乌洛托品的热分解动力学

为获得乌洛托品其热分解动力学参数,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和绝热加速量热仪(ARC)对其热分解过程进行了测试。DSC结果表明,乌洛托品的热分解属于吸放热耦合的过程,其等温测试中的两个放热峰对应的表观活化能均为150 kJ·mol~(-1),利用AKTS软件计算得其最大温升速率到达时间为24 h,所对应的温度TD24为216.26℃。ARC测试结果表明,乌洛托品的起始分解温度为230.28℃,TD24为212.5℃,与基于等温DSC数据的预测结果(216.26℃)基本一致。     

FOX-7合成过程中硝化反应的热危险性

利用全自动反应量热器(RC1e)测定了1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烯(FOX-7)合成过程中的硝化反应热释放速率及传热系数、比热容。结果表明硝化反应加料过程中的平均放热速率约为80 W,保温反应过程中的平均放热速率约为40 W,物料放热量为375.22 kJ·mol-1,理论绝热温升为483.8 K。采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重-微商热重(TG-DTG)法分析了中间体2-(二硝基亚甲基)-5,5-二硝基嘧啶-4,6-二酮的热稳定性,其分解分为两个阶段,起始分解温度为30℃,第一阶段分解峰温为67.01℃,放热量为201.2 J·g-1;第二阶段分解峰温为87.15℃,放热量为1046.6 J·g-1,表明中间体的热稳定性较差。     

盐酸羟胺和N-甲基羟胺盐酸盐的自催化分解特性

采用等温差示扫描量热(DSC)和中断回扫法(动态DSC)以及绝热加速量热法(ARC),鉴别盐酸羟胺(HH)和N-甲基羟胺盐酸盐(NMHH)的热分解是否具有自催化分解特性,分析二者的热分解危险性。动态DSC及等温DSC结果均表明:HH和NMHH的热分解均具有自催化分解特性;10℃·min-1温升速率下,HH和NMHH的放热量分别为2284.85 J·g-1和2188.41 J·g-1,放热量较大。ARC结果显示:HH和NMHH起始分解温度分别为110.6℃和90.7℃,热分解均在30 min内分解完全,最大温升速率分别达到193.4℃·min-1和218.9℃·min-1,热分解剧烈。对确认有自催化分解特性的HH、NMHH、三硝基甲苯(TNT)、奥克托今(HMX)、黑索今(RDX)和过氧化苯甲酰(BPO),以及确认不具有自催化分解特性的过氧化苯甲酸叔丁酯(TBPB)、硝酸异辛酯(EHN)和过氧化二叔丁基(DTBP)的ARC数据对比分析,发现非自催化分解反应从检测到放热至最大温升速率的时间(t0-max)均远长于自催化分解反应对应时间,且热修正系数变化对该规律不产生影响,由此判断可以采用绝热量热数据t0-max鉴别物质热分解是否具有自催化分解特性。     

硝硫混酸对一硝基甲苯热稳定性的影响

为获得硝硫混酸中一硝基甲苯(MNT)的热分解信息,分析硝硫混酸对MNT热稳定性的影响,分别用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和绝热加速量热仪(ARC)测试了MNT和含不同比例混酸MNT物料体系的热分解过程。DSC测试结果表明,混酸含量越高,MNT物料体系的起始分解温度越低;ARC测试结果显示,存在大量混酸时,MNT物料体系的起始分解温度会提前到150.7℃,比纯M NT提前了110℃左右;而最大温升速率到达时间为24 h,所对应的引发温度TD24由纯MNT的299℃降低到98℃。同时,混酸的存在也使得M NT物料体系分解的比放热量和绝热温升都略有增加。因此,硝硫混酸的存在使得M NT物料体系的热稳定性降低,热危险性增大。     

硝基胍自催化热分解特性及绝热安全性

利用动态差示扫描量热(DSC)实验初步研究了硝基胍的热分解特性,采用Kissinger和Ozawa法计算了其热分解活化能。运用中断回归实验研究了热履历对硝基胍热分解安全性的影响,并用等温DSC实验进行了验证。利用绝热量热仪(ARC)研究了硝基胍的绝热安全性,得到了其初始分解温度,温升速率。结果表明,硝基胍是熔融分解型含能材料,其热分解为自催化反应。热履历显著影响了硝基胍的热分解安全性,降低了其起始分解温度和峰温,使其在固态时就达到较高的热分解速率。在动态DSC实验中,其起始反应温度213.8~249.9℃,峰温215.0~255.2℃,表观活化能为111.6 k J·mol~(-1)和114.2 k J·mol~(-1)。在绝热实验中,其起始反应温度为170.6℃,最大温升速率为1.414℃·min~(-1)。     

