湍流燃烧NO生成反应率数值模拟的研究现状与进展

利用计算机数值计算来模拟氮氧化物的生成和优选降低氮氧化物的各种措施，已经受到广泛重视．如何建立合理而经济的数学模型，是其中的关键问题之一．本文从热NO和燃料NO两方面着重介绍了近年来湍流燃烧NO生成湍流反应率数学模型及数值模拟的研究现状及发展趋势，对模拟结果进行了分析，并给出了比较详细的模型方程及代数表达式，便于相关研究人员与工程技术人员参考．     

NOx生成湍流反应率的二阶矩—PDF数值模拟

将对NOx生成湍流反应率模拟的二阶矩模型和设定PDF模型结合起来，提出一种氮氧化物生成湍流反率的二阶矩－PDF模型，以兼顾解决工程的合理性和经济性，并对甲烷空气燃烧中的NOx生成进行了数值模拟。     

旋流燃烧氮氧化物生成的研究进展

通过实验研究和所提出的双流体两相湍流模型以及湍流反应的二阶矩模型的数值模拟,对不同旋流数下的轴对称甲烷-空气湍流扩散燃烧和旋流煤粉燃烧的氮氧化物生成进行了研究。实验中为了研究旋流数对燃料型NO的影响,在燃料中加入少量氨模拟燃料氮。实验和数值模拟结果表明,随着旋流数的增大,热力型NO的排放先上升后下降,而总NO和燃料型NO的排放则先下降后上升,有一个使NO排放最低的旋流数;旋流数的增大先使湍流强度下降然后又使其稍有上升;而使进口附近的温度先上升然后稍有下降;热力型NO的生成受温度的影响更大,而燃料型NO的生成受湍流混合的影响更大。研究结果对旋流燃烧室或燃烧器的设计中如何通过控制湍流来降低NO排放有应用意义。     

NO_x生成湍流反应率的二阶矩-PDF数值模拟

将对 NOx 生成湍流反应率模拟的二阶矩模型和设定 PDF模型结合起来 ,提出一种氮氧化物生成湍流反应率的二阶矩 - PDF模型 ,以兼顾解决工程问题的合理性和经济性 ,并对甲烷空气燃烧中的 NOx 生成进行了数值模拟     

旋流贫预混燃烧湍流特性的大涡模拟

针对一个非受限强旋流CH_4/空气贫预混燃烧器的冷态工况和燃烧工况进行大涡模拟,建立了基于两步简化机理的改进代数二阶矩燃烧模型,模拟得到与实验数据相符的结果.为了进一步分析化学反应对湍流流动的影响,应用了空间关联函数和湍流能谱分析方法处理模拟结果,模拟结果显示燃烧增强了湍流涡团的能量.     

湍流燃烧的统一二阶矩模型

提出了一种湍流燃烧统一二阶矩模型。其特点是对包括反应率系数k的脉动和浓度脉动关联在内的所有关联量都统一形式的二阶矩输运方程加以封闭和求解。考虑了化学反应对关联量耗散的影响，代替了已经的两种湍流燃烧二阶矩模型中，或用温度指数函数的级数展开近似，或用单变量概率密度函数乘积模拟联合概率密度函数的近似。用本模型对甲烷－空气射流湍流扩散燃烧进行了数值模拟，将其结果和EBU模型以及以前提出的两种二阶矩模型的模拟结果进行了比较，并用美国国家实验室的标准实验数据加以检验，证实本模型更好，本模型可用于模拟详细反应动力学，其计算量远小无PDF方程模型的计算量。     

旋流燃烧室内煤粉多相湍流流动与燃烧的数值模拟

提出了考虑湍流-颗粒反应相互作用的颗粒随机轨道模型,以此为基础建立煤粉燃烧综合理论模型并应用于旋流燃烧室内煤粉多相湍流流动与燃烧的数值模拟.模拟结果给出了气相温度场、速度场与温度脉动均方根值分布、颗粒相温度场、速度场与表观密度场以及颗粒瞬时温度与质量随时间的变化.研究表明,考虑湍流-颗粒反应相互作用对气相与颗粒相温度场的模拟结果有一定的影响,使气相温度分布与实验数据更为接近.     

