H2对等离子喷涂–物理气相沉积射流及涂层结构性能影响研究进展

首先介绍了目前现有的等离子射流检测方法,着重综述了PS-PVD等离子射流非接触式检测手段—光谱诊断(OES)技术及其计算方法,以及通过此手段检测H2对射流特性的影响。其次,从H2对涂层物相、组织结构相和热导率的影响出发,介绍了现阶段国内外H2工艺参数对于涂层微观形貌结构影响的研究现状。基于此,通过涂层抗粒子冲蚀能力和抗钙镁铝硅酸盐(CMAS)腐蚀能力对涂层的力学性能和热防护性能差异进行了总结与评价。最后展望了今后PS-PVD制备热障涂层技术兼顾力学性能与热防护性能的发展可能性。     

等离子喷涂氧化铝基复合涂层研究进展

随着等离子喷涂技术的发展,等离子喷涂氧化铝基复合涂层在防腐蚀、耐磨损和航天航空等领域得到了广泛应用。首先简要介绍了新型等离子喷涂技术(激光等离子喷涂、悬浮液等离子喷涂和超音速等离子等)和主要喷涂工艺参数(喷涂功率、送粉方式和喷涂距离等),然后从改善涂层耐腐蚀性能的角度出发,阐述了第二相、喷涂工艺参数和后处理工艺对涂层气孔率的影响及与涂层耐腐蚀性能的关系。重点分析了硬度、喂料特征和激光熔覆技术对氧化铝基复合涂层耐磨损性能的影响,详述了影响硬度的因素,以及喷涂粉末特征和激光熔覆处理对复合涂层微观结构的影响。在电磁波吸收性能研究方面,论述了吸收剂含量、涂层厚度和多种电磁波吸收剂匹配以及喷涂参数的调整对等离子喷涂氧化铝基复合涂层吸波性能的影响。最后对以等离子喷涂技术制备性能更加优异的氧化铝基复合涂层提出了展望。     

等离子-物理气相沉积（PS-PVD）及其射流非接触检测方法

等离子-物理气相沉积(PS-PVD)是制备高温防护涂层和功能涂层的一种新方法,既可涵盖等离子喷涂和电子束物理气相沉积工艺,还可实现涂层宏观/介观/微观等跨尺度结构的定制化设计与制备,在热障涂层(TBCs)、环境障涂层(EBCs)、环境热障涂层(TEBCs)、透氧薄膜、燃料电池和太阳电池电极薄膜等领域具有广泛应用前景,尤其在航空发动机和燃气轮机防护涂层领域被视为高性能TBCs/EBCs制备技术发展的新方向。比较分析了PS-PVD等离子射流膨胀流动、材料快速加热气化离化和长距离多模式输运沉积的全流程过程,介绍了PS-PVD原理与设备系统,面向等离子射流参数快速无损检测分析的目标,建立了基于光学发射光谱学(OES)的等离子射流和材料特性非接触式检测与诊断装备系统,发展了射流和材料特性参数的定量表征和精确诊断方法。依据电子数密度等检测结果,进一步计算分析等离子温度分布规律。基于射流与材料检测结果,研究了粉末材料在等离子射流中的多相态转变行为,归纳了调控沉积单元多相态转变的工艺控制参数集。这些硬件平台和表征检测方法的建立,为构建PS-PVD理论和研制新型高性能热防护涂层提供了坚实的理论基础和必要的条件支撑。     

大气等离子喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂WC-Ni涂层组织结构和性能的对比研究

采用大气等离子喷涂和超音速火焰喷涂技术在不同工艺参数下制备WC-Ni涂层。涂层的相结构和显微组织结构分别采用X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)进行表征。涂层的显微硬度、弹性模量和断裂韧性采用显微维氏硬度计进行表征。采用销盘磨损试验对涂层的磨损性能进行表征。结果表明,较大功率下等离子喷涂的涂层较致密,WC相脱碳程度较大。超音速火焰喷涂距离较小时,制备的涂层较致密,脱碳分解程度较小。相比等离子喷涂技术,超音速火焰喷涂制备的涂层中WC相的分解更少,涂层组织结构相对致密,力学性能相对较高,耐磨粒磨损性能较好。致密度相近,但脱碳程度较小的涂层耐磨性能较好。     

激光重熔纳米氧化锆热障涂层的抗热冲击性能

采用纳米氧化锆团聚粉末和等离子喷涂技术制备了纳米氧化锆涂层,试验研究了激光重熔工艺参数(激光比能量)对纳米氧化锆涂层抗热冲击性能的影响.结果表明,激光重熔工艺参数对重熔涂层的抗热冲击性能影响显著,采用合适的工艺参数(激光比能量),可以使重熔涂层获得最佳的抗热冲击性能.不同激光重熔工艺参数处理的涂层形成的组织结构不同,使得涂层的抗热冲击性能不同.合适的激光重熔工艺参数下涂层表现出高的抗热冲击性能,主要是因为重熔后的涂层组织结构有利于热应力的释放以及其相结构在高温冲击下具有良好的稳定性.     

