FOX-7合成过程中硝化反应的热危险性

利用全自动反应量热器(RC1e)测定了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)合成过程中的硝化反应热释放速率及传热系数、比热容。结果表明硝化反应加料过程中的平均放热速率约为80 W,保温反应过程中的平均放热速率约为40 W,物料放热量为375.22 kJ·mol-1,理论绝热温升为483.8 K。采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重-微商热重(TG-DTG)法分析了中间体2-(二硝基亚甲基)-5,5-二硝基嘧啶-4,6-二酮的热稳定性,其分解分为两个阶段,起始分解温度为30℃,第一阶段分解峰温为67.01℃,放热量为201.2 J·g-1;第二阶段分解峰温为87.15℃,放热量为1046.6 J·g-1,表明中间体的热稳定性较差。     

二硝基甲苯硝化反应的热危险性分析

采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、绝热加速度量热仪(ARC)和反应量热仪(RC)对二硝基甲苯(DNT)硝化反应的热危险性进行了研究。DSC的测试结果表明产物梯恩梯(TNT)的起始分解温度是298.38℃,低于DNT的起始分解温度;而ARC的测试结果显示TNT的开始分解温度为232℃,最大反应速率达到时间为24h时所对应开始温度TD24为224℃;反应量热实验表明DNT硝化过程的放热剧烈,且110℃时反应放热量是90℃的1.4倍,这些热量中有很大一部分来自于副反应放热。因此,该反应必须严格控制温度,避免温度过高引起放热副反应加剧和产物的二次分解。     

氟两相体系与甲苯硝化反应

研究了氟溶剂和有机溶剂组成的氟两相体系、等当量的甲苯和硝酸的硝化反应.考察了硝化体系、反应时间和温度、氟溶剂的用量对硝基甲苯收率和产物异构体比例(Rp-/o-)的影响.全氟己烯(PFH)和全氟壬烯(PFN)可以和乙醚、正庚烷、四氯化碳和甲苯等有机溶剂形成氟两相体系,其互溶温度与组成有关.甲苯在全氟己烯中硝化的较佳工艺条件：n甲苯n硝酸n硫酸nPFH＝110.22.0,50℃反应4h收率93.8%,Rp-/o-为0.66.冷却反应物料氟溶剂自动分层,分离简便,可循环使用.     

硅钨酸催化下甲苯的选择性硝化

研究了硅钨酸对甲苯硝化反应的催化活性.通过气相色谱研究了诸如催化剂用量、催化剂焙烧温度、硝化反应时间、硝化反应温度及催化剂的重复使用等因素对甲苯硝酸硝化区域选择性的影响.结果表明,在醋酐存在条件下,以CCl4为溶剂,以质量分数为95%的硝酸为硝化剂,反应温度控制在50℃,反应60min,1.0g经300℃焙烧1.5h后的硅钨酸催化剂,对甲苯表现出强的区域选择性,甲苯硝化产物o/p值(甲苯硝化产物邻位和对位异构体的质量比)达0.89,较硝硫混酸的1.67显著降低,产物收率达到91.6%.该催化剂可循环使用5次,催化活性变化很小.     

3,4-二硝基吡唑合成与性能研究

以吡唑为原料,经N-硝化、热重排、C-硝化等反应合成了3,4-二硝基吡唑(DNP).采用红外光谱、核磁共振、质谱及元素分析对其结构进行了鉴定;同时,改变加料方式的安全硝化工艺制备N-硝基吡唑,优化了C-硝化反应条件,确定C-硝化的最佳反应条件为反应温度55～60 ℃,3-硝基吡唑与硝酸摩尔比为1:2,反应时间1h,总收...     

二氧化氮法制备2,4-二硝基甲苯

采用高压釜研究了NO2/O2体系对甲苯的二硝化反应.考察了反应条件对甲苯转化率、二硝基甲苯(DNT)收率及其异构体分布的影响.结果表明Hβ分子筛有良好的催化活性和区域选择性.在较佳工艺条件: NO2与甲苯的摩尔比3.5:1,在催化剂Hβ-CH3SO3H作用下,O2压力1.0 MPa,40 ℃,反应10 h,甲苯转化率99.3%,DNT收率89.4%,异构体2,4-DNT与2,6-DNT之比33.催化剂回收方便,重复使用四次不失活.     

ADN合成过程的热效应

利用反应量热仪RC1e测定了氨基磺酸法合成二硝酰胺铵(ADN)过程中酸碱中和、硝硫混酸配制、低温硝化、胺化等4个工艺阶段的反应热释放速率及热传递系数、比热容等。结果表明,四个阶段的放热量分别为580,43.07,207.11,302.99 kJ,平均放热速率分别为188.44,12.22,33,125.41 W,反应体系绝热温升分别为123.25,19.40,126.53,91.48 K。     

FOX-7合成过程中水解反应的热危险性及反应动力学

利用反应量热仪(RC1),测定了以2?(二硝基亚甲基)?5,5?二硝基?2H?嘧啶?4,6?二酮(TNMPO)为原料,经水解反应制备FOX?7工艺的热流曲线,对水解反应的工艺热危险性进行了分析,采用定温实验,利用n级反应动力学方程对不同温度下的水解反应速率进行了拟合,进而获得了水解反应的表观反应动力学参数.结果显示,2...     