旋风炉内气相燃烧及两相流动的数值模拟

在有反应两相流动及煤粉燃烧的全双流体模型（ＰＴＦ模型,ｐｕｒｅ ｔｗｏ－ｆｌｕｉｄ ｍｏｄｅｌ）基础上,采用修正的ｋ－ε－ｋｐ两相湍流模型,对旋风炉内的湍流气相燃烧（甲烷和一氧化碳的燃烧）及在气相燃烧条件下的两相流动进行了数值模拟研究,模拟结果表明,在有燃烧的情况下,在旋风炉的底部存在近壁回流区,该回流区有利于火焰稳定,气粒两相切向速度分布具有类似的Ｒａｎｋｉｎｅ涡结构,该研究为煤粉燃烧的数值模拟     

煤粉复合旋流火焰燃烧特性研究（2）：数值模拟

本文数值模拟了煤粉旋流火焰燃烧过程，燃烧数值计算包括理论物理模型建立，数值方法两个大部分，计算模型处理了气相湍流与燃烧、气固两相流动、煤颗粒燃烧过程和辐射传热等物理化学过程，以ｋ－ε模型模拟湍流流动；ＰＤＦ法模拟气相扩散火焰燃烧；颗粒运动计算颗粒运动少颗粒湍流浓度方程模拟颗粒湍流扩散；通量法计算火焰辐射传热，煤粉颗粒复杂燃烧模型计算了颗粒尺寸、形状变化和颗粒孔隙内部燃烧、表面平度对整个颗粒的燃烧过程影响。计算获得了气相速度分布场、气相ｋ和ε分布场、气相温度场、气相组份场和颗粒浓度场及运动过程，揭示了煤粉复合旋流燃烧特性。     

环形进出口旋流燃烧室内有回流的湍流旋流流动的数值模拟

对环形进出口旋流燃烧室内有较强回流的湍流旋流流动进行了数值模拟。计算中分别采用了完整形式与简化形式的新的代数Reynolds应力模型及κ－ε模型。模拟结果与实验测量数据在气体轴向与切向时均速度和轴向、切向与径向湍流脉动速度均方根值分布上的对比表明，新的代数应力模型可预报出旋流燃烧室内范围较大的中心回流区，气体切向速度分布的Rankine涡结构，以及湍流脉动的各向异性。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.     

Innovative methodologies in renewable energy: A review

This paper is concerned with innovative approaches to renewable energy sources computation methodologies, which provide more refined results than the classical alternatives. Such refinements provide additional improvements especially for replacement of fossil energy usages that emit greenhouse gas (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change impact. Current knowledge gap among each renewable energy source calculation is rather missing fundamentals of plausible, rational, and logical explanations for the interpretation of results. In the literature, there are rather complicated and mechanically applicable methodologies, which require input and output measurement data match with missing physical explanations. The view taken in this review paper is to concentrate on quite plausible, logical, rational, and effectively applicable innovative energy calculation methodologies with simplistic fundamentals. For this purpose, a set of renewable energy methodological approaches is revisited with their innovative structures concerning solar, wind, hydro, current, and geothermal energy resources. With the increase in the renewable energy utilizations to combat the undesirable impacts of global warming and climate change, there is a need for better models that will include physical environmental conditions and data properties in the probabilistic, statistical, stochastic, logical, and rational senses leading to refined and more reliable estimations with application examples in the text. Finally, new research directions are also recommended for more refined innovative energy system calculations.     

Constrained Optimization of Heat Transfer from an Extended Surface

Two different zero‐order optimization techniques are used to maximize the rates of heat transfer from a fin assembly of a specified cost and in the shape of several annular fins that are mounted on a central stem. The problem is formulated to account for two‐dimensional steady‐state heat transfer that is limited by several inequality constraints. The dimensionless governing equations are used to identify the relevant decision variables. The number of fins making up the assembly is treated as an input parameter. A digital computer is used to determine the required temperature distributions and to implement the optimization search algorithms. Three different fin materials are assessed—aluminum, copper and carbon steel. Design optimizations of the extended surface assembly were made over a range of operating conditions, encompassing several different convection heat transfer coefficients that are representative of free and forced convection in air, and several different overall temperature differences between the substrate surface and air. A few recommendations based on trends in the predicted results are given. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 43(6): 504–521, 2014; Published online 3 October 2013 in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/htj ). DOI 10.1002/htj.21093     

CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制

本文介绍了CY6D78Ti型柴油机的开发研制过程及现状,CY6D78Ti型柴油机能满足国内中、重型卡车和豪华客车市场对柴油机动力性、经济性、可靠性的需求。由于该机型的高档配置,保证了其排放达到欧Ⅱ标准,同时为进一步提高性能、降低排放,采用电控及高压共轨等技术手段搭建了平台。     

我国车用柴油机的技术现状及发展趋势

本文根据国内外信息和资料，分析了我国目前车用柴油机制造技术方面与国际水平所存在的差距，预测今后若千年内车用柴油机要向节能降耗、应用增压技术、提高可靠性、降低排放、采用电控技术方面发展，以尽快接近和赶上国际先进水平．