球磨机运动动能与存煤量的DEM试验研究

对球磨机筒体中钢球的运动状态进行分区计算,采用钢球运动动能参数测量和控制存煤量,利用基于离散元素法的PFC3D软件平台模拟球磨机运行过程,分析了一定球径的定量优化工作参数配置下不同煤质、煤量与钢球运动的关系,得出钢球实时动能与体现磨煤机效率的球荷摩擦损失能量和筒壁总功的对比变化规律.结果表明:钢球抛落较泻落状态能获得更多的煤质冲击能量;钢球动能更准确地反映出存煤量的实时变化;基于钢球动能的存煤量控制方法是可行的.     

基于自适应神经网络模糊PID的磨煤机控制研究

以衡丰发电厂钢球磨煤机辨识结果为研究对象,基于MATLAB/Simulink平台搭建自适应神经网络模糊PID的磨煤机控制系统仿真模型,通过自适应神经网络对模糊规则进行训练和学习,改进磨煤机出口温度控制、入口负压控制以及负荷控制策略.仿真结果表明:自适应神经网络模糊PID控制优化效果明显,在磨煤机50％工况下,相比传统P...     

双进双出磨煤机制粉系统机理建模与仿真

为了提高双进双出磨煤机制粉系统运行的安全性和经济性,分析钢球在双进双出磨煤机中的磨损机理,建立了钢球磨损与磨煤工况间的钢球磨损规律数学预测模型.基于质量和能量平衡,考虑原煤水分及磨煤过程中机械热参与能量平衡,建立了双进双出磨煤机三入三出动态数学模型,并以某600 MW机组配备的MGS-4060-A型双进双出磨煤机为例对模型进行计算与仿真.结果表明:在双进双出磨煤机额定运行工况下,热风量、冷风量和给煤量阶跃扰动时,磨煤机的出口温度、料位和出力的仿真结果均与实际运行结果相符.     

钢球磨煤机制粉系统运行优化的试验研究

针对钢球磨煤机的制粉系统,在实验室条件下,通过调整载煤量、钢球装载量及煤的磨制时间,确定了MS-500试验用磨煤机的最佳载煤量和最佳钢球装载量.结果表明:随着载煤量的增加,磨煤机出力、驱动功率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;最佳载煤量/钢球量随钢球量的增加逐渐降低;在最佳载煤量下,磨煤单耗随钢球量的增加先减小后增大.此外,对磨煤机理进行分析,确定了冲击、破碎、研磨在时间上的先后性,提出了磨煤机筒体分三段式的优化构想.     

钢球磨煤机磨损特性技术研究

钢球磨煤机的安全运行直接影响到安全和经济运行的锅炉制粉系统和燃烧系统,但球磨机多变量耦合、时变特性的时间延迟模型,使球磨机不能运行在最佳状态,使制粉系统不能运行在最佳输出状态,从而影响其经济效益。在一定的操作条件下,通过确定最佳装球量、球径比、磨球和衬料等的正确选择,以达到减少磨耗,提高生产效率的目的。然后根据钢球磨煤机的实际情况,提出钢球稳态磨损特性,建立了稳态矩阵模型。最后将磨球稳态磨损矩阵应用于某电厂单元包填充钢球磨煤机的磨球系统的软件仿真,采用最佳级配和加载系统,降低钢球磨煤机的钢耗和功耗。     

基于软测量的球磨机制粉系统智能控制与优化决策

文中中间储仓式钢球磨煤机制粉系统为对象，基于球磨机料位和风量等过程参数的软测量，提高了火电机组制粉系统的智能测控与优化决策系统设计及实现方法，可以在保证系统安全的基础上，通过对球磨机料位、通风量和钢球装载与配比的优化，降低制粉单耗、从而降低发电成本，取得显著的经济与社会效益。     