磷酸二氢钾催化下甲苯的选择性硝化

研究了催化剂磷酸二氢钾对甲苯硝化反应的催化活性,考察了催化剂用量、硝化反应条件及催化剂的重复使用等因素对反应的影响.结果表明,在醋酐存在条件下,以CCl4为溶剂、质量分数为95%的硝酸为硝化剂,温度控制在55 ℃反应60 min,0.6 g磷酸二氢钾催化剂对甲苯硝化表现出了强的区域选择性,硝化产物邻位和对位异构体的重量比达0.96,较硝硫混酸的1.67显著降低,产物收率达到95.1% .该催化剂可循环使用5次,催化活性变化很小.     

4,8-二硝基八氢化二咪唑[4,5-b:4',5'-e]哌嗪-2,6-(1H,3H)-N,N'-二亚硝胺的合成及热性能

以乙二醛,甲酰胺和盐酸胍等为原料,通过两阶段硝化反应,合成了4,8-二硝基八氢化二咪唑[4,5-b:4',5'-e]哌嗪-2,6-(1H,3H)-N,N'-二亚硝胺(TNIP),采用IR、NMR、MS等表征了中间体和产物的结构。同时探究了时间、温度、醋酐与硝酸体积比等因素对两阶段硝化过程的影响,确定了硝化过程较佳的工艺条件为第一阶段醋酸酐与硝酸体积比为1.2,反应时间为2 h,反应温度为45℃,第二阶段醋酸酐与硝酸体积比为3,反应时间4 h,反应温度50℃,硝化总产率由23.3%提高至35.1%。采用差示扫描量热法和热重分析研究了TNIP的热性能,其分解温度为290℃,说明TNIP具有良好的热稳定性。实测TNIP的撞击感度(H50)为108.1 cm,优于RDX(38 cm)和HM X(30~32 cm)。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Parameter Identification for the Valve Control Cylinder System of a Hydraulic Manipulator

In mechanical, hydraulic and electronic systems, the determination of system parameters is often challenging because liquid parameters often change significantly, due to variations in working and environmental conditions. Therefore, it is of significant practical importance to identify those parameters through experimental procedures. A systematic approach to identifying parameters in the valve controlling cylinder system of hydraulic manipulators is provided. It first derives the transfer function of the system, and then uses P control of PID control to predict system parameters. The predicted parameters are further validated using PID control. The prediction through simulation using MatLab language is utilized, which agrees well with experimental results.     

Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Combustion Field in the Combustion Chamber

In order to study the effect of rotation on the combustion in the underwater vehicle, a two-phase turbulent combustion process is described with Reynolds stress turbulence model, eddy-dissipation turbulent combustion model, P-1 radiation model and particle tracking model of liquid. The flow in the rotating combustion chamber is simulated at two different working speeds, 0 r/min and 1 000 r/min by Fluent software. The temperature, gas velocity, static pressure of wall and fuel concentration are computed and compared. The results show that the combustion in rotating combustor is faster and more effective.     

Software Communication Architecture Implementation and Its Waveform Application

This paper attempts to do a research on the development of software defined radio（SDR） based on software communication architecture（SCA）. Firstly, SCA is studied and a whole reference model of SCA3.0 core framework （CF） is realized; Secondly, an application-specific FM3TR waveform is implemented on the platform of common software based on the reference model; Thirdly, from the point of view of real-time performance and software reuse, tests and validations are made on the above realized CF reference model and FM3TR waveform. As a result, the SCA-compliant SDR has favorable interoperability and software portability and can satisfy the real-time performance requirements which are not too rigorous.     

Dynamic Simulation of the Tank Gun Recoil Response

By using the ATV module of MSC. ADAMS, the dynamic simulation of recoil response of tank gun is analyzed.How the recoil force affects the bodywork and the suspension during gun firing, as well as the changing status of the gun muzzle‘s velocity are gained. All results and analyzing methods are offered for the designing basis of optimizing tank vehicle-gun match. The constructive exploration is beneficial to improving the general capability of tank.     

Survey of Controllable Suspension System for Off-road Vehicles

The controllable suspension system can improve the performances of off-road vehicles both on road and cross-country. So far, four controllable suspensions, that is, body height control, active, semi-active and slow-active suspensions, have been developed. For off-road vehicles, the slow-active suspension and the semi-active suspension which have controllable stiffness, damping and body height are more appropriate to use. For many years, some control methodologies for controllable suspension systems have been developed along with the development of modern control theory, and two or more original control methods are integrated as a new control method. Today, for military or civilian off-road vehicles, the R&D of controllable suspension systems is ongoing.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.