铝锂合金的时效研究

本文研究了铝锂合金(8090)时效过程中组织与性能之间的关系。190℃时效析出相的顺序可能是α_(ss)→α+δ′→α+δ′+T_1+S′→α+δ′+T_1+S′+θ′+T_2。当T_1和S′相析出时,强度和延伸率都提高,过时效后,由于θ′和T_2相析出,性能下降。     

预变形对Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr合金的第二相析出及力学性能的影响

采用维氏硬度、常温拉伸及透射电子显微镜等测试手段,研究了不同预变形状态对Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr合金中第二相析出行为及力学性能的影响。结果表明,未经预变形的峰值时效态Al-Cu-Li-Mn-Zr合金的析出相有T_1(Al_2CuLi)相、θ′(Al_2Cu)相,且存在极少量的χ(Al_5Cu_6Li_2)相。预变形的引入使T_1相的析出量显著增加,同时抑制了θ′相的形成,但对χ相的析出量的影响却较小。由此可知,经预变形的合金在峰值时效态的析出相以细小弥散的T_1相为主。经定量统计可知,预变形量越大,作为主要析出相的盘片状T_1相的直径越小,但厚度及体积分数几乎保持不变。此外,随着预变形量的增大,峰值时效态合金的屈服强度和抗拉强度升高,塑性降低。     

时效时间对一种新型Al-Cu-Li系合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

研究了时效时间对一种新研制的Al-Cu-Li系合金组织性能的影响。研究发现:在不同时效状态下,该合金析出了δ′,T1,θ′,θ″,σ等第二相,时效过程中析出T1相始终保持稳定的数量和尺寸,θ″相随着时效的进行不断减少并且最终消失。力学性能随着析出相的种类和数量的不同而改变,T1相对合金起到了很好的强化效果,δ′相和θ′相的复合强化有效地改善了合金的力学性能,σ相对该合金的强化作用优于θ′相。     

液态动压实铝锂合金在时效过程中的结构转变

采用液态动压实(LDC)工艺制备的四种铝锂合金在时效过程中强化相的析出规律进行了研究。用 TEM 观察了析出相在晶内、亚晶界和位错上的析出分布。结果表明:四种合金的共同析出相为δ′(Al_3Li),β′(Al_3Zr)和δ′(Al_3Li)的复合析出相。改变合金中的铜、镁、锂含量,对强化相θ′(Al_2Cu),T_1(Al_2CuLi)和 S′(Al_2CuMg)的形成有较大的影响。同时也发现在190℃时效有利于β′+δ′复合相,S′和 T_1相的析出.     

Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr合金显微组织的研究

本文采用透射电镜系列倾转,选区电子衍射及会聚束电子衍射技术,系统研究了一种Al-Li-Cu-Mg-Zr合金中的显微组织。结果表明,该合金中的主要强化相为δ′相,其生长符合粗化动力学。β′相可作为δ′相的核心,并加快其析出速率;合金中的另一主要强化相为s′相。s′相单体为板条状,许多平行生长的s′相单体拼合在一起形成片状的s′相板条群。s′相单体的惯习面为{210}_α,沿<100>_α方向长大,但s′相的片状板条群却躺在{110}_α面上;T_1′相在时效组织中占的体积分数很小,在该合金中不是主要强化相;长时间时效后在晶界上主要形成T_2相。     

2090+Ce铝锂合金时效组织形成及其强化机制

以2090铝锂合金作为参照,细致地观察了2090+Ce铝锂合金时效组织特征及其形成规律。首次利用图形分析等手段,对比研究了2090和2090+Ce铝锂合金中沉淀相尺寸分布规律,通过对两合金中δ′相和T_1相生长、粗化行为的研究,探讨了微量稀土Ce的作用机制。研究中发现添加微量稀土Ce,对时效初期δ′相的生长有一定的抑制作用,而对T_1相的析出却有一定的促进作用,其T_1相表现出较小的长厚比。在深入观察2090+Ce合金位错组态特征的基础上,计算了δ′相、T_1相的强化贡献及其综合效应。发现合金中位错组态随时效条件发生变化。T_1相与位错间的交互作用形式是切过和绕过的混合型,两相复合强化形式与时效时间有关。对比研究了2090和2090+Ce铝锂合金板材屈服强度各向异性及其形变织构、人工时效等因素的影响作用,探究了沉淀相强化作用与两合金板材屈服强度各向异性间的内在联系以及微观形变和断裂特征随取向角、时效条件的变化。结果表明T_1相等沉淀相对铝锂合金屈服强度各向异性以及断裂特征有着直接的影响,并提出了一修订的塑性内合物模型。     

预轧制变形电场时效对1420Al-Li合金组织与性能的影响

对预轧制变形的1420Al-Li合金进行了电场时效处理，并研究了预轧制变形电场时效对Al-Li合金力学性能的影响，利用透射电镜观察和分析了合金的显微组织。试验结果表明，经预轧制变形的1420Al-Li合金在时效时，随时效时，随时效时间的延长或提高时效温度，使δ‘析出相尺寸增大；随预轧制变形量的增加，合金中位错密度提高，但预轧制对析出的δ‘相数量及尺寸没有明显的影响；预轧制变形电场时效可以显著提高合金的强度，采用适当的变形量及电场时效工艺可获得良好的强塑性配合。     

强电场对预拉伸变形1420合金时效行为的影响

对１４２０ 铝锂合金进行预拉伸变形电场时效处理,并运用透射电镜、拉伸试验研究了强电场对１４２０ 合金的显微组织以及力学性能的影响．结果表明：强电场使δ′相数量增多,而且细小弥散化,可以显著提高合金的强度．但是由于强电场的作用使晶界无析出带加宽,晶界平衡相变得粗大,所以合金延伸率降低．只要选择适当的电场强度就可以使合金的强度达到很高,塑性也较好．     