采用超声Lamb波测量钢球磨煤机的料位

采用仿真和实验的方法分析超声Lamb波在火电机组钢球磨煤机中的传播特性，研究钢球磨煤机料位测量的新方法。以某200MW火力发电机组钢球磨煤机为原形，建立了相应的实验装置。在合理的简化假设条件下，采用波动理论建立了固体颗粒负载层中Lamb波传播的理论模型。采用两层模型和单层模型进行分析，得到理论计算结果。并采用相速度测量和接收能量分析的方法，在实验台上进行对应的物理实验。将实验结果与理论计算进行比较，结果证明了理论模型的正确性。     

球磨机料位软测量及其低能耗高效运行研究

球磨机是制粉系统中的重要设备，同时也是耗能较大的设备之一，用电量高达厂用电的20％左右。制粉系统球磨机料位受多个因素影响，文中根据多传感器变量软测量的思路，应用CMAC神经网络原理和方法，对其影响因素中有很高控制价值的量进行软测量建模，并设计实验测试模型性能。证明该模型可较好地反映实时料位，提高了球磨机的效率，降低了电耗，为制粉系统球磨机的控制和优化提供了指导。     

神经网络球磨机出力软测量模型的建立

为了准确地获得球磨机的制粉出力,提出了用灰熵关联分析法分析球磨机制粉出力的影响因素,选择对球磨机制粉出力影响较大的几个因素作为辅助变量建立模型,以最优拉丁超立方法选取的数据作为训练样本,基于BP神经网络建立球磨机出力软测量模型,并选出几组样本验证所建模型的可靠度.结果表明:所建立的球磨机出力软测量模型预测输出误差较小,有较强的泛化能力,具有很好的测量性能.     

钢球磨煤机的优化节能运行

从钢球磨煤机磨煤机理出发,以耐磨小球理论为基础,结合成功的改造应用案例,系统地总结了钢球磨煤机的优化节能运行方法,提出了钢球磨煤机的个性化设计是钢球磨煤机取得最佳节能运行效果的关键。     

Performance assessment of some ice TES systems

In this paper, a performance assessment of four main types of ice storage techniques for space cooling purposes, namely ice slurry systems, ice-on-coil systems (both internal and external melt), and encapsulated ice systems is conducted. A detailed analysis, coupled with a case study based on the literature data, follows. The ice making techniques are compared on the basis of energy and exergy performance criteria including charging, discharging and storage efficiencies, which make up the ice storage and retrieval process. Losses due to heat leakage and irreversibilities from entropy generation are included. A vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with R134a as the working fluid provides the cooling load, while the analysis is performed in both a full storage and partial storage process, with comparisons between these two. In the case of full storage, the energy efficiencies associated with the charging and discharging processes are well over 98% in all cases, while the exergy efficiencies ranged from 46% to 76% for the charging cycle and 18% to 24% for the discharging cycle. For the partial storage systems, all energy and exergy efficiencies were slightly less than that for full storage, due to the increasing effect wall heat leakage has on the decreased storage volume and load. The results show that energy analyses alone do not provide much useful insight into system behavior, since the vast majority of losses in all processes are a result of entropy generation which results from system irreversibilities.     

Natural-gas fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine performance and emissions

