液体推进剂液滴电点火特性的实验研究

为了研究HAN基液体推进剂电点火特性,设计了液体推进剂液滴低压电加热点火模拟试验装置,利用高速录像系统,观测了HAN基液体推进剂LP1846单滴在不同电加热速率下的点火特性,结果表明,LP1846液滴在通电时主要经历四个特征过程,即:蒸发过程、周期性膨胀收缩过程、热分解过程和着火燃烧过程,且在膨胀收缩过程中伴有微爆现象发生。电压加载速率从80 V.s-1增大到140 V.s-1过程中,液滴着火延迟期从0.82 s变为0.62 s,呈线性缩短,且着火时火焰越明亮。     

含3,3′-二硝基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱推进剂的能量特性研究

利用GJB/Z84-96方法在标准条件(pc/po=70：1)下,计算了新型高能氧化剂3,3′-二硝基-4,4′-氧化偶氮呋咱(DNOAF)的三类推进剂的能量特性.计算发现用DNOAF取代丁羟复合固体推进剂中的高氯酸铵(AP),比冲可提高120 N·s·kg-1, NC/NG/DNOAF组成的无烟改性双基推进剂比冲可达2558 N·s·kg-1.在PET/NG/DEGDN/HMX推进剂中,用DNOAF取代HMX,比冲提高194 N·s·kg-1.     

含八硝基立方烷（ONC）推进剂的能量特性计算研究

利用国军标方法GJB/Z84-96及CAD系统软件,在标准条件(pc/po=70∶1)下,计算了含八硝基立方烷(ONC)的各类推进剂的能量特性。发现用ONC取代丁羟复合固体推进剂中的高氯酸铵(AP),比冲可提高125N.s.kg-1,NC/NG/ONC组成的无烟改性双基推进剂比冲可达2545N.s.kg-1,由GAP/ONC/RDX组成的无烟推进剂,在很宽的范围内都可以得到2600N.s.kg-1以上的理论比冲值。     

硝基呋咱/CMDB推进剂能量特性

根据最小自由能法,采用NASA-CEA软件,研究了六种硝基呋咱化合物:3-硝基呋咱(NF)、3,4-二硝基呋咱(DNF)、3-硝氨基-4-硝基呋咱(NNF)、3-硝氨基-4-硝基呋咱铵盐(ANNF)、3-硝氨基-4-硝基呋咱肼盐(HNNF)和3-硝氨基-4-硝基呋咱羟胺盐(HANNF)的能量特性。研究了硝基呋咱化合物含量对复合改性双基(CMDB)推进剂能量特性的影响和压强对硝基呋咱/CMDB推进剂能量特性的影响。结果表明,HANNF和HNNF单元推进剂的比冲高于RDX,分别为2744.8 N·s·kg-1和2802.2 N·s·kg-1。六种硝基呋咱化合物使CMDB推进剂的比冲大幅提高,其中HNNF和HANNF使CMDB推进剂的比冲分别提高74.6 N·s·kg-1和91 N·s·kg-1。六种硝基呋咱/CMDB推进剂的比冲均随压强升高而增加。比冲受压强影响顺序为DNFNNFHANNFANNFHNNFNF。     

含3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)推进剂的能量特性

利用国军标方法及CAD系统软件,在标准条件(pe/pc=70∶1)下,计算了含3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)的各类推进剂的能量特性,结果表明DNTF的单元推进剂比冲为2696.4N.s.kg-1,比CL-20单元推进剂的理论比冲还高31.1N.s.kg-1;用DNTF取代丁羟推进剂、改性双基推进剂以及GAP推进剂中的RDX或AP可以提高相应推进剂的理论比冲和特征速度。由于DNTF不含氯元素,且摩擦感度比RDX低得多,因此将DNTF引入推进剂中对提高推进剂的综合性能是有益的。     

