基于数值模拟的矩形微槽热沉流道的优化设计

为了提高矩形微槽热沉的散热性能,首先利用热阻网络模型对数值方法进行验证;然后分别对斜槽开度u为0.2 mm时不同形式的流道进行数值模拟,找到最优的开槽方式;再以双排叉槽的斜槽开度u为设计变量,以热阻与泵功率为优化目标分别利用多项式回归与径向基函数进行代理模型的构建,通过精度分析,利用多目标遗传算法对径向基函数模型进行寻优,最后利用熵权TOPSIS法进行优化方案的选取。结果表明:泵功率随着斜槽开度的增大而逐渐降低,而热阻随着斜槽开度的增大先减小后增大。优化后槽道的斜槽开度u为0.3213 mm,与不开斜槽的矩形直槽道相比热阻与泵功率分别降低了26.62%与19.62%。     

翅片式热管散热器自然对流换热特性分析与多目标结构优化

采用数值计算方法对一种应用于半导体制冷片热端散热的翅片式热管散热器进行模拟,探究自然对流条件下不同翅片参数对散热器换热特性的影响。结合多目标遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ),以影响散热器散热的两个主要参数——翅片表面传热系数和肋面效率为优化目标,对散热器整体做出综合优化,并对优化结果进行K均值聚类分析,提出了翅片端优化原则。结果表明,肋面效率对散热器性能的影响有限,提高表面传热系数可显著降低散热器总热阻;与未优化方案相比,所选优化方案可使基板热端面温度下降3.5K,散热器热阻降低18.22%。     

新型多孔铜微通道热沉散热性能实验研究

新型多孔铜微通道散热技术采用多孔铜微通道结构,增加热沉与冷却工质的接触面积,提高热沉的散热性能。利用单室金属-气体共晶定向凝固工艺,通过控制冷却速度、过热度、气压等工艺参数,从而制备优质的多孔铜材料。根据多孔铜微通道热沉散热原理,搭建散热性能测试平台,研究冷却工质流量、多孔铜材料的孔径和孔隙率、入口截面斜率角对多孔铜微通道热沉散热性能的影响规律。结果表明:增加冷却工质流量有利于提高多孔铜微通道热沉的散热性能;在恒定体积流量下,减小孔径有利于提高多孔铜微通道热沉的散热性能;当多孔铜孔隙率为30.8%时,多孔铜微通道热沉散热性能最佳;入口截面斜率角对多孔铜微通道热沉散热性能的影响较小。     

竖直热沉自然对流散热的两种强化措施研究

为了对高效大功率远端射频模块(RRU)的散热器设计提供依据,本文提出了两种强化直翅式竖直热沉自然对流散热的有效措施:对完整热沉在中间位置开缝同时在开缝处添加挡片,以及对开缝热沉存在的局部传热不利区域开孔来强化散热。本文采用了实验手段结合数值模拟的方法,研究了两种逐次递进的改进措施对给定几何结构参数的直翅式竖直热沉散热性能的影响。研究结果表明:当开缝宽度为10 mm时,中间开缝并添加挡片之后,竖直热沉散热性能显著提升;开缝从中间位置分别向上或向下平移时,散热性能均逐渐减弱。添加挡片后的中间开缝热沉肋间流场存在传热死区,通过对该区域内的翅片开孔能够有效减少传热死区的面积;开孔不仅改变了肋间空气的流向,而且形成了漩涡现象和扰流运动,从而进一步强化了热沉整体的散热性能。     

不同出口位置对矩形微通道热沉流动和换热特性的影响

建立了三维共轭传热模型,基于两种不同的进口位置,对微通道热沉内单相层流的流动换热进行了数值模拟,且根据其流场分布,调整热沉的出口位置。研究发现:出口位置调整后,热沉的流动均匀性得到改善,并在泵功消耗相差很小的情况下,使热沉获得了更好的散热均温性及更低的总热阻。这表明,对于不同的进口位置,均存在着一个相对最佳的出口角度,使得热沉获得更好的速度场及温度场,从而使得热沉整体的换热性能得到提升。     

