一种轻型仿人机械臂关节并联机构设计

基于人体上肢手臂结构特点与运动特性，提出一种轻型仿人绳驱动协作机械臂结构，完成了3-RRRR-（UPU）腕关节并联机构设计；弓形连杆铰链中心连线两两对角相交，交点随动平台相对静平台作球面纯滚动，形成椭圆运动轨迹。构建虚拟圆逼近椭圆误差模型，采集不同尺寸下并联机构运动误差数据进行插值优化处理，得出插值优化模型；在动、静平台分别建立动、静坐标系，构建并联机构运动学简图，完成正运动学分析。通过正运动学分析结果推演出绳索长度与并联机构末端动平台位姿关系，并通过逆运动学分析验证机构正运动学分析。     

平面3RRR机构杆长误差对奇异性的影响分析

针对并联机器人的精度这一性能指标,分析了3RRR并联机器人的杆长误差对整个机构的影响,运用雅可比矩阵法从理论上分析了3RRR并联机器人杆长误差与其奇异位置的关系,根据求解的结果建立相应的误差模型,并在MATLAB中计算出理想状态下的奇异位置和考虑杆长误差状态下的奇异位置的偏差度,将计算所得的偏差数据以图像的形式表现出来加以分析,最终得出了3RRR机构不同杆的杆长误差与奇异位置的偏移程度关系,为该机构的设计精度要求提供了科学的参考依据。     

三平动冗余驱动并联机床工作空间与运动学分析

以三平动非对称冗余驱动(3-2SPS)并联机床机构为研究对象,并对该机构进行工作空间和运动学分析。建立该机构的位置反解模型,并得到带约束条件的位置反解运动方程,利用边界数值搜索法,确定并联机构的工作空间。采用Matlab曲线拟合[1]确定杆长变化与动平台运动位姿关系方程,以此分析冗余驱动滑块位于不同位置状态下,每个杆长的速度、加速度。研究结果为3-2SPS非对称冗余驱动并联机构的实际应用提供了理论依据。     

基于3D打印技术的并联机器人机构精度分析

针对3D打印快速成型技术的性能需求,提出了一种基于3-UPU型三自由度3D打印并联机器人。对其中的3-UPU并联机构进行了运动学分析,在此基础上建立误差正解模型,考虑驱动副杆长误差和铰链间隙误差的影响因素,运用Monte-Carlo法分析了动平台末端精度的频数分布,求得了许用精度范围内的置信概率,为提高3D打印并联机器人机构末端的输出精度提供了重要依据,在生产制造业快速发展的主流技术中具有重要的研究意义与应用推广价值。     

3-PCR并联机构精度分析

首先,对3-PCR并联机器人机构进行建模,基于微分原理,通过求解3-PCR并联机构的位置微分方程,得到了机构的精度分析模型。然后,使用MATLAB仿真来分析各主要误差源对该机构动平台精度的影响(主要误差源有主动副转动误差、结构参数误差和位姿变化引起的误差)。最后,通过以上分析对3-PCR并联机器人机构的实际误差补偿与控制奠定了理论基础。     

用激光跟踪仪标定并联机床的理论探讨

本文介绍了两种利用激光跟踪仪的测长功能标定并联机床的方法，第一种是将某一根杆固定不动，使动平台被动变化三个位姿，求得铰链点在动平台上的坐标，然后只固定杆长，使动平台被动移动，求出静平台的铰链点的实际坐标和初如杆长。第二种方法是使动平台任意主运动，根据测是的数据，用牛顿迭代法计算出动静平台上的铰链点位置和初始杆长。本文只使用激光跟踪仪的测长结果，避免了角度测量带的误差，标定结果更加准确。     

基于神经网络的并联机床位姿误差分析与补偿研究

为了解决并联机床位姿误差补偿这一难题,以六自由度并联机床为研究对象,基于并联机床的运动学逆解建立了位姿误差模型,得到了并联机床驱动杆杆长误差和铰链点位置误差与并联机床动平台位姿误差的关系。铰链点位置误差可以通过调整杆长来弥补,由于驱动杆杆长误差难以测量,所以基于BP神经网络设计了一种改进的修正系统输入法对并联机床动平台的位姿误差进行补偿。仿真结果表明,经过补偿后的位姿误差明显小于补偿前的位姿误差,验证了并联机床位姿误差分析与补偿方法的可靠性。     

辽宁工业大学机械工程与自动化学院

为提高3 SPR对称机构末端执行器的定位精度,对该并联机构进行了误差分析。运用矩阵全微分理论建立了该机构的位姿误差模型,得到了并联机构的输入误差和输出误差的关系;建立了该机构的灵敏度误差模型,绘制了各项输入误差源对定位精度的影响程度。结果表明：机构在设计、加工和装配过程中驱动杆长的误差与静平台的Z向误差需要严格控制,可提高机构的定位精度;同时依据3σ原则可以算出期望由某项误差源引起工作空间体积误差的标准差范围内的各项公差,对该并联机构的制造和安装具有一定的指导意义。     