等离子喷涂制备典型涂层研究进展

从航空航天到交通运输、电子设备和医疗器械等,大大小小的行业中均可见到涂层的应用,涉及到这些领域的涂层种类主要有耐磨、耐蚀涂层、热障涂层、压电陶瓷涂层和生物陶瓷涂层等。等离子喷涂技术具有喷涂材料范围广、工艺简单等优点,是制备上述典型涂层的常用工艺方法。虽然同种工艺可制备出不同种类涂层,但由于所选的喷涂材料、喷涂参数不同,所获得的涂层性能和涂层结构之间也存在着一定差异,须对等离子喷涂各类涂层的研究进行分析与总结。基于此,文中简要介绍了国内外等离子喷涂涂层的应用现状,之后从不同种类涂层功能需求和技术特点出发,分析喷涂工艺对涂层结构和性能的影响。最后对提升涂层性能的工艺方法进行总结,并对今后等离子喷涂涂层技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

ZrB_2-SiC粉末与等离子射流场的相互作用

为了探究等离子喷涂制备ZrB_2-SiC涂层组织结构疏松、致密性差的原因,采用去离子水对经过射流场加热的粉体进行收集,对比前后粉体的组织结构特征以及物相变化。设计单颗粒沉积试验探究粉体的熔化状态以及变形颗粒的形貌特征,并与等离子喷涂制备涂层进行对应分析。结果表明,由于"涡流效应"使得经过等离子射流场的ZrB_2-SiC粉体与卷入的氧气发生反应,粉体出现轻微氧化现象。经过等离子射流场后,ZrB_2-SiC粉体呈现3种形貌特征:表面光滑型、表面多孔型、表面团聚型。其原因与等离子射流温度场非均匀性以及粉体的飞行路径有关。变形颗粒呈现与之相对应的3种形貌特征:熔化充分颗粒、团聚堆积颗粒、以及介于两者间的半熔融半疏松颗粒。共晶组织包裹的ZrB_2颗粒容易在涂层中形成致密区,而团聚堆积的ZrB_2和SiC颗粒是涂层形成疏松区的主要原因。     

纳米Al_2O_3-13％TiO_2粉末及其等离子喷涂涂层的相变

将商用纳米Al_2O_3与TiO_2粉末混合制浆,通过喷雾造粒技术重构成大颗粒纳米Al_2O_3-13％T102团聚粉体,然后采用不同加热温度进行烧结,制备用于热喷涂的纳米喂料。采用等离子喷涂技术沉积形成纳米涂层。利用XRD和SEM对纳米粉末和涂层的形貌、显微结构和晶相进行表征。结果表明,在烧结过程中纳米氧化铝没有发生相变,而纳米氧化钛则由锐钛矿相转变为金红石相;在等离子喷涂过程中,部分a—Al_2O_3发生熔化转变为y—Al_2O_3,且转变量与喷涂工艺参数有关;而TiO_2相只在较低喷涂工艺参数下存在衍射峰,在较高喷涂工艺参数下则以z—A1203＂Ti02固溶体存在;涂层在热处理过程中会发生y．A1203向a—A1203的转变,且有Ti02相析出。     

等离子喷涂常规和纳米ZrO2-7％Y2O3热障涂层隔热性能

采用等离子喷涂工艺在TiAl合金表面制备常规和纳米ZrO2-7％Y2O3(质量分数)热障涂层,分析了两种涂层的组织结构,并对其隔热性能进行了比较.结果表明,等离子喷涂常规热障涂层呈典型的层状堆积特征,而纳米涂层为特殊的两相结构.相对于常规涂层,纳米涂层有较好的隔热性能;在1100℃时,等离子喷涂常规及纳米涂层的隔热温度分别为83、127℃.     

