甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机的性能

在一台柴油机基础上，采用气道口电控喷射甲醇，缸内柴油引燃甲醇的方式，开发了电控甲醇／柴油双燃料样机，并通过发动机台架实验，研究了柴油／甲醇双燃料燃烧模式在燃烧特性、燃油经济性及排放性能方面的特点．与原发动机相比，双燃料模式的最高爆发压力下降，压力升高率上升，排烟和NOx大幅度下降，但THC和CO排放均升高．该方法能使甲醇喷射量得到精确控制以便燃烧达到最佳状态，是甲醇／柴油双燃料发动机可行的技术方案．     

甲醇／柴油双燃料发动机工作区域的试验研究

在TY1100单缸柴油机的进气管上安装了电控甲醇喷射装置,采用柴油引燃甲醇双燃料工作模式,开展了甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机工作区域的试验研究.结果表明:双燃料发动机存在由熄火界限、工作粗暴界限和碳烟排放界限三者组成的工作区域.在此区域内,甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机的万有特性曲线中最经济区域位于发动机中高转速和中高负荷区,且随着引燃柴油量的增加向发动机高转速区域移动.随着甲醇质量分数的增加,发动机Nox和碳烟排放可以同步降低.     

LPG/柴油双燃料发动机的试验研究

LPG/柴油双燃料发动机以其高效率,低污染成为最有前景的发动机之一.本文以485柴油机为样机,在LPG/柴油双燃料方式下对发动机的动力特性以及排放特性进行了台架试验研究.试验结果表明,LPG/柴油双燃料发动机可以在保持原机高功率的前提下,降低原机的排放量,尤其是烟度和NOx的排放.     

LPG／柴油双燃料发动机的试验研究

LPG／柴油双燃料发动机以其高效率，低污染成为最有前景的发动机之一，本文以485柴油机为样机，在LPG／柴油双燃料方式下对发动机的动力特性以及排放特性进行了台架试验研究，试验结果表明，LPG／柴油双燃料发动机可以在保持原机高功能的前提下，降低原机的排放量，尤其是烟度和NOx的排放。     

柴油/天然气双燃料发动机控制系统设计

利用自主设计的双燃料发动机的控制系统,将高压共轨柴油机改装成双燃料发动机。该系统包括天然气供给系统、控制单元(ECU)及其配套传感器等。发动机起动和怠速时在纯柴油模式下运行,当负荷达到某一设定值时,柴油ECU减少引燃柴油的喷射,同时天然气ECU增加天然气量的喷射,发动机在双燃料模式下运行。台架试验结果表明:在不同工况下,天然气平均替代率达到75%,最高替代率达到90%。     

甲醇替代率对柴油/甲醇反应活性控制压燃发动机性能的影响

对某4缸高压共轨柴油机进气歧管进行改造,搭建了柴油/甲醇双燃料反应活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition,RCCI)发动机专用试验台架,系统地研究了甲醇替代率对发动机经济性和污染物排放的影响规律.结果表明:最大转矩转速1600 r/min下,负荷率25％～50...     

液化气／柴油双燃料发动机试验系统研制

对液化气作为柴油机的代用燃料进行了研究,讨论了立式１９５Ｔ液化气／柴油双燃料发动机的改装、运转及控制原理等问题,介绍了双燃料试验系统采用的方案,主要零件的结构和功能以及台架性能试验结果。     

8240ZCDF型柴油-天然气双燃料发动机开发试验

在8240ZC型柴油机的成熟技术基础之上设计开发了8240ZCDF型柴油-天然气双燃料发动机。本文介绍了8240ZCDF型双燃料发动机的主要技术参数、试验系统以及性能开发试验等内容。试验结果表明,发动机各项性能指标满足设计要求。8240ZCDF型双燃料发动机已完成了中国船级社型式认可试验。     

双燃料控制系统在船用发动机上的应用研究

为进一步提高C8190型发动机的性能,使双燃料控制系统在船用发动机上得到应用,在C8190型发动机上配装双燃料控制系统。该控制系统具有纯柴油模式和双燃料模式自动切换功能,满足中国船级社(China Classification Society,简称CCS)要求。通过纯柴油模式和双燃料模式下的推进特性试验,测试该控制系统的性能以及发动机的运行情况。试验结果表明,在双燃料控制系统的控制下,C8190型船用发动机运行平稳,各项性能指标均满足设计要求,可推广应用于船用发动机及其他机型。     

一种新型双燃料发动机控制系统的应用研究

在一款六缸多点喷射船用双燃料发动机上进行新型双燃料发动机控制系统的应用研究。为测试该控制系统的性能,在纯柴油和双燃料模式进行了发动机推进特性试验。试验结果表明:在控制系统的作用下,该船用双燃料发动机运行平稳,各项性能指标均达到设计要求。标定工况下:燃气替代率大于70%;纯柴油模式下烟度为1.90 FSN,双燃料模式下烟度为0.13 FSN。节能减排效果明显。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．