五自由度并联机床的误差分析

基于三杆五自由度并联机床机械结构,建立了误差分析数学模型。通过对并联机床静态误差分析,得到固定平台铰链点位置误差、伸缩杆长度误差对活动平台中心点位置误差影响的显式表达式,以及活动平台的姿态误差对活动平台中心点位置误差影响的显式表达式,为并联机床实时误差补偿提供了理论基础。     

3-SPR机构的误差灵敏度分析

为提高3-SPR对称机构末端执行器的定位精度,对该并联机构进行了误差分析。运用矩阵全微分理论建立了该机构的位姿误差模型,得到了并联机构的输入误差和输出误差的关系;建立了该机构的灵敏度误差模型,绘制了各项输入误差源对定位精度的影响程度。结果表明:机构在设计、加工和装配过程中驱动杆长的误差与静平台的Z向误差需要严格控制,可提高机构的定位精度;同时依据3σ原则可以算出期望由某项误差源引起工作空间体积误差的标准差范围内的各项公差,对该并联机构的制造和安装具有一定的指导意义。     

Stewart型并联机床伸缩杆伸长量误差在线测量

标定作为提高Stewart型并联机床静态精度的有效方法，包括建模、测量、参数识别和补偿等环节。其中伸缩杆伸长量误差的测量准确性直接影响标定效果。本文提出间接方法准确测量其值。首先选择激光跟踪系统精确测量并联机床不同位姿对应的伸缩杆绝对伸长量，再辅以符号运算，最终达到测量机床伸缩杆伸长量误差的目的。     

A systematic optimization approach for the calibration of parallel kinematics machine tools by a laser tracker

Parallel kinematics machine has attracted attention as machine tools because of the outstanding features of high dynamics and high stiffness. Although various calibration methods for parallel kinematics machine have been studied, the influence of inaccurate motion of joints is rarely considered in these studies. This paper presents a high-accuracy and high-effective approach for calibration of parallel kinematics machine. In the approach, a differential error model, an optimized model and a statistical method are combined, and the errors of parallel kinematics machine due to inaccurate motion of joints can be reduced by this approach. Specifically, the workspace is symmetrically divided into four subspaces, and a measurement method is suggested by a laser tracker to require the actual pose of the platform in these subspaces. An optimized model is proposed to solve the kinematic parameters in symmetrical subspaces, and then arithmetical mean method is proposed to calculate the final kinematic parameter. In order to achieve the global optimum quickly and precisely, the initial value of the optimal parameter is directly solved based on the differential error model. The proposed approach has been realized on the developed 5-DOF hexapod machine tool, and the experiment result proves that the presented method is very effective and accurate for the calibration of the hexapod machine tool.     

三平动冗余驱动并联机床误差分析及标定方法的研究

以三平动非对称冗余驱动(3-2SPS)并联机床为研究对象,对该机构进行运行学分析,在此基础上以矢量微分法建立包括球铰铰链点、伸缩杆杆长、冗余线性模组的位置和方向向量在内的48个结构参数的误差雅可比矩阵,并在MATLAB中计算得到各误差源对机床动平台末端位姿的影响。建立基于运动学逆解的标定模型,并用Gauss-Newton非线性最小二乘法求解出机构48个结构参数的实际值,通过MATLAB仿真验证了标定算法的有效性。研究结果为3-2SPS非对称冗余驱动并联机构的实际应用提供了理论依据。     

Identification and compensation of geometric errors of rotary axes on five-axis machine by on-machine measurement

The geometric errors of rotary axes are the fundamental errors of a five-axis machine tool. They directly affect the machining accuracy, and require periodical measurement, identification and compensation. In this paper, a precise calibration and compensation method for the geometric errors of rotary axes on a five-axis machine tool is proposed. The automated measurement is realized by using an on-the-machine touch-trigger technology and an artifact. A calibration algorithm is proposed to calibrate geometric errors of rotary axes based on the relative displacement of the measured reference point. The geometric errors are individually separated and the coupling effect of the geometric errors of two rotary axes can be avoided. The geometry error of the artifact as well as its setup error has little influence on geometric error calibration results. Then a geometric error compensation algorithm is developed by modifying the numeric control (NC) source file. All the geometric errors of the rotary errors are compensated to improve the machining accuracy. The algorithm can be conveniently integrated into the post process. At last, an experiment on a five-axis machine tool with table A-axis and head B-axis structure validates the feasibility of the proposed method.     