Natural gas is a fossil fuel that has been used and investigated extensively for use in spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engines. Compared with conventional gasoline engines, SI engines using natural gas can run at higher compression ratios, thus producing higher thermal efficiencies but also increased nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, while producing lower emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂), unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO). These engines also produce relatively less power than gasoline-fueled engines because of the convergence of one or more of three factors: a reduction in volumetric efficiency due to natural-gas injection in the intake manifold; the lower stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of natural gas compared to gasoline; and the lower equivalence ratio at which these engines may be run in order to reduce NO_x emissions. High NO_x emissions, especially at high loads, reduce with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). However, EGR rates above a maximum value result in misfire and erratic engine operation. Hydrogen gas addition increases this EGR threshold significantly. In addition, hydrogen increases the flame speed of the natural gas-hydrogen mixture. Power levels can be increased with supercharging or turbocharging and intercooling. Natural gas is used to power CI engines via the dual-fuel mode, where a high-cetane fuel is injected along with the natural gas in order to provide a source of ignition for the charge. Thermal efficiency levels compared with normal diesel-fueled CI-engine operation are generally maintained with dual-fuel operation, and smoke levels are reduced significantly. At the same time, lower NO_x and CO₂ emissions, as well as higher HC and CO emissions compared with normal CI-engine operation at low and intermediate loads are recorded. These trends are caused by the low charge temperature and increased ignition delay, resulting in low combustion temperatures. Another factor is insufficient penetration and distribution of the pilot fuel in the charge, resulting in a lack of ignition centers. EGR admission at low and intermediate loads increases combustion temperatures, lowering unburned HC and CO emissions. Larger pilot fuel quantities at these load levels and hydrogen gas addition can also help increase combustion efficiency. Power output is lower at certain conditions than diesel-fueled engines, for reasons similar to those affecting power output of SI engines. In both cases the power output can be maintained with direct injection. Overall, natural gas can be used in both engine types; however further refinement and optimization of engines and fuel-injection systems is needed.     

Effect of co-cultivation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii with Azotobacter chroococcum on hydrogen production

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cc124 and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria were co-cultured with a series of volume ratios and under a variety of light densities to determine the optimal culture conditions and to investigate the mechanism by which co-cultivation improves H₂ yield. The results demonstrated that the optimal culture conditions for the highest H₂ production of the combined system were a 1:40 vol ratio of bacterial cultures to algal cultures under 200 μE m^?2 s^?1. Under these conditions, the maximal H₂ yield was 255 μmol mg^?1 Chl, which was approximately 15.9-fold of the control. The reasons for the improvement in H₂ yield included decreased O₂ content, enhanced algal growth, and increased H₂ase activity and starch content of the combined system.     

Decomposition of limestone in a solar reactor

The thermal decomposition of limestone has been selected as a model reaction for developing and testing an atmospheric open solar reactor. The reactor consists of a cyclone gas/particle separator which has been modified to let the concentrated solar energy enter through a windowless aperture. The reacting particles are directly exposed to the solar irradiation. Experimentation with a 60 kW reactor prototype was conducted at PSI's 90m² parabolic solar concentrator, in a continuous mode of operation. A counter-current flow heat exchanger was employed to preheat the reactants. Eighty five percent degree of calcination was obtained for cement raw material and 15% of the solar input was converted into chemical energy (enthalpy).The technical feasibility of the solar thermal decomposition of limestone was experimentally demonstrated. The use of solar energy as a source for high-temperature process heat offers the potential of reducing significantly the CO₂ emissions from lime producing plants. Such a solar thermochemical process can find application in sunny rural areas for avoiding deforestation.     

Exergetic evaluation of 5 biowastes-to-biofuels routes via gasification

This paper presents the exergy analysis results for the production of several biofuels, i.e., SNG (synthetic natural gas), methanol, Fischer–Tropsch fuels, hydrogen, as well as heat and electricity, from several biowastes generated in the Dutch province of Friesland, selected as one of the typical European regions. Biowastes have been classified in 5 virtual streams according to their ultimate and proximate analysis. All production chains have been modeled in Aspen Plus in order to analyze their technical performance. The common steps for all the production chains are: pre-treatment, gasification, gas cleaning, water–gas-shift reactions, catalytic reactors, final gas separation and upgrading. Optionally a gas turbine and steam turbines are used to produce heat and electricity from unconverted gas and heat removal, respectively. The results show that, in terms of mass conversion, methanol production seems to be the most efficient process for all the biowastes. SNG synthesis is preferred when exergetic efficiency is the objective parameter, but hydrogen process is more efficient when the performance is analyzed by means of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics. The main exergy losses account for the gasification section, except in the electricity and heat production chain, where the combined cycle is less efficient.     

