用ASOM和PDF方程模型模拟湍流射流燃烧

分别用代数二阶矩(ASOM)湍流燃烧模型和概率密度函数(PDF)输运方程模型模拟了美国Sandia国家实验室测量的甲烷-空气湍流射流燃烧,并将模拟结果与实验结果对比.结果表明,在大多数区域内,两种模型预报的平均温度、平均组分质量分数都与实验结果符合很好,考虑到ASOM模型的计算量约为PDF方程模拟计算量的1/100,因而认为ASOM模型更适合工程应用.用PDF模拟结果统计的温度和质量分数脉动的自关联,以及反应速率系数脉动和质量分数脉动的互关联,在大多数区域内与对应的时均量的梯度乘积有相似的变化趋势,因此验证了ASOM模型封闭假设的合理性。     

分级进风旋流燃烧室内湍流燃烧的数值模拟

应用考虑湍流-化学反应相互作用的代数二阶矩-概率密度函数(PDF)湍流燃烧模型,对分级进风旋流燃烧室内两组工况下的甲烷湍流燃烧进行了数值模拟,得到的二氧化碳浓度和气体轴向脉动速度均方根值分布与实验数据相符合,得到的气体轴向和切向速度、轴向一切向脉动速度关联量、温度和氧气浓度分布与实验数据基本相符合.研究结果表明,选取适当的二次风率可以起到优化燃烧过程的作用.     

旋流煤粉燃烧NO生成的AUSM湍流反应模型

针对煤粉燃烧NO生成提出一种湍流反应统一二阶矩代数(AUSM)模型．用纯双流体模型，包括κ—ε—κp两相湍流模型、EBU—Arrhenius燃烧模型、六热流辐射模型、NO生成湍流反应的AUSM模型和原有二阶矩代数模型，对旋流煤粉燃烧器内相流动、煤粉燃烧和NO生成进行了数值模拟．两相流动的模拟结果和PDPA实验结果符合较好。热态模拟结果和文献中的实验结果的对照指出，AUSM模型的模拟结果比ASM模型的模拟结果更合理．ASM模型由于采用温度指数函数的级数展开近似，舍去了并非小量级的高阶项，低估了NO生成率．这和文献中用ASM模型模拟甲烷—空气燃烧低估了NO生成率的趋势是一致的。     

TRI对湍流火焰模拟中辐射源项的影响

以美国Sandia实验室Flame D为研究对象,探讨由温度脉动引起的湍流辐射交互作用(TRI)对湍流射流火焰模拟中辐射源项的影响.采用κ-ε湍流模型和标量概率密度函数(PDF)结合详细的化学反应机理模拟燃烧过程,球谐函数(P1近似)法、窄带模型的灰带近似模拟辐射换热.吸收系数脉动与辐射强度脉动关联项采用湍流涡团光学薄...     

N0x生成有限反应速率的全脉动模型

针对湍流燃烧中氮氧化物有限反应的生成速率，用二阶矩封闭方法，建立了考虑密度、温度、浓度等脉动影响的全脉动数学模型；提出了湍流密度脉动强度的概念及模化的方程式，使模型得到了封闭。该模型使氮氧化物的模拟值更接近于实验值，具有模拟的合理性和经济性。     

旋流燃烧室内丙烷湍流燃烧的数值模拟

提出并建立了丙烷湍流四步反应的温度脉动简化概率密度函数模型．应用该模型对旋流燃烧室内的丙烷湍流燃烧进行了数值模拟．计算中分别采用了Kiehne和Jones的两种丙烷四步反应机理．结果表明，基于Kiehne机理可得到与实验相符合的气体轴向与切向速度，轴向脉动速度均方根值和温度，以及氧气、二氧化碳、丙烷、一氧化碳与氢气体积分数的分布．     