变齿距电磁作动器集中参数热模型的构建与分析

根据变齿距电磁作动器的几何结构和传热特点,建立其集中参数热模型。对加工好的样机温度进行了试验测量,并将集中参数热模型的计算结果与试验数据进行了对比,结果表明,在不同线圈电压下,作动器线圈和外壳温度的最大相对误差仅为8.40%和9.22%,证明了所建立模型的有效性。利用所建立的集中参数热模型,研究了作动器温升对各个热阻的敏感性,结果表明,作动器温升对外壳与环境之间的散热热阻最为敏感,当其增加20%时,线圈温度和外壳温度将分别增加6.10%和8.40%,而其他热阻对作动器的线圈和外壳温度的影响都非常小。最后,对变齿距电磁作动器的冷却方式进行了探讨,高电密的情况下,在外壳设计散热肋片是提高冷却效果的实用方式。     

热沉几何参数对侧面泵浦板状激光介质热效应影响分析

以不均匀换热系数模型为基础，数值研究了侧面泵浦板状激光介质在热沉冷却情况下，热沉的几何参数对介质最高温度及最大应力的影响。结果表明，热沉材料对激光介质热效应的影响表现在热阻效应和温度均匀化效应两个方面：热沉材料的导热性能较差时，介质最高温度及最大应力随介质厚度的增加而增加；热沉材料的导热性能较好时，不同热沉厚度下介质最高温度及最大应力变化很小。随着热沉长度的增加，介质内最高温度和最大应力均下降。     

圆形热负荷作用面电器件散热器的结构参数对热阻的影响

用数值方法分析了圆形热负荷作用面电器件散热器的结构参数对热阻的影响。定义了无量纲坐标及无量纲热阻R，得到了在不同几何参数条件下毕渥数Bi与无量纲热阻R的关系。在大量数据基础上拟合获得了毕渥数Bi及散热器几何参数与无量纲热阻R的关联式，该关联式不仅可以获得热阻随参数变化的趋势，而且能够直接预测散热器的热阻，揭示了热负荷作用面为圆形的电器件散热器散热特性。研究结果为使用这类散热器的设计提供了理论和计算依据。     

平行流式电机周向水套结构参数对散热性能影响研究

针对电力机车上某功率密度为1.27 kW/kg的平行流式电机周向水套结构的散热问题进行了研究。首先利用热阻网络法建立了平行流多通道截面的热阻数学模型;然后借助FLUENT软件对水套的电机散热过程进行了数值模拟,并对结构参数进行了优化;最后通过实验验证了计算的正确性。结果表明:当通道孔数n增大时,总热阻普遍减小;当通道单孔宽度x增大时,总热阻先增大后减小,当n=6个、x=1.670 mm时,水套具有最佳的散热性能;水套各测温点的数值模拟温度与实验测量温度之间的相对误差均低于5.00%。     

复合热沉环路热管的热点散热性能模拟研究

针对芯片功耗与集成度提高而导致的局部热点问题,设计了一种用于芯片散热的复合热沉环路热管系统。建立了环路热管蒸发段模型,通过数值模拟的方法,证明了复合热沉环路热管系统能够降低热点温度,提高散热表面的温度均匀程度,且散热效果与热点的分布位置有关。当热点的热流密度为160W/cm2,热沉横向、纵向导热率分别为1500W/(m?K)、24W/(m?K)时,热点温度为88.88°C,相比于无热沉时降低了5.96°C。研究了不同热沉导热率下的热沉厚度对热点温度的影响,结果表明：若导热率各项同性,热点温度随热沉厚度的增加而降低,之后趋向不变;若为各项异性,存在最优的热沉厚度,使热点温度最低。     

Modeling of double-layer triangular microchannel heat sink based on thermal resistance network and multivariate structural optimization using firefly algorithm