氧化高氮杂环羟胺盐在固体推进剂中的能量性能分析

为评价新的氧化高氮杂环羟铵盐作为复合固体推进剂组分的能量潜力,采用推进剂性能评估程序PEP模拟计算了3,3'-二硝基-5,5'-联-(1-氧-1,2,4-三唑)二羟铵(DHDNBT)、5,5'-联-1,1'-二氧-四唑二羟铵(TKX-50)和5,5'-偶氮联-(1-氧四唑)二羟铵(DHABT)取代AP/Al/HTPB和AP/Al/GAP+NE两种复合固体推进剂体系中AP后的能量效果,并与HMX进行了比较。结果显示,在高固体含量的AP/Al/HTPB体系中,TKX-50和DHABT取代部分AP所得到的配方在很大的配方调节范围内能量性能与HMX取代AP配方相当,DHDNBT取代AP所得配方能量特性与同样含量HMX取代AP所得配方相当。在AP/Al/GAP+NE体系中,DHDNBT配方能量性能与同样含量HMX配方相同。含TKX-50和DHABT配方能量性能优于含HMX配方。含TKX-50和DHABT配方最高冻结流比冲分别为2662.7 N·s·kg-1和2696.0 N·s·kg-1,比HMX取代同体系中AP所得配方的最高冻结流比冲(2622.5N·s·kg-1)高40.2 N·s·kg-1(TKX-50)和73.5 N·s·kg-1(DHABT)。用设想的双-(1-氧-四唑)胺二羟铵(DHBTA)取代AP/Al/GAP+NE体系中AP可使最高冻结流比冲达到2708.7 N·s·kg-1,比HMX取代同体系中AP所得的最高冻结流比冲高86.2 N·s·kg-1,且在很大配方调节范围内有比HMX配方更高的能量特性。     

含5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧二羟铵推进剂的能量特性计算

利用国军标方法 GJB/Z84-1996及CAD系统软件,在标准条件(pc/p0=70∶1)下计算了含5,5'-联四唑-1,1'-二氧二羟铵(TKX-50)的复合改性双基(CMDB)推进剂、端羟聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂、硝酸酯增塑聚醚(NEPE)推进剂及聚叠氮缩水甘油醚(GAP)推进剂的能量特性。结果表明,TKX-50单元推进剂的理论比冲为2623.7 N·s·kg-1,比RDX单元推进剂的理论比冲高6.5 N·s·kg-1。TKX-50是CMDB推进剂中RDX的较好替代物。当TKX-50取代HTPB推进剂中的AP和GAP推进剂中的HMX和AP时,TKX-50基HTPB推进剂和TKX-50基GAP推进剂的理论比冲均存在能量的最优值。当TKX-50取代NEPE推进剂中的AP和HMX时,TKX-50基NEPE推进剂的理论比冲先增后降再增,最大增加20.4 N·s·kg-1。     

大环呋咱化合物TATF与DOATF合成与性能研究

以3,4-二氨基呋咱为原料,合成得到呋咱基大环化合物3,4:7,8:11,12:15,16-四呋咱基-1,5,9,13-四偶氮环十六烷(TATF)和3,4:7,8:11,12:15,16-四呋咱-1,9-二氧化偶氮-5,13-二偶氮环十六烷(DOATF),以核磁、红外、质谱、元素分析鉴定了其结构.计算得出两个大环呋咱化合物的标准生成焓分别为4526.0 kJ·kg-1和4144.2 kJ·kg-1,计算爆速分别为8150 m·s-1和8180 m·s-1, 爆压分别为29.5 GPa和29.2 GPa.分别以TATF和DOATF取代NEPE复合固体推进剂中的20%HMX,计算得出推进剂的比冲分别为252.5 s和276.2 s.     

含5-氨基四唑硝酸盐(5-ATEZN)推进剂的能量特性

利用最小自由能法,在标准条件(燃烧室压力pc:喷管出口处压力pe=70∶1)下,计算了含5-氨基-四唑硝酸盐(5-ATEZN)推进剂的能量特性。结果表明,5-ATEZN单元推进剂的比冲为2371.38 N·s·kg-1,与黑索今(RDX)及奥克托今(HMX)单元推进剂接近,且5-ATEZN的氧平衡(-10.8%)远高于RDX及HMX。用5-ATEZN取代粘合剂端羟基聚丁二烯(HTPB)推进剂中的高氯酸铵(AP)和RDX时,推进剂比冲和特征速度均降低;而用5-ATEZN取代GAP推进剂中的AP时,推进剂比冲和特征速度随5-ATEZN含量增多呈抛物线形变化,最高比冲可达2580.62 N·s·kg-1,与原配方相比提高17.93 N·s·kg-1。同时由于5-ATEZN不含氯元素,对降低推进剂的特征信号十分有利。因此,用5-ATEZN取代适量AP是实现GAP(聚叠氮缩水甘油醚)推进剂高能化和少烟化的一个可行途径。     

