运行工况对圆形楞涡流发生器CaSO4污垢特性的影响

为了研究运行工况对圆形楞涡流发生器CaSO4污垢特性的影响。采用数值模拟方法研究了布置圆形楞涡流发生器矩形通道内壁面CaSO4析晶污垢的沉积过程。主要分析了CaSO4溶液的浓度、壁面温度、入口速度和入口温度对污垢沉积率、剥蚀率和污垢热阻的影响。结果表明,随入口速度的增大沉积率和剥蚀率均增大,而污垢热阻值降低。随着壁面温度的增大沉积率、剥蚀率和污垢热阻均增大。随工质浓度的增大沉积率、剥蚀率和污垢热阻也是均增大。随入口温度的增大沉积率、剥蚀率和污垢热阻却基本不变。     

不同工况下冲孔矩形翼涡流发生器的纳米氧化镁颗粒污垢特性

为了研究不同工况情况下冲孔矩形翼涡流发生器的纳米氧化镁颗粒的污垢特性,通过实验对比了冲孔矩形翼涡流发生器和未冲孔矩形翼涡流发生器的污垢特性,探讨了水浴温度、工质质量浓度及工质流速对颗粒污垢的影响。实验结果表明:相同工况下,冲孔矩形翼涡流发生器较未冲孔涡流发生器具有更优的抑垢效果;随着水浴温度的升高,污垢热阻渐近值增加,而且结垢速率也增大;污垢热阻渐近值随着工质质量浓度的增加而增大,结垢速率有略微提升;随着工质流速的增大,污垢热阻渐近值和结垢速率均降低。     

矩形通道中不同楞型涡流发生器的CaSO4污垢特性

为研究不同楞型涡流发生器的污垢特性,对安装有相同长宽高的圆形楞、矩形楞和三角楞三种涡流发生器的矩形通道进行了模拟研究。在入口温度不变的情况下,分别考察了工质流速、质量浓度以及壁面温度对三种涡流发生器污垢特性的影响。结果表明:三种涡流发生器的污垢热阻都具有相同的变化趋势。随着速度、质量浓度和壁温的增大,污垢热阻达到平衡的时间越来越短。污垢热阻随着流体速度的增大而减小,随着工质质量浓度的增加而变大,随着壁面温度的升高而增大。在相同的工况条件下通过对比三种涡流发生器可知,装有圆形楞涡流发生器的通道内污垢热阻渐近值最大,矩形楞次之,三角楞最小。     

板式换热器颗粒污垢特性的实验研究

以纳米氧化镁颗粒溶液为实验工质,进行了板式换热器颗粒污垢特性的实验研究,分析了颗粒质量浓度、颗粒粒径、流速和低温介质温度对颗粒污垢热阻的影响.结果表明:板式换热器颗粒污垢无明显诱导期存在,结垢速率和污垢热阻渐进值均随颗粒质量浓度的增大而增大,且增大幅度逐渐减小;颗粒粒径对污垢热阻的影响较明显,在相同质量浓度下,颗粒粒径越小,结垢速率越快,且污垢热阻越大;流速对污垢热阻的影响较为复杂,高流速下的结垢速率略大于低流速下,且高流速下达到稳定时的污垢热阻渐进值小于低流速下;低温介质温度对颗粒污垢热阻的影响不明显.     

换热器结垢工况下换热系数变化的分析研究

介绍了换热器污垢热阻的数学模型，包括污垢沉积模型和剥蚀模型。分析了换热器结垢工况下的换热系数的变化，重点研究了时间、流体雷诺数Re和流体—污垢界面温度Ts对换熟系数K的影响，以及在结垢诱导期内换热系数K的变化。得到了冷却水流速与污垢热阻之间的关系式，界面温度Ts与污垢热阻和换热系数之间关系的示意图，并得出了诱导期内的换热系数K大于结垢过程的其他四个阶段的结论。最后，阐述了分析结果对工程的实际指导意义。     

内置螺旋弹簧换热管污垢性能的实验研究

建立污垢热阻实验系统,对光管和内置螺旋弹簧换热管进行污垢热阻实验,研究不同水质硬度、流体温度、流速对污垢形成过程的影响,比较两者的污垢性能。实验表明:随着水质硬度的提高,结垢速率加快,诱导期缩短,污垢热阻增加,但增至某硬度时,渐进污垢热阻出现下降现象;随着流体温度的提高,诱导期趋于消失,结垢速率加快,渐进污垢热阻增大;随着流速的提高,结垢速率减慢,诱导期延长,渐进污垢热阻减小。通过内置螺旋弹簧换热管与光管污垢热阻的对比,表明内置螺旋弹簧换热管具有一定的抗垢作用。     