GHQ推进剂的热分解特性研究

采用差示扫描量热仪DSC和绝热加速量热仪ARC,对比研究了双基推进剂SF、改性双基推进剂GHQ和单质RDX的热分解过程,并分析评估了GHQ推进剂的热危害性。DSC实验结果表明:GHQ推进剂起始分解温度为182.4℃,热分解明显分为双基组分和RDX分解两个过程,分解峰温为202.2℃和240.4℃,分别与双基推进剂SF、单质RDX分解峰温接近,说明双基组分与RDX混合后作用不激烈。ARC实验结果表明:GHQ推进剂在最危险状态(即绝热条件)下的起始分解温度为135.3℃,绝热温升为1 197.5℃,tMR为15.9min,单位质量产生气体最大压力为15.8MPa·g~(-1)。研究结果表明:添加RDX后,GHQ推进剂发生热自燃可能性较双基推进剂SF稍有提高,热危害性大大增强。     

乳化炸药的热分解特性

用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试了不同升温速率下二级和三级煤矿许用乳化炸药放热分解反应的起始温度和峰顶温度。用Kissinger法计算了该反应的动力学参数，得到了120℃、150℃和250℃时的反应速率常数。结果表明，随着配方中KCl和NaCl含量的增加，乳化炸药的安定性增加。提出了乳化炸药在生产过程中应注意的一些问题。     

精制对5,7-二氨基-4,6-二硝基苯并氧化呋咱性能的影响

为研究5,7-二氨基-4,6-二硝基苯并氧化呋咱(CL-14)的性能,经CL-14钾盐重结晶,高温酸化,加热下除酸, 精制了CL-14。按GJB772A-1997标准化方法测试了精制前后样品的感度和热安定性。用DSC方法测试了其放热分解反应温度。结果表明,精制CL-14的pH值为6.5。撞击感度和摩擦感度分别为24%和16%。200 ℃真空安定性试验48 h放气量为0.81 mL·g-1。DSC放热分解反应峰温度为313.7 ℃,比精制前提高13.7 ℃,说明,精制后的CL-14有较低的酸度和良好的热安定性。     

2,2,6,6-四硝基金刚烷的合成与表征

以金刚烷为原料,经氧化、肟化,合成了2,6-金刚烷二酮肟,再使用N2O5为硝化剂,直接由2,6-金刚烷二酮肟一步氧化硝化制得了2,2,6,6-四硝基金刚烷,并利用核磁共振(NMR)、红外(IR)、元素分析等对产物进行了表征。研究了物料配比、溶剂、温度、时间对氧化硝化反应收率的影响,确定了最佳反应条件:溶剂为二氯甲烷,摩尔比n(2,6-金刚烷二酮肟)∶n(N2O5)=1∶6,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为30 min,收率为50%。利用热重分析(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)对2,2,6,6-四硝基金刚烷的热性能进行了分析,发现其从275℃开始分解,在298℃时有尖锐放热峰,表明2,2,6,6-四硝基金刚烷具有良好的热稳定性。     

2,2,4,4,6,6-六硝基金刚烷的合成、表征及晶体结构

以丙二酸二乙酯和多聚甲醛为起始原料,经环合、脱羧、缩酮化、臭氧化、肟化、偕硝化等步骤,合成了2,2,4,4,6,6-六硝基金刚烷(HNA)。优化了Meerwein's酯的合成、臭氧化反应和酮肟偕硝化的反应条件,HNA的总收率提高到3%。用五氧化二氮作酮肟偕硝化反应的硝化剂,考察了物料配比、反应温度、反应时间、溶剂对酮肟偕硝化反应的影响。确定的最佳反应条件为:物料比n(2,2,6,6-二乙撑二氧基-4-金刚烷酮肟)∶n(N2O5)=1∶3,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为30 min,反应溶剂为二氯甲烷,偕二硝基化合物的收率为65%。用1H NMR,13C NMR,IR及元素分析表征了中间体与目标化合物的结构。培养了HNA单晶,用X射线四圆衍射仪测定了它的单晶结构。用热重分析(TG)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)研究了HNA的热性能。结果表明:HNA晶体属单斜晶系,P2(1)/n空间群,晶胞参数为a=1.2011(2)nm,b=2.1129(4)nm,c=1.1967(2)nm,α=90°,β=90.59(3)°,γ=90°,V=3.0368(11)nm3,Z=8,Dc=1.777 g·cm-3,μ=0.166 mm-1,F(000)=1664。HNA的热分解过程可分为三个阶段,从分解反应开始到结束的总失重为94%。DSC曲线在256.21℃处有一个明显的放热峰,显示加热时HNA在该温度有剧烈的放热分解反应发生。     