含2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑羟胺盐的推进剂能量特性计算

采用最小自由能法,在标准状态下(膨胀比为70/1),计算了含2-偕二硝甲基-5-硝基四唑羟胺盐(HADNMNT)的丁羟复合推进剂和改性双基推进剂的能量特性。理论计算可知,HADNMNT单元推进剂的密度比冲为4936.4 N·s·dm-3,高于黑索今(RDX),低于奥克托今(HMX)和六硝基氮杂异伍兹烷(CL-20);利用HADNMNT完全取代高氯酸铵(AP)后,丁羟复合推进剂的比冲提高了428.7 N·s·kg-1;绘制了HADNMNT与RDX、Al组成的丁羟复合推进剂的等比冲三角图,直观的反映了比冲与配方的关系,HTPB、HADNMNT、RDX及Al的含量分别为10%、60%~62%、14%~16%以及14%~15%时,获得推进剂的最高理论比冲为2778.9 N·s·kg-1。利用HADNMNT完全取代RDX后,改性双基推进剂的比冲为2522.9 N·s·kg-1:通过添加Al并调节HADNMNT与Al在改性双基推进剂中的含量,获得推进剂的优化配方为:NC 25%,NG 33%,HADNMNT 11%,Al 20%,DINA 3.5%,其他助剂7.5%,其理论比冲为2598.5 N·s·kg-1。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Parameter Identification for the Valve Control Cylinder System of a Hydraulic Manipulator

In mechanical, hydraulic and electronic systems, the determination of system parameters is often challenging because liquid parameters often change significantly, due to variations in working and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is of significant practical importance to identify those parameters through experimental procedures. A systematic approach to identifying parameters in the valve controlling cylinder system of hydraulic manipulators is provided. It first derives the transfer function of the system, and then uses P control of PID control to predict system parameters. The predicted parameters are further validated using PID control. The prediction through simulation using MatLab language is utilized, which agrees well with experimental results.     

Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Combustion Field in the Combustion Chamber

In order to study the effect of rotation on the combustion in the underwater vehicle, a two-phase turbulent combustion process is described with Reynolds stress turbulence model, eddy-dissipation turbulent combustion model, P-1 radiation model and particle tracking model of liquid. The flow in the rotating combustion chamber is simulated at two different working speeds, 0 r/min and 1 000 r/min by Fluent software. The temperature, gas velocity, static pressure of wall and fuel concentration are computed and compared. The results show that the combustion in rotating combustor is faster and more effective.     

Software Communication Architecture Implementation and Its Waveform Application

This paper attempts to do a research on the development of software defined radio（SDR） based on software communication architecture（SCA）. Firstly, SCA is studied and a whole reference model of SCA3.0 core framework （CF） is realized; Secondly, an application-specific FM3TR waveform is implemented on the platform of common software based on the reference model; Thirdly, from the point of view of real-time performance and software reuse, tests and validations are made on the above realized CF reference model and FM3TR waveform. As a result, the SCA-compliant SDR has favorable interoperability and software portability and can satisfy the real-time performance requirements which are not too rigorous.     

Dynamic Simulation of the Tank Gun Recoil Response

By using the ATV module of MSC. ADAMS, the dynamic simulation of recoil response of tank gun is analyzed.How the recoil force affects the bodywork and the suspension during gun firing, as well as the changing status of the gun muzzle‘s velocity are gained. All results and analyzing methods are offered for the designing basis of optimizing tank vehicle-gun match. The constructive exploration is beneficial to improving the general capability of tank.     

Survey of Controllable Suspension System for Off-road Vehicles

The controllable suspension system can improve the performances of off-road vehicles both on road and cross-country. So far, four controllable suspensions, that is, body height control, active, semi-active and slow-active suspensions, have been developed. For off-road vehicles, the slow-active suspension and the semi-active suspension which have controllable stiffness, damping and body height are more appropriate to use. For many years, some control methodologies for controllable suspension systems have been developed along with the development of modern control theory, and two or more original control methods are integrated as a new control method. Today, for military or civilian off-road vehicles, the R&D of controllable suspension systems is ongoing.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.