管材种类和污垢对凝汽器传热性能的影响

用凝汽器热力计算中的分布计算公式,对电厂常用的黄铜管HSn70-1、钛管TA2、奥氏体不锈钢管304、317L,铁素体不锈钢管444、SEA-CURE(海优)进行了传热性能的计算,定量分析研究了管材的导热系数和污垢对凝汽器传热性能的影响。结果表明,尽管不同管材的导热系数相差数倍,常用管材凝汽器的总传热系数K差别一般不到6%,有污垢时差别进一步缩小;污垢热阻是控制热阻,0.015mm碳酸钙垢就占总热阻的50%以上,使K降低一半左右;管壁热阻占比最小,清洁时约为3%~11%,0.015mm碳酸钙垢时,约占总热阻的1.5%~6%。     

基于污水换热器污垢不同生长阶段的除垢试验研究

为了提高污水换热器的除垢效果,文章以管壳式污水换热器为研究对象,以沙粒作为除垢粒子,以污垢热阻变化率表征除垢效果,在利用烘干灼烧失重法、能谱分析法和微观结构分析法分析污垢成分的基础上,运用污垢热阻法进行除垢试验研究。通过试验研究了在污垢生长的诱导期、生长期和渐近期3个阶段除垢对污垢热阻值的影响。试验结果表明:管壳式污水换热器管内污垢的主要成分为含水量较高的有机物;结垢工况下,污垢热阻渐近值为0.74×10^-3(m^2·K)/W;在污垢生长的诱导期、生长期和渐近期进行除垢后,污垢热阻渐近值分别为0.4×10^-3,0.42×10^-3,0.6×10^-3(m^2·K)/W,与结垢工况相比,污垢热阻渐近值分别降低了45.9%,43.2%,18.9%,除垢工况下污垢热阻增长速率较结垢工况明显减缓。     

钛管CaCO_3污垢特性的实验研究

实验研究了钛管的污垢特性,并和不锈钢管、紫铜光管的污垢特性进行了比较.结果表明,钛管的污垢诱导期随着浓度的增大而增大,随着流速的增大而减小;但污垢热阻值随着浓度和流速的变化规律较复杂.在同种工况下,钛管的诱导期比不锈钢管短、却比铜管长,污垢热阻渐近值比铜管小、却比不锈钢管大,说明了钛管的抗垢性能虽好于铜管,但比不锈钢管差.     

1000MW直接空冷机组凝汽器污垢热阻对热经济性影响特性研究

直接空冷机组运行一段时间后,其散热器管内、外污垢热阻会对机组的热经济性产生一定的影响.以某1 000MW直接空冷机组为例,取污垢热阻的变化范围为0～0.001m2·K/W,用η-NTU建立了机组排汽压力的管内、外污垢热阻数学模型.分析了热负荷一定的情况下,不同环境温度、迎面风速下,散热器管内、外污垢热阻对排汽压力的影响特性.结合当地经济因素,比较了不同管内、外污垢热阻阻值对机组年运行费用的影响程度,为机组的经济运行提供了参考.     

Assessment of thermal performance improvement of GT-MHR by waste heat utilization in power generation and hydrogen production

The Gas Turbine Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR) uses two compression stages to compress the helium and a pre-cooler and an intercooler to reduce the compressors inlet temperature, that dissipate around 308.36 MW_th at the design operational conditions. This dissipated thermal energy can be used as an energy source to produce hydrogen. An energy analysis is conducted for a proposed system that includes GT-MHR combined with Organic Rankine Cycle (GT-MHR/ORC) and a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer (GT-MHR/ORC-PEM) for hydrogen production. The optimum operating parameters values of the new cycle are obtained using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software. Thermal efficiency has been improved from 48.6% for the simple GT-MHR cycle to 49.8% for the new combined (GT-MHR/ORC-PEM) cycle including hydrogen production at a rate of 0.0644 kg/s at the same operating conditions. However, the thermal efficiency for the combined GT-MHR/ORC was higher and reaches 50.68%. Moreover, a parametric study is carried out over a wide range of some operating conditions such as turbine inlet temperature, Compressor pressure ratio and compressor inlet temperature to investigate their effect on the new cycle performance. Results revealed that increasing the low-pressure compressor inlet temperature increases the amount of hydrogen produced while decreasing thermal efficiencies for the three cycles. Furthermore, increasing compressor pressure ratio reduces the mass flow rate of hydrogen produced util it reaches a minimum value then it starts to increase slightly, on the contrary, an opposite relationship is observed between thermal efficiencies and compressor pressure ratio. Moreover, at low compressor pressure ratio, the rate of hydrogen produced increases with increasing turbine inlet temperature; however, it decreases by increasing the turbine inlet temperature at high compressor pressure ratio. Nevertheless, a direct correlation is noticed between thermal efficiencies and turbine inlet temperature.     