大气物理气相沉积行为对层流等离子喷涂Mo涂层结构影响*

通过提高基体温度或粒子温度可以突破大气等离子喷涂涂层结合率一般不超过 1 / 3 的瓶颈，然而目前粒子温度难以通过提高功率等方式进一步提高。基于大气层流等离子喷涂的相关研究证明了层流等离子射流具有射流长度长、速度低、能量密度高等特点，能够有效通过提高粒子在等离子射流的滞留时间从而实现对粒子的充分加热。为了研究层流等离子喷涂高熔点 Mo 涂层的结构演变规律与关键影响因素，并推导出金属与陶瓷涂层的一般沉积行为，使用扫描电子显微镜对三种喷涂参数下制备的 Mo 涂层的结构进行了表征与分析。结果表明，喷涂过程中，在等离子射流以及高温粒子对基体的原位加热作用下，Mo 的氧化物蒸气能够在等离子射流扫掠中与扫掠后附着、沉积在涂层表面，从而影响后续 Mo 粒子的沉积而改变涂层的微观结构。涂层的结构主要与 Mo 粒子的蒸发和基体温度有关。粒子蒸发越剧烈，基体温度越高，涂层越趋向于呈现出多孔岛状凸起结构；粒子蒸发越弱，涂层越趋向于呈现出层状结构，有利于实现低氧化、高致密金属涂层的制备，拓宽等离子喷涂的应用。综合以上研究结果，揭示层流等离子射流中的粒子大量蒸发现象与气相沉积过程，为其作为一种大气环境物理气相沉积的实施方式奠定了基础。     

基于工控组态平台的机器人等离子喷涂控制系统设计

分析了机器人等离子喷涂工艺特点，开发了一种基于工控组态软件的机器人等离子喷涂控制系统。该系统能满足喷涂工艺控制要求，并对电流、电压、机器人状态等信息进行实时监控，具有开发周期短、用户界面友好、易于操作和控制效果优良等特点。     

基于多层ANN的机器人等离子熔射智能化模型

分析了机器人等离子熔射过程的神经网络模型的实现方法,基于多层人工神经网络(antificial neural network,ANN)建立了等离子熔射过程的智能化模型.基于该模型,系统研究了等离子弧电流、熔射距离、机器人扫描间距和速度对主要涂层性能参数-残余应力和孔隙率的影响规律,并通过试验数据库的学习对涂层性能参数进行预测.结果表明,模型预测结果与试验结果有着很好的吻合,解决了工艺试验结果中仅有离散数据且难以全面反映等离子熔射工艺参数一涂层性能之间复杂非线性关系的难题.

Abstract：

The implementation of multi-layer artificial neural networks (ANNs) in robotic plasma spraying was discussed and an intelligent process model was constructed to fully describe the relationships between process parameters and coating properties. Influences of plasma arc current, spray distance, robot scanning space and scanning velocity on coating properties, i.e. residual stress and porosity, were systematically studied based on the present model. Prediction can be effectively carried out after the learning of the experimental database. Theoretical analysis shows the prediction results agree well with the experiments. It is favorable to fully investigate the complex and nonlinear relationships between processing parameters and coating properties as well as to overcome the limited information indicated by the discrete variable in the processing results.     

Plasma spraying using Ar-He-H2 gas mixtures

In plasma spraying, the properties of the plasma-forming gas largely control the characteristics of the plasma jet and the momentum, heat, and mass transfers to the particles injected in the flow. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of gas composition on the static and dynamic behaviors of the plasma jet. The latter behaviors were investigated from measurements of arc voltage and plasma jet velocity. Ternary gas mixtures of argon, helium, and hydrogen were used. The results were expressed as correlations between arc voltage and flow velocity, and the operating parameters of the gun for a specific nozzle diameter.     

Arc instabilities in a plasma spray torch

The control over coating quality in plasma spraying is partly dependent on the arc and jet instabilities of the plasma torch. Different forms of instabilities have been observed with different effects on the coating quality. We report on an investigation of these instabilities based on high-speed end-on observation of the arc. The framing rate of 40,500 frames per second has allowed the visualization of the anode attachment movement and the determination of the thickness of the cold-gas boundary layer surrounding the arc. The images have been synchronized with voltage traces. Data have been obtained for a range of arc currents, and mass flow rates for different gas injectors and for anodes displaying different amounts of wear. The analysis of the data has led to quantitative correlations between the cold-gas boundary layer thickness and the instability mode for the range of operating parameters. The arc instabilities can be seen to enhance the plasma jet instabilities and the cold-gas entrainment. These results are particularly useful for guiding plasma torch design and operation in minimizing the influence of plasma jet instabilities on coating properties.     