Kinematical calibration of a hybrid machine tool with Regularization method

The hybrid machine tools, combining the advantages of serial and parallel type machine tools, provide more and more application opportunities for less-freedom parallel mechanism. Accuracy performance is still an important index of hybrid machine tool for industry application. In this study, configuration of a 3-P(4R)S-XY hybrid machine tool is first introduced. The 3-P(4R)S parallel mechanism can be simplified to a 3-PRS mechanism on kinematical calibration. Based on that, error model and error kinematics are derived to introduce all possible manufacturing and assembling errors into calibration. Then, identification matrix is derived by differentiating kinematical equations. Combining the advantages of calibration schemes based on both inverse and forward kinematics model, a new measurement scheme is put forward, in which not all freedoms of motions needs to be measured and error identification could be efficiently accomplished in one time measurement. In order to solve the ill-posed problem in error identification, practical Regularization methods are adopted. Finally, the kinematical calibration experiment of the prototype machine tool is performed with a combined measuring tool. The results of RTCP accuracy test reveal that the positioning accuracy is less than 0.05 mm in the 30° cone workspace. Calibration experiments for the prototype verify feasibility and effectivity of the more precise kinematical error model, the low-cost measurement scheme, and the error identification solution with Regularization method.     

并联机床运动学标定研究综述

在分析和总结有关并联机床运动学标定方面资料的基础上，详细地阐述了并联机床的加工误差源和运动学标定的进展情况。对并联机床的运动学标定研究提出了几点建议，并指出运动学标定是提高并联机床静态精度的有效方法。     

立式加工中心空间误差验证及补偿

为提高某立式加工中心整机加工精度,借助旋量理论建立完备立式加工中心空间误差模型,在此基础上实现机床空间误差有效补偿.以旋量理论为基础推导并建立机床刀具运动链与工件运动链运动学正解,分析机床21项几何误差原理,在考虑21项几何误差的基础上建立该立式加工中心完备空间误差模型;利用九线法完成各项几何误差辨识;基于旋量运动学正解求解机床运动学逆解后得出运动轴实际运动路径,并通过体对角线实验对比补偿前后的效果.结果表明:所提补偿方法补偿效果显著,验证了机床空间误差模型的准确性,实现了提高机床加工精度的目的.     

A new approach for the geometrical calibration of parallel kinematics machines tools based on the machining of a dedicated part

A main limitation of parallel kinematics machine tools (PKM) in high-speed machining tasks is their low level of accuracy compared with serial kinematics machine tools, which is largely due to geometrical transformation errors. These errors can be reduced by identifying the geometrical parameters of the inverse kinematics model integrated in the controller by exteroceptive calibration. The aim of this paper is to propose a new external measurement method in order to perform the geometrical calibration of PKM, taking into account machining requirements. This method is implemented in three steps: machining of a dedicated part, measurement, and identification of the geometrical parameter values. In this paper, the method is described with a particular emphasis on the machined surface profiles of the dedicated part and on the numerical calibration approach. Measurement errors on the machined surface enable the identification of the PKM geometrical parameters. Thus, calibration is performed with respect to machined surface defects without taking into account the entire tool pose defect, as is the case in usual calibration methods. The study is illustrated using the Verne PKM, which is located at IRCCyN (Nantes, France).     

基于SAPSO-GA算法的高速曲轴随动数控磨床几何误差辨识方法

以某型数控曲轴磨床作为研究对象,对其结构和运动进行分析,推导出曲轴磨削时理想的砂轮轨迹方程。根据多体系统理论建立含有误差参数的模型,并推导出机床-工件和机床-刀具的运动链位置矩阵,得出机床精密加工的约束方程。对磨床的几何误差进行研究,建立几何误差模型。为快速、准确辨识出各项几何误差,提出一种混合SAPSO-GA算法。通过对比球杆仪测量补偿前后的运动轨迹,分析补偿效果。结果表明:所提方法提高了辨识准确性,通过补偿大大提高了曲轴随动磨床的加工精度。     

基于三坐标测量仪的Stewart平台标定技术

针对空间对接半物理仿真系统中Stewart平台的运动精度问题,提出一种基于三坐标测量仪的低成本标定方法.利用通用的三坐标测量仪获取运动平台的位姿信息,构造一个统一度量的残差方程,辨识出运动平台的几何参数并进行误差补偿.此方法的特点是能够保证所有几何参数的可辨识性,不再需要设计和加工专门用于标定的各种辅助机构和冗余传感器,具有较强的通用性和可操作性.本文阐述了该标定方法的标定过程,对残差方程的构造方式进行了讨论,仿真表明标定后平台的运动精度能够达到测量噪声的量级.最后将此方法用于某实际运动平台的标定,经过误差补偿后其精度提高了5倍以上.