NO_x生成有限反应速率的全脉动模型

针对湍流燃烧中氮氧化物有限反应的生成速率 ,用二阶矩封闭方法 ,建立了考虑密度、温度、浓度等脉动影响的全脉动数学模型 ;提出了湍流密度脉动强度的概念及模化的方程式 ,使模型得到了封闭。该模型使氮氧化物的模拟值更接近于实验值 ,具有模拟的合理性和经济性     

二阶矩亚网格燃烧模型对射流火焰的大涡模拟

用二阶矩亚网格燃烧模型对美国Sandia国家实验室测量甲烷／空气射流火焰进行了大涡模拟(LES),与实验数据和用二阶矩输运方程湍流燃烧模型的雷诺平均(RANS)模拟结果进行了对比．LES得到时间平均的温度, 甲烷浓度以及温度脉动均方根值和实验值符合很好．LES时均值和RANS模拟结果接近,LES脉动均方根值优于 RANS模拟结果．LES瞬态结果显示了有燃烧时的拟序结构比无燃烧时的强,同时拟序结构强化了燃烧,湍流射流火焰呈皱折火焰面的状态．     

气固两相燃烧双流体大涡模拟的数学模型

目前大多数两相燃烧的大涡模拟(large-eddy simulation,LES)是欧拉-拉氏模拟,这比欧拉-欧拉或双流体模拟耗时大得多.本文提出气固两相燃烧双流体大涡模拟的数学物理模型,包括双流体框架内大涡模拟过滤的控制方程,两相亚网格(sub-gridscale,SGS)应力模型和亚网格气体燃烧模型.对亚网格应力本文建议用作者提出的两相亚网格动能方程模型,考虑两相之间的相互作用.对气体(挥发分和CO)燃烧建议用作者提出的二阶矩(second-ordermoment,SOM)亚网格湍流-反应相互作用模型.对颗粒的热解挥发和焦炭燃烧模型也在双流体模型的框架内加以应用.这些子模型已经分别通过和实验对照加以评估.     

湍流燃烧场中高阶统计矩的PDF模拟

在非结构网格中,发展有限体积法和Monte Carlo法相结合的混合算法来模拟湍流燃烧,求解相互耦合并且相容的平均密度、动量、能量方程组和脉动速度-标量-频率的联合概率密度函数方程,采用稳态层流火焰面模型计算半详细的化学反应机理.对轴对称钝体火焰驻定器后的扩散燃烧进行模拟,比较了速度和标量的平均量和二阶矩的计算结果和实验数据,并研究了速度的扭率(三阶矩)、扁平因子(四阶矩)及边缘概率密度函数的分布.计算表明,高阶统计矩包含的统计误差比低阶统计矩的大,扭率和扁平系数的峰值则集中在剪切层处.     

NO_x生成湍流反应率的二阶矩-PDF数值模拟

将对 NOx 生成湍流反应率模拟的二阶矩模型和设定 PDF模型结合起来 ,提出一种氮氧化物生成湍流反应率的二阶矩 - PDF模型 ,以兼顾解决工程问题的合理性和经济性 ,并对甲烷空气燃烧中的 NOx 生成进行了数值模拟     

Comparison between a composition PDF transport equation model and an ASOM model for simulating a turbulent jet flame

A composition PDF transport equation (PDF) model and an algebraic second-order moment (ASOM) model of turbulent combustion are used to simulate a methane–air turbulent jet flame, measured by the Sandia National Laboratory. In most regions, both PDF and ASOM predictions are in agreement with the experimental data with not too much difference. The PDF modeling results give the second-order moments with distributions having a similar trend as those given by the ASOM closure model. Although in general the PDF modeling results are somewhat better than the ASOM results, but considering that the computation time of the ASOM model is almost in two orders of magnitude smaller than that of the PDF model, the ASOM model is suggested for simulating large-size engineering facilities.     

