1,4-二硝胺基-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑及其含能盐的合成、表征及性能

以自制的1,4-二氨基-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DADNP)为原料,经硝化反应合成了1,4-二硝胺基-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNANP),DNANP与有机胺经中和、复分解等反应制备了12种有机含能盐,采用红外光谱、~1H NMR、~(13)C NMR、元素分析及质谱等方法表征了目标物的结构;获得了DNANP·CH_3COOH的单晶并进行了晶体结构解析;采用DSC分析了DNANP及其含能盐的热性能。采用Gaussian 09程序的CBS-4M方法和Kamlet-Jacobs爆轰方程预估了目标化合物的爆轰性能。结果表明,DNANP及其12种含能盐的热分解峰温度分别为133.28,176.66,178.45,155.52,156.90,144.78,160.86,155.60,159.05,198.90,158.10,173.06℃和157.41℃;其密度介于1.71～1.92 g·cm~(-3),爆速介于7.690～9.463 km·s~(-1),爆压介于25.9～41.8 GPa,表明,DNANP及其有机含能盐是一类性能较好的高能量密度材料。     

3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑的合成工艺改进

3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP),是一种新型氮杂环含能材料.以乙酰丙酮为原料,经环化、重氮化、双环构建、硝化、氧化、脱羧硝化等反应合成了DNPP,得率为1 3.3%,比文献值提高了4%.考察了一锅法制备中间体4-氨基-3,5-二甲基吡唑的合成工艺、硝化工艺和脱羧硝化工艺.     

1,4-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡唑的合成

以吡唑为原料,经卤化、硝化反应合成出重要前体4-氯-3,5-二硝基吡唑(CDNP),然后胺化得到目标物1,4-二氨基-3,5-二硝基吡唑(DADNP),收率58.0%。采用红外、质谱、核磁及元素分析表征了DADNP的结构。用差示扫描量热法研究了DADNP的热行为。研究了影响胺化和硝化反应的因素。结果表明,较佳的胺化反应条件为:胺化试剂为2,4,6-三甲基苯磺酰羟胺(MSH),室温,n(ADNP-NH~+_4)∶n(MSH)=1∶1.5,反应时间12 h。最佳硝化反应条件为:V(硫酸)∶V(硝酸)=2∶1,反应温度110~115℃,反应时间4 h,收率72.0%。DADNP的熔点为192℃,分解峰温度为247℃。     

3,5-二硝基吡唑合成研究

以3-硝基吡唑为原料,经过硝化、重排、氨气中和得到3,5-二硝基吡唑铵盐,然后酸化得到3,5-二硝基吡唑,用元素分析、红外、核磁共振及质谱对3,5-二硝基吡唑及中间体结构进行了表征;通过液相色谱(HPLC)、薄层色谱(TLC)跟踪确定重排最佳反应温度为147℃、时间为77h,转化率为96.5%;重排反应液中,采用通入氨气的新方法,直接得到二硝基吡唑铵盐固体,优化了后处理条件。     

1,3,4,6-四硝基吡唑［4,3-c］并吡唑(TNPP)合成

吡唑并吡唑类含能材料由于其紧凑的结构具有密度高、热稳定性好的特点,目前已成为含能材料研究领域的热点之一[1-3]。1,3,4,6-四硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(TNPP)是典型的吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑类富氮含能化合物,其氮含量为38.89%,理论密度为2.2 g.cm-3,计算爆速为9246 m.s-1。国外文献[1]     

3,4-二硝基吡唑合成与性能研究

以吡唑为原料,经N-硝化、热重排、C-硝化等反应合成了3,4-二硝基吡唑(DNP).采用红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱及元素分析对其结构进行了鉴定;同时,改变加料方式的安全硝化工艺制备N-硝基吡唑,优化了C-硝化反应条件,确定C-硝化的最佳反应条件为反应温度55～60 ℃,3-硝基吡唑与硝酸摩尔比为1:2,反应时间1h,总收...     

3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)百克量合成及DNPP.H2O晶体结构

研究了3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)的百克量级合成工艺,总收率由9.3%提高到17.9%。采用IR、¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、元素分析、质谱等方法对中间体及DNPP的结构进行了表征。探讨了环化、还原“一锅法”反应机理及反应安全性;改进了重氮盐中间体的后处理方法: 采用冷冻结晶法代替萃取法,操作简单,避免大量使用有机溶剂,收率从77.0%提高到86.1%; 培养了DNPP·H₂O单晶,晶体结构分析表明,DNPP·H₂O为单斜晶系,空间群为P2(1)/c,晶体学参数为: a=0.3480(4) nm,b=1.4134(16) nm,c=0.9027(11) nm,α=90°,β=94.327(16)°,γ=90°,V=0.4427(9)nm³, Z=4,D_c=1.756g·cm-3,μ=0.164 mm-1,F(000)=240,R₁=0.0503,wR₂=0.1391。     

高能氧化剂ONPP的合成工艺优化

为了解决当前高能氧化剂1,4-双(三硝基甲基)-3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(ONPP)合成工艺的低硝化收率以及使用剧毒物等问题,设计并开发了ONPP的新合成路线。将ONPP溶于乙酸乙酯,采用缓慢溶剂挥发法制备出ONPP的单晶,并对不同配方进行了能量估算。结果表明,在碱和相转移催化剂Bu₄NBr(TBAB)的参与下,3,6-二硝基吡唑[4,3-c]并吡唑(DNPP)与溴丙酮反应,在吡唑环上引入2个丙酮基团,接着使用HNO₃/H₂SO₄/P₂O₅硝化体系对其进行硝化,合成得到了ONPP,两步总收率为31%。相较原工艺(两步总收率为10.4%),新工艺的产品收率提升了近3倍,且避免了剧毒物丁烯酮的使用,更适合放大化生产。单晶衍射结果为：ONPP的晶体为单斜晶系,P2₁/c空间群,晶体密度为1.983 g·cm^-3(293 K)。经过对端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)(占比10%)、Al粉(占比20%)和氧化剂(占...     