An Integrated Investigation Approach for Coating Temperature Measurement and Control During Plasma Spraying

An integrated investigation approach for temperature measurement and control of plasma sprayed coating is presented in this paper. It is based on infrared (IR) pyrometry combined with specific robot scanning trajectories. The temperature evolution was continuously detected and recorded during preheating, spraying, and cooling stages. Then the two specific factors, periodic average temperature and periodic standard deviation, were adopted to evaluate the temperature variation and the fluctuation of the thermal cycle relevant to one spraying period. These two factors were successful in describing the temperature variation during experimental processing sets. Moreover, the influence of processing parameters of Z-type robot spray trajectory, including spray distance, scanning velocity, and scanning step on coating temperature is experimentally researched and explained reasonably by comparing the two factors.     

等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积高温防护涂层研究进展

等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积（PS-PVD）是基于低压等离子喷涂发展起来的一种新型多功能薄膜及涂层制备技术。由于其独特的等离子射流特征,可实现气液固多相涂层沉积,获得非视线沉积。文中首先介绍了国内外PS-PVD技术等离子体数值模拟和在线检测技术的研究现状,其次讨论了PS-PVD羽-柱状结构热障涂层的形成机制及与传统热障涂层在热导率、抗冲蚀等性能方面的差异,阐述了PS-PVD技术制备环境障涂层的研究进展,最后对PS-PVD技术沉积高温防护涂层的优势和存在的问题进行了总结。     

Diagnostics in plasma spraying techniques

The paper presents three innovative diagnostics for application to the plasma spraying process. With plasma computer tomography, the plasma jet is investigated by recording its radiation under several directions. The laser-based particle shape imaging technique is applied for determining dynamic and geometric parameters of spray particles within the plasma jet. The particle flux imaging method, which allows the characterisation of the total process except the formation of the coating, can be used for process monitoring and quality control.     

低压条件下的等离子射流特性分析

低压等离子喷涂由于具有特殊的射流特性,以及可以沉积组织均匀的特殊结构涂层而备受关注.涂层的形成受到等离子射流特性的影响,比如焓值、温度、速度等.研究中利用热焓探针技术在环境压力为3 kPa的条件下,测量了Ar-H₂等离子体不同轴向位置射流中心的焓值和压力,并且进一步计算了射流的温度和速度,以及表征等离子体对粉体加热能力的努森数.结果表明,等离子射流在距离喷嘴出口12.5 mm处的温度为11 000 K;400 mm处降为7 000 K;等离子射流速度在喷嘴出口处25 mm左右达到最大值,约为2 000 m/s;喷嘴外部等离子射流的努森数处于过渡区,对粉体的加热能力较低.     

Inclusion of aerodynamic non-equilibrium effects in supersonic plasma jet enthalpy probe measurements

Low pressure plasma spraying (LPPS) is a thermal spraying technique that has found a niche for low oxidation products. It uses a low pressure environment (i.e., chamber pressure between 2 and 90 kPa) and yields supersonic plasma jets. The enthalpy probe technique is a common measurement method in plasmas. However LPPS jets are difficult to diagnose as their supersonic nature forces the apparition of a shock wave in front of any measuring device inserted in the jet. Incomplete or erroneous assumptions are usually invoked to overcome the difficulties associated with this shock wave and carry out the LPPS jet diagnosis from enthalpy probe measurements. In this work, a new device is designed to gain access to an additional physical quantity, which is needed to assess the aerodynamic non-equilibrium state of the jet. It is combined with enthalpy probe measurements, and the resulting set of experimental data is used with a numerical procedure based on gas dynamics theory, yielding free-stream supersonic plasma jet values from the measurements behind the induced shock wave. The results agree well with the phenomenology of supersonic jets in aerodynamic nonequilibrium. However this new method is restricted by the local thermodynamic equilibrium assumption, which is directly linked with the pressure and temperature conditions of the plasma jet.     

大气等离子射流中粒子飞行行为的试验测量

为考察等离子熔射中粉末的飞行过程,应用芬兰Oseir公司等离子喷涂在线监测和分析设备SprayWatch对射流中粒子的温度、飞行速度和粒子流量进行了测量,探讨了等离子弧电压、电流、功率以及送粉量等参数对粒子飞行状态的影响.结果表明:同等功率下,电流对粒子速度的影响高于电压,电压对粒子流量的影响高于电流,电压、电流对粒子温度则呈现交替重要的影响;在电流400A、电压50V下粒子流量随送粉量的增加呈现低-高-低的"山峦"状变化,反映了粒子飞行路径和分布的变化.