液压系统常见的故障诊断及处理

任何工程机械式液压设备使用时出现故障是不可避免的。但是怎样确定故障的原因及找到好的解决方法，这是使用者最关心的问题。讲述了液压系统常见的故障及其排除方法。     

Biohydrogen production by Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants under different conditions: Light, nickel, propane, carbon dioxide and nitrogen

Increasing awareness of environmental problems caused by the current use of fossil fuel-based energy, has led to the search for alternatives. Hydrogen is a good alternative and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is naturally able to produce molecular hydrogen, photosynthetically from water and light. However, this H₂ is rapidly consumed by the uptake hydrogenase.This study evaluated the hydrogen production of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 wild-type and mutants: hupL⁻ (deficient in the uptake hydrogenase), hoxH⁻ (deficient in the bidirectional hydrogenase) and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ (deficient in both hydrogenases) on several experimental conditions, such as gas atmosphere (argon and propane with or without N₂ and/or CO₂ addition), light intensity (54 and 152 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹), light regime (continuous and light/dark cycles 16 h/8 h) and nickel concentrations in the culture medium.In every assay, the hupL⁻ and hupL⁻/hoxH⁻ mutants stood out over wild-type cells and the hoxH⁻ mutant. Nevertheless, the hupL⁻ mutant showed the best hydrogen production except in an argon atmosphere under 16 h light/8 h dark cycles at 54 ??Em⁻²s⁻¹ in the light period, with 1 ??M of NiCl₂ supplementation in the culture medium, and under a propane atmosphere.In all strains, higher light intensity leads to higher hydrogen production and if there is a daily 1% of CO₂ addition in the gas atmosphere, hydrogen production could increase 5.8 times, related to the great increase in heterocysts differentiation (5 times more, approximately), whereas nickel supplementation in the culture medium was not shown to increase hydrogen production. The daily incorporation of 1% of CO₂ plus 1% of N₂ did not affect positively hydrogen production rate.     

Economie d'énergie en trigénération

Trigeneration is defined as the production of three useful forms of energy—heat, cold and power—from a primary source of energy such as natural gas or oil. For instance, trigeneration systems typically produce electrical power via a reciprocating engine or gas turbine and recover a large percentage of the heat energy retained in the lubricating oil, exhaust gas and coolant water systems to maximize the utilization of the primary fuel. The heat produced can be totally or partially used to fuel absorption refrigerators. Therefore, trigeneration systems enjoy an inherently high efficiency and have the potential to significantly reduce the energy-related operation costs of facilities. In this paper, we describe a model of characterization of trigeneration systems trough the condition of primary energy saving and the quality index, compared to the separate production of heat, cold and power. The study highlights the importance of the choice of the separate production reference system on the level of primary energy saving and emissions reduction.     

Investigation of the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of La–Fe–B system hydrogen-storage alloys

La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were prepared using a vacuum induction-quenching furnace with a rotating copper wheel. The thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the La–Fe–B hydrogen-storage alloys were investigated in this work. The P–C–I curves of the La–Fe–B alloys were measured over a H₂ pressure range of 10⁻³ MPa to 2.0 MPa at temperatures of 313, 328, 343 and 353 K. The P–C–I curves revealed that the maximum hydrogen-storage capacity of the alloys exceeded 1.23 wt% at a pressure of approximately 1.0 MPa and temperature of 313 K. The standard enthalpy of formation ΔH and standard entropy of formation ΔS for the alloys' hydrides, obtained according to the van't Hoff equation, were consistent with their application as anode materials in alkaline media. The alloys also exhibited good absorption/desorption kinetics at room temperature.     

Mineralogical characterization of the intraseam layers of Lofoi lignite deposits in Florina basin (western Makedonia,northwest Greece)

The mineralogical composition of intraseam layers from Lofoi lignite deposits (northwest Greece) is the subject of the present study. The samples were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo-gravimetric (TG/DTG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry. The clay minerals prevail in most samples, with illite-muscovite being the dominant phase, and kaolinite and chlorite being the other major clay components. No smectite was found. Quartz and feldspars, dominate in two cases. The studied materials are characterized as clays to clayey sands, showing significant similarities with the intraseam layers of the adjacent Achlada lignite deposits.