hiTRAN® Wire Matrix Inserts in Fouling Applications

Fouling characteristics are dictated largely by the properties of the thermal and hydrodynamic boundary layers. As a result, fouling mitigation strategies must take into account the conditions in this region. hiTRAN wire matrix tube inserts are a useful tool in altering the conditions near the tube wall, especially in the laminar and transition flow regions. This review article considers particle image velocimetry and laser doppler velocimetry measurements, which were employed in order to show the hydrodynamic differences between plain tubes and those containing inserts. Measurements indicate that the wall shear rate in tubes containing hiTRAN inserts operating in the laminar flow regime is similar to that for plain bore tubes operating in the turbulent flow regime. Moreover, the increased tube-side heat transfer coefficient that results from the reduction of the thermal boundary layer allows operation with smaller Effective Mean Temperature Differences (EMTDs). This enables the designer to reduce the tube wall temperature to a level below the fouling threshold temperature, e.g., to combat crude oil fouling. The results from the laser analyses into the hydrodynamic boundary layer are backed up by recent research data investigating the effect of hiTRAN inserts on sedimentation and particulate fouling. The thickness of the fouling layer was measured by applying a combination of photographic and laser measurement techniques. The results are compared to plain tube data and are reported as a function of both flow rate and hiTRAN insert packing density. The impact of altering the hydrodynamic and thermal conditions near to the wall is subsequently demonstrated for different fouling mechanisms. Studies of the impact of hiTRAN inserts on biological and chemical reaction fouling in crude oil processing are also reviewed. A better understanding of the threshold shear rates and wall temperatures for different fouling mechanisms is required for any study into the impact of fouling. Combining this knowledge with the principles outlined in this article clearly emphasizes the benefit of using hiTRAN wire matrix inserts as a powerful tool to mitigate fouling.     

涡流发生器表面参量与析晶污垢热阻间的关联分析

为研究换热表面上涡流发生器的流动参数和结构参量对析晶污垢的影响,并比较各类参数的关联程度。通过数值计算的方式,得出在不同入口速度、壁面温度和工质质量浓度下污垢热阻的变化情况。并得出在不同楞长、排列间距和半径下污垢热阻的变化情况。并根据灰色关联原理分析三个流动参数和三个结构参数与污垢热阻的关联程度。经分析其中两种流动参数对污垢热阻的影响高于所研究的结构参数的影响,但污垢热阻与楞长的关联度高于工质质量浓度的关联度。     

Experimental and numerical study on charging processes of an ice‐on‐coil thermal energy storage system

In this study, an external melt ice‐on‐coil thermal storage was studied and tested over various inlet conditions of secondary fluid—glycol solution—flow rate and temperature in charging process. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of inlet conditions of secondary fluid and validate the numerical model predictions on ice‐on‐coil thermal energy storage system. The total thermal storage energy and the heat transfer rate in the system were investigated in the range of 10 l min ^?1?V??60 l min ^?1. A new numerical model based on temperature transforming method for phase change material (PCM) described by Faghri was developed to solve the problem of the system consisting of governing equations for the heat transfer fluid, pipe wall and PCM. Numerical simulations were performed to investigate the effect of working conditions of secondary fluid and these were compared with the experimental results. The numerical results verified with experimental investigation show that the stored energy rises with increasing flow rate a decreasing tendency. It is also observed that the inlet temperature of the fluid has more influence on energy storage quantity than flow rate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于格子Boltzmann方法的微通道受热表面析晶污垢模拟