Abstract

The micro-channel heat dissipation system has minor specifications and good thermal conductivity per unit, which is the best choice for heat dissipation of micro-chips. By optimizing the cross section of microchannel, the heat exchange efficiency and temperature uniformity can be effectively improved. In this article, a double-layer triangular microchannel heat sink is proposed, which uniquely combines triangular cross section and double-layer structure to obtain a better heat dissipation performance. A new thermal resistance network model is established. At the same time, the model of pressure drop in microchannel heat sink is obtained by use of fluid theory. Taking thermal resistance and pressure drop as optimization objectives, the thermal resistance of double-layer triangular microchannel heat sink is 0.284?K/W and the pressure drop is 1386.89?Pa by using the firefly algorithm based on the Pareto optimal solution set, obtaining the optimal structural parameters. The thermal-flow-solid coupling simulation analysis shows that the thermal resistance and theoretical analysis error is 5.19%, and the pressure drop and theoretical analysis error is 9.49%, which can verify the accuracy of the thermal resistance network model. This article has a guiding significance for the thermal resistance analysis and heat dissipation improvement of non-rectangular cross section microchannel heat sinks.     

Optimum design parameters of Pin-Fin heat sink using the grey-fuzzy logic based on the orthogonal arrays

The effects of design parameters and the optimum design parameters for a Pin-Fin heat sink (PFHS) with the multiple thermal performance characteristics have been investigated by using the grey-fuzzy logic based on the orthogonal arrays. Various design parameters, such as height and diameter of pin-fin and width of pitch between fins are explored by experiment. The average convective heat transfer coefficient, thermal resistance and pressure drop are considered as the multiple thermal performance characteristics. Through the grey-fuzzy logic analysis, the optimization of complicated multiple performance characteristics can be converted into the optimization of a single grey-fuzzy reasoning grade. In addition, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is applied to find the effect of each design parameter on the each or all thermal performance characteristics. Then the results of confirmation test with the optimal level constitution of design parameters have obviously shown that this logic approach can effective in optimizing the PFHS with the multiple thermal performance characteristics.     

Multidisciplinary optimization of a pin-fin radial heat sink for LED lighting applications

In this study, the cooling performance and mass of a pin-fin radial heat sink were optimized. A radial heat sink with pin fins was examined numerically to obtain a lighter heat sink while maintaining a similar cooling performance to that of a plate-fin heat sink investigated in a previous study. Both natural convection and radiation heat transfer were considered. Experiments were performed to validate the numerical model. The average temperature and mass of the heat sink for various types of fin arrays were compared to determine an appropriate reference configuration. The effects of various geometric parameters on the thermal resistance and mass of the heat sink were investigated; these indicated that the system was sensitive to the number of fin arrays, as well as the length of the long and middle fins. Multidisciplinary optimization was carried out using the three design variables to minimize the thermal resistance and mass simultaneously, and Pareto fronts were obtained with various weighting factors. A design for the optimum radial heat sink is proposed, which reduces the mass by more than 30% while maintaining a similar cooling performance to that of a plate-fin heat sink.     

Effect of cooling channel geometry on re-cooled cycle performance for hydrogen fueled scramjet

Developing fuel with higher heat sink is widely carried out to meet the cooling requirement for an airbreathing hypersonic vehicle. However, a Re-Cooled Cycle has been newly proposed for a regeneratively cooled scramjet to reduce the fuel flow for cooling. Fuel heat sink (cooling capacity) is repeatedly used to indirectly increase the fuel heat sink. Parametric sensitivity analysis of Re-Cooled Cycle of a hypersonic aircraft is explored. An analytical fin-type model for incompressible flow in smooth-wall rectangular ducts in terms of hydrodynamic, thermal, power balance and Mach number constraints is proposed. Based on this model, the difference of the cooling channel structure design between Re-Cooled Cycle and regenerative cooling is discussed, and a new optimization index is introduced for Re-Cooled Cycle. The sensitivity of the cycle performance to cooling channel geometry is investigated, and the optimal performance of a Re-Cooled Cycle is obtained by satisfying constraints. The differences of the effect of channel design variables between Re-Cooled Cycle and regenerative cooling are also discussed.     