3,4-二硝基吡唑纯度的高效液相色谱分析方法

为准确测定3,4-二硝基吡唑产品的纯度,建立了3,4-二硝基吡唑及其合成过程中可能存在的杂质(3-硝基吡唑、1,3-二硝基吡唑)的高效液相色谱分析方法。讨论了不同流动相体系、流动相比例、流速等条件对3,4-二硝基吡唑高效液相色谱分离效果的影响。采用外标法进行定量分析。结果表明,得出最优的色谱条件为:Hypersil ODS2色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),紫外检测波长260 nm,流动相为乙腈/0.1%乙酸水=35∶65(V/V),流速1.0 m L·min~(-1),柱温25℃,进样量10μL。在上述色谱条件下,3-硝基吡唑、3,4-二硝基吡唑和1,3-二硝基吡唑的保留因子分别为0.41、1.20、1.52,3-硝基吡唑和3,4-二硝基吡唑间的分离度为9.42,3-硝基吡唑和1,3-二硝基吡唑间的分离度为3.16。3,4-二硝基吡唑线性范围为5~500 mg·L~(-1),3-硝基吡唑的线性范围为5~250 mg·L~(-1),1,3-二硝基吡唑的线性范围为5~250 mg·L~(-1)。在此范围内,三种化合物的检测限分别为1.19,0.60,1.04 mg·L~(-1),相对标准偏差为1.39%~2.08%,加标回收率为95.29%~103.43%。     

1-甲基-3,4-二硝基吡唑合成与表征

以3-硝基吡唑为原料,通过硝化、甲基化得到1-甲基-3,4-二硝基吡唑(MDNP),优化了合成工艺,得到较优的甲基化反应的工艺条件:反应温度90℃;反应时间6.5h;3,4-二硝基吡唑、碳酸二甲酯与无水碳酸钾的摩尔比为1∶10.5∶1.5,目标产物总得率55.6%。采用熔点测定、元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振等对目标产物进行了结构表征,利用DSC研究了其热分解性能。结果表明,热分解温度为298℃,熔点为20℃,在常温下为液体单质炸药,热稳定性好。     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Influence of Installing Error on the Surface Shape Precision of the Axial Symmetry Aspheric Workpiece in Lapping

A method to calculate the surface shape error, which is caused by the installing error between the workpiece and the lapping tool in the process of form lapping, is proposed. The mathematical model which the installing translation error influences on the workpiece surface shape error is established. The changing rule of the error is simulated through the calculating example of the paraboloid workpiece. The results indicate that the surface shape error of the workpiece is increasing with the increase of the installing translation error, it is also increasing gradually along the center point of the curve surface to the edge, and the influence is severer to the curve surface with great curvature than that of the small curvature when the translation error is the same.     

Experimental Research on Output Performances of Giant Magnetostrictive Actuator

The paper introduces the performances of magnetostrictive actuators and its applications, discusses the design methods for the structure and internal magnetic circuit of a giant magnetostrictive actuator, and makes tests on the output displacement and force characteristics for an actuator using homemade magnetostrictive material. The experimental result shows that the actuator has satisfactory output precisions and ranges in transient and stable states, and can be used in lowfrequency vibration control system of precise equipment.     

Overview of Anti-tank Mines

First the different anti-tank mines laying possibilities are shortly summarized： hand emplaced, with mine layers, ground or helicopter relatively topographical well defined, and with cluster systems of projectiles, rockets and aircraft dispensers. Then examples of the three generations of anti-tank mines are presented：Ⅰ generation： detonating only beneath the track; Ⅱ generation： detonating beneath the track and belly; Ⅲ generation： mines with off-route actions. Weight and cost comparisons are strongly favoring the off-route Ⅲ-generation mines.     

A Finite Element Analysis on Static Strength of a Complex Section

A static finite element analysis （FEA） of an impulsive controller section is presented. The boundary condition and a part of the loads are applied. Considering the grades of the stress around the holes being large, the dense grids are adjusted accordingly. Four cases with different loads are compared, thus the influences of different loads on the section are analyzed. Numerical results show that the maximum stress of the section is lower than the strength limit of the material, and the section will not be broken with the static loads.     

Discussion on Mechanism of Breech-Blow Caused by Propellant Charge

From the view point of launch safety caused by fracture of propellant charge, this paper points out that the safety criterion of pressure wave is inadequate to evaluate the launch safety of propellant charge based on the initial negative differential pressure and sensitivity tests. Generally, the maximum barrel pressure does not depend upon the intensity of pressure wave correspondingly. The pressure wave intensity can not describe the fracture degree of propellant charge in chamber and reflect the mechanical environment of propellant charge fracturing exactly and wholly. The evaluation criterion for launch safety of propellant charge should be built on the basis of depicting the fracture degree of propellant bed.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.