燃料中心进入的旋流燃烧数值模拟

采用统一二阶矩(USM)旋流燃烧模型对旋流数为0.5的美国Sandia国家实验室甲烷-空气旋流火焰进行了数值模拟.预报的轴向、切向时均速度、脉动速度均方根值、温度以及CO2和H2O浓度分布都和实验值吻合,验证了统一二阶矩模型的可靠性.从测量值和预报值可以看出,火焰几乎就位于回流区内,燃烧过程进行得很快,回流区的存在强化了燃烧.     

Studies of the effect of a coal concentrator on NO formation in swirling coal combustion

To develop low-pollution burners, the effect of a coal concentrator on NO formation in swirling coal combustion is studied using both numerical simulation and experiments. The isothermal gas–particle two-phase velocities and particle concentration in a cold model of swirl burners with and without coal concentrators were measured using the phase Doppler particle anemometer (PDPA). A full two-fluid model of reacting gas–particle flows and coal combustion with an algebraic unified second-order moment (AUSM) turbulence-chemistry model for the turbulent reaction rate of NO formation are used to simulate swirling coal combustion and NO formation with different coal concentrators. The results give the turbulent kinetic energy, particle concentration, temperature and NO concentration in cases of with and without coal concentrators. The predicted results for cold two-phase flows are in good agreement with the PDPA measurement results, showing that the coal concentrator increases the turbulence and particle concentration in the recirculation zone. The combustion modeling results indicate that although the coal concentrator increases the turbulence and combustion temperature, but still can remarkably reduce the NO formation due to creating high coal concentration in the recirculation zone.     

Application of PDF mixing models to premixed flames with differential diffusion

Differential diffusion alters the balance of reaction and diffusion in turbulent premixed combustion, affecting the performance and emissions of combustion devices. Modelling combustion devices with Probability or Filtered Density Function (PDF or FDF) methods provides an exact treatment for the change in composition due to chemical reaction, while molecular mixing has to be modelled. Previous PDF molecular mixing models do not account for differential diffusion in a manner which satisfies realizability requirements. A new approach for treating differential diffusion, which ensures realizability, is proposed for pairwise-exchange mixing models in general, and applied in the Interaction by Exchange with the Mean (IEM) model of Dopazo [26], and in the Euclidean Minimum Spanning Tree (EMST) model of Subramaniam and Pope [5]. The new differential diffusion models are referred to as IEM-DD and EMST-DD respectively.Results from two and three-dimensional DNS of turbulent premixed methane–air combustion show that mixing rates and conditional statistics of species mass fractions depend on species diffusivities and the combustion regime. Zero-dimensional PDF model results obtained for the two-dimensional DNS case show that the EMST-DD model best reproduces the features that characterize differential diffusion in the DNS. The essential feature of the EMST-DD model, which accounts for its success in turbulent premixed combustion, is that differential mixing rates are imposed within a model which mixes locally in composition space.     

旋流燃烧室内甲烷湍流燃烧的数值模拟

为合理考虑湍流-复杂化学反应的相互作用,建立了甲烷湍流四步反应的温度脉动简化概率密度函数(PDF)模型.应用该模型对TECFLAM燃烧室内的甲烷湍流旋流燃烧进行了数值模拟,得到了与实验相符合的气体轴向、径向与切向速度、温度、温度脉动均方根值及甲烷、氧气、二氧化碳与水蒸气质量分数分布.得到的一氧化碳和氢气质量分数分布与实验基本符合.     

Simulation of Swirling Turbulent Flow and Combustion in a Combustor

An algebraic concentration moment (ACM)-PDF turbulent combustion model is proposed. It is formulated by jointly utilizing the explicit algebraic expressions for the second-order-moment of concentration fluctuation and the presumed probability density function (PDF) of gas instantaneous temperature. A set of analytical expressions for the time-averaged temperature relevant quantity is obtained for the closure of the time-averaged reaction rate. The model is applied to the simulation of turbulent flow and combustion in a swirl combustor. The calculated gas velocity, temperature, species concentrations, and turbulent fluctuating velocity are in agreement with the measured data. They are much improved over those obtained by the EBU-Arrhenius model.