Stability of the Third Generation Intensifier under Illumination

The stability under illumination of transmission-mode GaAs photocathode sealed in the third generation intensifier is investigated by use of spectral response testing instruments. The variations of spectral response with the illumination times under weak and intense illumination are compared. The variations of photoemission performance parameters are also characterized. The results show that during initial several weak illuminations photocathode behaves no evident decay and a maximum sensitivity is achieved, while under intense illumination the sensitivity of photocathode begin to decrease largely at the first illumination. The calculated performance parameters show that the variation of surface escape probability with illumination times is a direct cause of instability of photocathode. It is also found that under intense illumination peak wavelength is moved towards short-wave and peak response is decreased, which shows that the ability of long-wave response of photocathode is decreased.     

Passive Acoustic Radar for Detecting Supersonic Cruise Missile

A Passive Acoustic Radar is presented as a necessary complement to electromagnetic wave radar, which will be expected to be an effective means for detecting cruise missiles. Acoustic characteristics of supersonic flying projectiles with diverse shapes are expounded via experiment. It is pointed out that simulation experiment could be implemented using bullet or shell instead of cruise missile. Based on theoretical analysis and experiment, the ““acoustic fingerprint““ character of cruise missile is illustrated to identify it in a strong noise environment. After establishing a locating mathematical model, the technique of acoustic embattling is utilized to resolve a problem of confirming the time of early-warning, considering the fact that velocity of sound is much slower than that of light. Thereby, a whole system of passive acoustic radar for detecting supersonic cruise missile is formed.     

Super-resolution Restoration of Remote-sensing Images

A novel image restoration scheme, which is super-resolution image restoration algorithm Poisson-maximum-afterword-probability based on Markvo constraint （MPMAP） combined with evaluating image detail parameter D, has been proposed. The advantage of super-resolution algorithm MPMAP incorporated with parameter D lies in the fact that superresolution algorithm MPMAP model is discrete, which is in accordance with remote-sensing imaging model, and the algorithm MPMAP is proved applicable to linear and non-linear imaging models with a unique solution when noise is not severe. According to simulation experiments for practical images, super-resolution algorithm MPMAP can retain image details better than most of traditional restoration methods; at the same time, the proposed parameter D can help to identify real point spread function （PSF） value of degradation process. Processing result of practical remote-sensing images by MPMAP combined with parameter D are given, it illustrates that MPMAP restoration scheme combined PSF estimation has a better restoration result than that of Photoshop processing, based on the same original images. It is proved that the proposed scheme is helpful to offset the lack of resolution of the original remote-sensing images and has its extensive application foreground.     

Design and Simulation of TF and TA Controller for Missile

A nonlinear terrain following(TF) and terrain avoidance(TA) controller is proposed for missile control systems. Based on classical TF algorithm (adaptive angle method), a new method for TF controller is proposed by using angle of attack. A method of obtaining terrain outline data from digital elevation map (DEM) for TF control is discussed in order to save store space. A TA algorithm is proposed by using bank-to-turn technique. The block control model, which is suitable for backstepping design, is given for nonlinear model of missile. Making full use of the characteristics of the system and combining block control principle and backstepping technique, a robust controller design method is proposed. Uncertainties in every sub-block are allowed, and can be canceled by using the idea of nonlinear damping. It is proved that the state tracking errors are converged to a neighborhood of the origin exponentially. Finally, nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom simulation results for the missile model are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control law.     

