approximation. The effect of the various dimensionless parameters entering into the problem on the velocity, temperature and concentration profiles across the boundary layer are investigated through graphs. Also the results of the skin friction coefficient, couple stress coefficient, the rate of heat and mass transfer at the wall are prepared with various values of the parameters.     

Influence of natural convection on forced horizontal flow in saturated porous media for aquifer thermal energy storage

Estimation of the heat recovery rate in high-temperature underground storage (>50 °C) is required before such a system can be built. However, if high-temperature water is injected into and stored in the aquifer, large-scale natural convection could occur that might reduce the heat recovery rate. This study aims to clarify the universal quantitative condition under which natural convection appears and exerts an observable influence for a system with forced horizontal flow in the saturated porous medium. The authors investigated this using both experiments and computer simulations.A test section simulating an aquifer was made. Warm water was injected into the test section, which was filled with glass beads. The temperature distribution and the flow rate profile at the outlet were measured. The authors found that the limit condition at which natural convection influences the forced horizontal flow can be determined from the velocity profile and modified Rayleigh number Ra^*. In addition, the heat transfer coefficients of the upper and the lower side of walls were estimated. A computer simulation was made for calculation of the temperature field and the velocity vector in the porous medium under natural convection and under forced convection. As calculated temperature fields and flow rate distributions at the outlet were similar to the experimental results, it is thought that this program can be applied to evaluation of the temperature and the velocity of aquifer thermal energy storage. In addition, an index expressing the degree of influence of natural convection on forced convection was proposed.     

Influence of chemical reaction and thermal radiation on the heat and mass transfer in MHD micropolar flow over a vertical moving porous plate in a porous medium with heat generation

An analysis is presented for the effects of chemical reaction and thermal radiation on hydromagnetic free convection heat and mass transfer for a micropolar fluid via a porous medium bounded by a semi-infinite vertical porous plate in the presence of heat generation. The plate moves with a constant velocity in the longitudinal direction and the free stream velocity follows an exponentially small perturbation law. A uniform magnetic field acts perpendicularly to the porous surface in which absorbs the micropolar fluid with a suction velocity varying with time. Analytical expressions are computed numerically. Numerical calculations are carried out the purpose of the discussion of the results which are shown on graphs and the effects of the various dimensionless parameters entering into the problem on the velocity, angular velocity, temperature, concentration. Also, the results of the skin-friction coefficient, the couple stress coefficient and the rates of the heat and mass transfers at the wall are prepared with various values of fluid properties and the flow conditions are studied.     

理想流体对流传热问题的理论解

研究理想流体受迫对流传热和自然对流传热问题的理论解。采用流体无垂直于壁面法线方向运动(即无穿透)的条件取代黏性流体在壁面无滑移条件，解决了流体在边界上有滑移时计算对流传热系数的困难，给出了理想流体与平壁受迫对流传热、理想流体与竖直壁面自然对流传热和理想流体在管内受迫对流传热的理论解。结果表明：理想流体的对流传热与黏性流体同样存在着热边界层。在外部流动的情况下，无论受迫对流传热还是自然对流传热，对流传热系数都与流体的导热系数、密度和比热三乘积的二分之一次方成正比。在管内受迫对流的情况下，当无因次长度大于0．05时，局部Nu和界面无因次温度分布都不再变化，对于恒热流边界条件，Nu等于8，截面无因次平均温度等于2；对于恒壁温边界条件，Nu等于5．782，截面无因次平均温度等于2．316。     

A Numerical Study on the Forced Convection of Laminar Nanofluid in a Microchannel with Both Slip and No-Slip Conditions

This article provides numerically study of the thermal performance of a microchannel, cooled with either pure water or a Cu-water nanofluid, while considering the effects of both slip and no-slip boundary conditions on the flow field and heat transfer. The microchannel is partially heated at a constant temperature and cooled by forced convection of a laminar flow at a relatively lower temperature. The effects of pertinent parameters such as Reynolds number, solid volume fraction, and slip velocity coefficient on the thermal performance of the microchannel are studied. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the heat transfer rate is significantly affected by the solid volume fraction and slip velocity coefficient at high Reynolds numbers.     

Chemical reaction and Dufour effects on nonlinear free convection heat and mass transfer flow near a vertical moving porous plate

A theoretical analysis is made for steady fully developed free convection and mass transfer flow near an infinite vertical moving porous plate by taking into consideration the first‐order chemical reaction and Dufour effects. The mathematical model responsible for the present physical situation is based on the nonlinear density variation with temperature as well as nonlinear density variation with concentration. Exact solutions are derived for heat mass and momentum equations under relevant boundary conditions. The dimensionless velocity, temperature, and concentration are presented in terms of exponential functions. The impact of controlling parameters such as Dufour number (diffusion thermo effect), chemical reaction parameter, Prandlt number, Schmidt number, on velocity, temperature, Nusselt number, and skin friction are discussed with the aid of line graphs, contours, and tables. The analysis of the result shows that Nusselt number, skin friction, and velocity increases with increase in Dufour number. Furthermore, velocity and skin friction are higher in case of nonlinear convection in comparison to linear convection.     

A new method for simulating the combustion of a large biomass particle—A combination of a volume reaction model and front reaction approximation

Combining a volume reaction model and front reaction approximation is proposed to simulate the combustion of a large biomass particle. Two intraparticle processes—drying and char oxidation—are simplified as front reaction because they are transport controlled. The other intraparticle process—pyrolysis—is described as the volume reaction because it is controlled by both heat transfer and kinetics. A new numerical method based on the basic mechanism of the process is applied to mitigate oscillations of the solution of the front reactions. To compare the calculation results with the experimental results presented in the literature, combustion of cubic wood particles between 5 and 25 mm is chosen to test the new method. Drying, pyrolysis, char oxidation, vapor condensation, shrinkage of the process, heat transfer via conduction, diffusion, convection, radiation and mass transfer via diffusion, and convection inside particle are taken into account. Finite volumes attached to solid materials are used to discretize the domain and explicit method with variable time step is used to calculate the process. A program was written and the calculation showed that the conversion of a particle is almost independent of computational mesh from 10 cells on. However there is significant instability in the mass loss rate curve when the number of cells is less than 20. Predictions for different particle sizes, furnace temperatures and moisture contents were compared with measurements and they agree reasonably well. The results highlight the significance of pyrolysis kinetics on prediction. Thus, the front reaction model of pyrolysis assuming a constant reaction temperature of 773 K is sometimes inadequate. The proposed method also showed that moisture content and pyrolysis reactivity significantly affect the thickness of devolatilizing fuel.