回归再时效中预时效温度对7050铝合金应力腐蚀性能的影响

采用硬度测试、电导率测试、慢应变速率拉伸、透射电镜和扫描电镜等方法,研究了回归再时效热处理工艺中预时效温度对7050铝合金微观组织和应力腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:随着预时效温度升高,回归再时效后7050铝合金晶内析出相从以GP区为主转变为以η′相为主,晶界析出相逐渐粗化,晶界变得不连续分布,合金应力腐蚀敏感性降低;但晶界无沉淀析出带宽度增加,120℃时达到140nm,易导致应力集中和阳极溶解,合金抗应力腐蚀性能下降。预时效温度为80℃,即稍微欠时效时,7050铝合金抗应力腐蚀性能较好,在缓慢应变速率(10-6s-1)和3.5%NaCl溶液腐蚀介质下,合金抗拉强度为473.5MPa,伸长率为10.67%,应力腐蚀指数为0.05824。     

热处理对铸造Ti15-3合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

借助光学显微分析、ＴＥＭ和ＳＥＭ分析手段研究了不同热处理工艺对Ｔｉ１５－３合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：合金在铸态时的组织特征为粗大的β相,由于合金中没有析出相的弥散强化作用,因而合金的强度低,在不同温度时效处理后,在晶内和晶界析出α相,随着时效温度和时效时间的增加,析出相不断粗化,与铸态相比,合金时效后强度大幅度提高而处伸率大幅度下降,在变形过程中,合金中的位错在析出相周围形成缠结,合     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.     

Analysis of marine hydrobiont lipid extracts as possible cryoprotective agents

We studied a combined effect of the cryoprotectants both of lipid and carbohydrate origin at the presence of DMSO or without it on cell viability and the RNA synthesis in the embryonic mollusc and echinoderm cell cultures obtained at different developmental stages. Cryoprotective properties of exogenous lipids correlated with their thermotropic behavior. Lipid extracts from marine hydrobiontes, which thermal transitions are characterized by relatively small part of calorimetric thermogram area lying at temperatures above 0 °C (6–18%), were found to possess a considerable cryoprotective activity. The results are discussed in relation to the prediction of the cryoprotective activity of lipid extracts for marine animal cells. In addition, it was found that marine invertebrate cells can be cryopreserved without DMSO at the presence of trehalose and lipid extracts of some marine hydrobiontes.     

Low-Temperature Properties of Silver

Pure silver is used extensively in the preparation of high-temperature superconductor wires, tapes, films, and other configurations in which the silver not only shields the superconducting material from the surrounding materials, but also provides a degree of flexibility and strain relief, as well as stabilization and low-resistance electrical contact. Silver is relatively expensive, but at this stage of superconductor development, its unique combination of properties seems to offer the only reasonable means of achieving usable lengths of conductor. In this role, the low-temperature physical (electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical) and mechanical properties of the silver all become important. Here we present a collection of properties data extracted from the cryogenic literature and, to the extent possible, selected for reliability.     

Early ironwork in Biscay: Survey,excavation, experimentation and materials characterization. An integral study of the mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte or “haizeolak”)

ABSTRACT

The production of iron in Biscay (Basque Country, Spain) has been a hallmark of this territory of the North of the Iberian Peninsula throughout its history. The Archaeology team of the Basque Country Mining Museum has spent 13 years, so far, studying the origins of this activity through the evidences left at the old pre-hydraulic iron production workshops known as mountainside ironworks (ferrerías de monte) or haizeolak. It has catalogued 170 archaeometallurgical sites of this type in Biscay, and the archeological excavation of some of them has led to the knowledge of the different stages of the production process that took place in these workshops. The team has also experimentally reproduced the work carried out in a mountainside ironworks from the High Middle Ages, and it has currently started the characterization process of this type of activity through the study of the collected materials.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Mechanism Study on the Wear of CrAlTiN Coated High-Speed Steel Twist Drills Under Dry Cutting Conditions

As demands about environment protection are growing up, dry cutting technology is getting more and more concerns from all over the world. Main works performed here are study on dry cutting performances and wear mechanisms of M2high-speed steel (HSS) twist drills with CrAlTiN multicomponent coatings, which was deposited using magnetron sputter ion plating system, in drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, and their comparisons to those in drilling the same steel but using monolayer CrN and commercial TiN coated drills. Drilling performances of drills are evaluated mainly through the measurements of width on outer corner flank land and the cutting forces. Results show that performances of CrAlTiN coated drills are better than those of monolayer CrN and TiN coated drills. In drilling 45 and 30CrMnSiA steel, the average tool life of the CrAlTiN coated drills are 17.2 and 11.8 times higher than those of the uncoated drills. Observing wear of the drill with scanning electronic microscope, results show that there is no crack or spallation of the CrAlTiN coatings in wear zones. Main mechanism of the wear here is adhesion.     

Structural Characteristics of TiO2 Ceramic Coating by Micro-Plasma Oxidation

TiO2 ceramic coatings with thickness of 20 μm were formed on the surface of pure titanium by micro-plasma oxidation. Their micro-structures were investigated by by using X-ray diffraction and their surface images were detected by using scan electronic microscope. There were three kinds of TiO2 coatings, pure anatase type TiO2 phase, mixed phases consisted of rutile type TiO2 phase and anatase type TiO2 phase, pure rutile type TiO2 phase. The coating surface with the pure anatase type TiO2 phase is rough, while the coating surface with the pure rutile type TiO2phase is smooth. The upper coating surface with the mixed type TiO2 phases is anatase type TiO2 structure and the subsurface of the TiO2 coating is rutile type TiO2structure.