Performance analysis of a two-stage irreversible heat pump under maximum heating load per unit total cost conditions

A performance optimization of a two-stage irreversible combined heat-pump system has been carried out. The irreversibility of heat transfer across finite temperature differences, the heat-leak loss between the external heat reservoirs and the internal dissipation of the working fluids are considered. The heating load per unit total cost is taken as an objective function for the optimization. The maximum of the objective function and the corresponding optimal performance and design parameters have been derived analytically. The global and the optimal performance characteristics curves are presented in terms of technical and economical parameters. The irreversibility effects and economical aspects on the general and optimal performances have been investigated.     

Modeling and optimization of designing parameters for a parallel-plain fin heat sink with confined impinging jet using the response surface methodology

The parallel-plain fin (PPF) array structure is widely applied in convective heat sinks in order to create extended surface for the enhancement of heat transfer. In the present study, for investigating the influences of designing parameters of PPF heat sink with an axial-flow cooling fan on the thermal performance, a systematic experimental design based on the response surface methodology (RSM) is used. The thermal resistance and pressure drop are adopted as the thermal performance characteristics. Various designing parameters, such as height and thickness of fin, width of passage between fins, and distance between the cooling fan and the tip of fins, are explored by experiment. Those parameters affect the structure arrangement, geometry of fins and the status of impinging jet from an axial-flow cooling fan installed over the heat sink. A standard RSM design called a central composite design is selected as experimental plan for the four parameters mentioned above. An effective procedure of response surface methodology (RSM) has been proposed for modeling and optimizing the thermal performance characteristics of PPF heat sink with the design constrains. The most significant influential factors for minimizing thermal resistance and pressure drop have been identified from the analysis of variance. The confirmation experimental results indicate that the proposed model is reasonably accurate and can be used for describing the thermal resistance and pressure drop with the limits of the factors studied. The optimum designing parameters of PPF heat sink with an axial-flow cooling fan under constrains of mass and space limitation, which are based on the quadratic model of RSM and the sequential approximation optimization method, are found to be fin height of 60 mm, fin thickness of 1.07 mm, passage width between fins of 3.32 mm, and distance between the cooling fan and the tip of fins of 2.03 mm.     

Role of Melt Convection on Optimization of PCM-Based Heat Sink Under Cyclic Heat Load

In this article, we study the thermal performance of phase-change material (PCM)-based heat sinks under cyclic heat load and subjected to melt convection. Plate fin type heat sinks made of aluminum and filled with PCM are considered in this study. The heat sink is heated from the bottom. For a prescribed value of heat flux, design of such a heat sink can be optimized with respect to its geometry, with the objective of minimizing the temperature rise during heating and ensuring complete solidification of PCM at the end of the cooling period for a given cycle. For given length and base plate thickness of a heat sink, a genetic algorithm (GA)-based optimization is carried out with respect to geometrical variables such as fin thickness, fin height, and the number of fins. The thermal performance of the heat sink for a given set of parameters is evaluated using an enthalpy-based heat transfer model, which provides the necessary data for the optimization algorithm. The effect of melt convection is studied by taking two cases, one without melt convection (conduction regime) and the other with convection. The results show that melt convection alters the results of geometrical optimization.     

Performance characteristics of a two-stage irreversible combined refrigeration system at maximum coefficient of performance

A general cycle model of a two-stage combined refrigeration system is established and used for analizing the influence of multi-irreversibilities, such as finite rate heat transfer, heat leak between the heat reservoirs and internal dissipation of the working fluid, on the performance of the refrigeration system. The coefficient of performance is taken as an objective function for optimization. The maximum coefficient of performance is calculated, and other corresponding performance parameters, such as the temperatures of the working fluid in the isothermal processes, the optimal distribution of the heat transfer areas and the power input of the refrigeration system, are determined. The results obtained here are more general than those obtained from a two-stage endoreversible combined refrigeration system and can guide the optimal design and operation of real combined refrigerator systems.