Design and Analysis of Test Schemes of Static Postponing Time on Shrapnels Used to Riot Control

The test scheme of static postponing time given in our actual national military test standard on shrapnels used to control riot is a nine-point test scheme on the combined action of three kinds of temperatures and three kinds of pressures,the consumed ammunitions are more excessive. Statistic analysis and tentative checkout about a lot of test data are done,feasibility gists are put forward for optimizing of the test design scheme. The optimizing design and data analysis of test scheme of the item are done by managing uniformity design theory, two scientific and reasonable six-point test schemes are confirmed. The feasibility and reliability of the optimizing design schemes put forward above are proved ulteriorly by test validating. The gained schemes not only have good design uniformity and little ammunition wastage and meet the test demand, but also have better forecast ability for the result data of other points using the mathematic models from the actual test points.     

Expert Systems Aimed at General Design of Projectiles

Expert systems aimed at the general design of projectiles can implement a series of intelligent designs, such as the design of HE shell, the scheme expounded and proved, the emulation analysis and calculation, etc. Aiming at the product design feature, the expert system adopts the object-oriented knowledge representation and all kinds of inference control engines to describe and reason the relevant knowledge regarding the product through the microcomputer. It embodies the foundation of emulation analysis and simulated manufacturing of the shell. It makes use of the method that knowledge expression is combined with condition of inference to carry out the overall design and emulation and reference.The paper gives the ways through which the functions can be achieved, gives the modularization of reference and the design methods of systematization, puts forward the method of knowledge expression and working interface, and supplies a platform for similar products of the shell category that can be quickly designed.     

Design of Non-fragile Satisfactory Estimator for Linear Continuous Perturbed Stochastic Systems

The design problem of non-fragile estimator is addressed for a class of perturbed linear continuous systems. The perturbations occur on the plant and estimator parameters. The estimator designed should force the error system to achieve the desired decay rate and force the steady error variance less than the specified upper bound irrdevancy of the admissible plant perturbations and estimator perturbations. Consistency problem of the decay rate with the variance upper bound is first considered via linear matrix inequality （LMI） approach. The solution of the estimator parameter under specifications to be consistent is then discussed. The consistency condition of specifications and estimator parameter solution are transformed to feasible or minimum problems subject to a set of LMI respectively. The method is illustrated by a numerical example.     

An Improved Scene-based Nonuniformity Correction Algorithm for Infrared Focal Plane Arrays Using Neural Networks

The improved scene-based adaptive nonuniformity correction （NUC） algorithms using a neural network （NNT） approach for infrared image sequences are presented and analyzed. The retlna-like neural networks using steepest descent model was the first proposed infrared focal plane arrays （IRFPA） nonuniformity compensation method, which can perform parameter estimation of the sensors over time on a frame by frame basis. To increase the strength and the robustness of the NNT algorithm and to avoid the presence of ghosting artifacts, some optimization techniques, including momentum term, regularization factor and adaptive learning rate, were executed in the parameter learning process. In this paper, the local median filtering result of Xij （ n ） is proposed as an alternative value of desired network output of neuron Xij （ n ）, denoted as Tij （ n ）, which is the local spatial average of Xij （ n ） in traditional NNT methods. Noticeably, the NUC algorithm is inter-frame adaptive in nature and does not rely on any statistical assumptions on the scene data in the image sequence. Applications of this algorithm to the simulated video sequences and real infrared data taken with PV320 show that the correction results of image sequence are better than that of using original NNT approach, especially for the short-time image sequences （several hundred frames） subjected to the dense impulse noises with a number of dead or saturated pixels.     

Piecewise Filter of Infrared Image Based on Moment Theory

The disadvantages of IR images mostly include high noise, blurry edge and so on. The characteristics make the existent smoothing methods ineffective in preserving edge, To solve this problem, a piecewise moment filter （PMF） is put forward. By using moment and piecewise linear theory, the filter can preserve edge. Based on the statistical model of random noise, a related-coefficient method is presented to estimate the variance of noise. The edge region and model are then detected by the estimated variance. The expectation of first-order derivatives is used in getting the reliable offset of edge. At last, a fast moment filter of double-stair edge model is used to gain the piecewise smoothing results and reduce the calculation. The experimental result shows that the new method has a better capability than other methods in suppressing noise and preserving edge.     

Bistatic Sonar Localization Based on Best Linear Unbiased Estimation

A best linear unbiased estimation （BLUE） algorithm for bistatic sonar localization is proposed. The Cramer-Rao bound for bistatic Sonar and the geometrical dilution of precision （GDOP） in different conditions are given. The simulation results show that the location accuracy of BLUE algorithm is higher than the weighted least square method.