针对现有的污垢析晶沉积模型不能有效模拟真实污垢生长的问题，建立了一种引入析晶沉积动力学模型的多物理场耦合数值模型。模型基于格子Boltzmann方法和有限差分方法，模拟了微通道非等温热表面上近壁面处的沉积物溶质质量浓度分布和污垢生长过程，研究了流速、壁温和沉积物溶质质量浓度对微通道热表面污垢析晶沉积的影响。结果表明：沉积初始时刻流速和壁温对近壁面沉积物溶质质量浓度分布具有不同程度的影响，随着污垢不断生长，污垢-流体界面处的析晶沉积速率减小；相比于流速，沉积物溶质质量浓度对污垢热阻的影响更为显著。     

Crystallization fouling of CaCO3 – Analysis of experimental thermal resistance and its uncertainty

Crystallization fouling occurs when dissolved salts precipitate from an aqueous solution. In the case of inversely soluble salts, like calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), this may lead to crystal growth on heated walls. Crystallization may also take place in the bulk solution either via homogeneous nucleation or heterogeneous nucleation on suspended material.In this paper, surface crystallization of CaCO₃ and crystallization in the bulk fluid and its effect on the fouling rate on a heated wall are studied. The fouling experiments are done in a laboratory scale set-up of a flat plate heat exchanger. Accuracy of the results is analyzed by uncertainty analysis. SEM and XRD are used to determine the morphology and the composition of the deposited material.The uncertainty analysis shows that the bias and precision uncertainties in the measured wall temperature are the largest source of uncertainty in the experiments. The total uncertainty in the fouling resistance in the studied case was found to be ±13.5% at the 95% confidence level, which is considered to be acceptable.Surface crystallization rate is found to be controlled by the wall temperature indicating that the surface integration dominates the fouling process. The flow velocity affects the fouling rate especially at high wall temperature by decreasing the fouling rate with increasing flow velocity. Crystallization to the bulk fluid is found to enhance significantly the fouling rate on the surface when compared to a case in which fouling is due to crystal growth on the surface.     

高温太阳能吸热管在非均匀热流下的温度研究及结构优化

对腔式管状集热器在非均匀受热条件下进行温度场和热应力场的模拟。研究发现周向温差的不同造成吸热管的热变形分布不同,且吸热管后半段热变形最大;同时,太阳能辐射量随时间变化导致热流密度和吸热管壁面上的周向温差都在发生变化。鉴于此,分别从腔式集热器吸热管的结构、工作介质物性等方面入手以解决非均匀热流带来的形变问题。通过改变吸热管的结构、选择较薄的壁厚、降低管径、增大进口流速及掺入纳米粒子均能有效减小吸热管的周向温差,从而减少热变形问题。     

用两种方法分析N-36000-1凝汽器热力性能

首先利用自行开发的凝汽器数值模拟程序对N-36000-1型凝汽器的设计工况热力性能进行了数值分析。然后通过定义凝汽器工程设计方法———“表面式凝汽器标准”中的清洁系数与数值模拟方法中的污垢热阻之间的关系式,分别利用这两种方法计算了该凝汽器在不同的冷却水速度、温度和管侧污垢等一系列对应工况下凝汽器的传热率和蒸汽凝结率。通过对这些计算结果的比较与分析,指出冷却水速度、温度这两种影响因素在这两种计算方法的影响趋势虽然相似,但它们在工程设计方法中的影响更大。     

The impact of fouling on performance evaluation of evaporative coolers and condensers

Fouling of evaporative cooler and condenser tubes is one of the most important factors affecting their thermal performance, which reduces effectiveness and heat transfer capability with time. In this paper, the experimental data on fouling reported in the literature are used to develop a fouling model for this class of heat exchangers. The model predicts the decrease in heat transfer rate with the growth of fouling. A detailed model of evaporative coolers and condensers, in conjunction with the fouling model, is used to study the effect of fouling on the thermal performance of these heat exchangers at different air inlet wet bulb temperatures. The results demonstrate that fouling of tubes reduces gains in performance resulting from decreasing values of air inlet wet bulb temperature. It is found that the maximum decrease in effectiveness due to fouling is about 55 and 78% for the evaporative coolers and condensers, respectively, investigated in this study. For the evaporative cooler, the value of process fluid outlet temperature T_p,out varies by 0.66% only at the clean condition for the ambient wet bulb temperatures considered. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.