大扁平比胎侧曲梁分段解析刚度建模及验证EI北大核心CSCD

以重载大扁平比(扁平比为1)轮胎为研究对象,基于连续弹性基础的柔性胎体模型为基础,考虑柔性胎体与连续胎侧的耦合振动,建立基于连续弹性基础的柔性胎体轮胎动力学模型;建立了考虑弦预紧效应和结构弯曲特性的胎侧分段解析刚度模型;分析了胎侧曲梁几何和结构参数对胎侧分段刚度、轮胎传递特性及模态频率的影响规律。结果表明:大扁平比胎侧曲梁的径向分段刚度与胎侧曲梁的几何、结构和充气压力参数直接相关;基于胎侧曲梁分段解析刚度模型可实现对轮胎模态频率及传递特性优化设计。     

考虑充气压力效应的重载轮胎面内振动模态建模及参数辨识

针对重载轮胎胎侧径向长度和胎体宽度比值(扁平比)接近1的结构特点,提出考虑不同充气压力的轮胎面内中低频试验模态分析、动力学建模和参数辨识方法。基于欧拉梁理论,考虑胎体面内弯曲、充气压力引起的胎体梁轴向力和充气压力敏感的胎侧径向刚度,建立轮胎柔性胎体-周向分布胎侧单元-轮毂质量块耦合动力学方程;考虑柔性胎体与周向分布胎侧单元的耦合效应,开展重载轮胎不同充气压力的面内振动模态试验,获取轮胎不同充气压力的共振频率试验值;以重载轮胎不同充气压力的面内共振频率试验值和解析解的误差作为目标函数,利用遗传算法对轮胎的未知结构参数进行辨识,并对高阶模态的固有频率进行预测。结果表明:(1)重载轮胎的面内振动体现为柔性胎体与周向分布胎侧单元的耦合振动,其中在0～180 Hz内为同向振动,在180～300 Hz内为反向振动;(2)随着充气压力的增加,重载轮胎各阶共振固有频率增大;(3)充气压力引起的胎体轴向力的变化和充气压力敏感的胎侧径向刚度效应可表征不同充气压力的轮胎面内振动特性。     

基于弹性基础柔性梁的重载轮胎面内胎体与胎侧耦合建模及参数辨识

提出一种针对胎侧径向长度和胎体宽度比值(扁平比)接近1的重载子午轮胎的面内中低频试验模态分析、动力学建模和参数辨识方法。针对重载轮胎扁平比大的特点,开展柔性胎体与周向分布胎侧单元耦合的试验模态测试方法研究;建立考虑胎体面内弯曲和充气效应、胎侧惯性力和分段刚度的胎体-周向分布胎侧-轮毂耦合动力学模型,推导轮胎面内耦合固有频率解析解;开展结构参数辨识研究,预测高阶模态固有频率。结果表明:(1)重载轮胎在0~180 Hz和180~300 Hz频段内分别为柔性胎体与周向分布胎侧单元的同向与反向振动;(2)基于柔性胎体-周向分布胎侧单元-轮毂质量块耦合的模态分析和动力学建模方法可准确表征300 Hz范围内重载轮胎面内振动特征。     

重载轮胎面内欧拉梁模型及耦合振动特性研究

针对重载子午轮胎扁平比接近1的结构特点,考虑柔性胎体与胎侧的耦合特性,建立面内刚柔耦合轮胎模型,并开展模态试验和振动响应分析。考虑胎体的弯曲效应,将胎侧等效为具有集中质量的分段弹簧,建立柔性胎体与胎侧的耦合的重载轮胎面内解析模型;开展重载轮胎面内胎体与胎侧耦合的试验模态测试与分析方法研究,获取重载轮胎面内柔性胎体与胎侧耦合的各阶固有频率,并利用重载轮胎试验和解析模态参数,采用遗传算法对轮胎的结构参数进行辨识;利用有限差分法,推导基于轮胎几何、结构参数的三参数的解析等效刚度参数,建立有限自由度的重载轮胎面内刚柔耦合模型,并开展重载轮胎面内耦合模态和振动特性研究和试验验证。理论分析与试验结果表明:(1)基于胎体与胎侧耦合的模态分析方法可表征重载轮胎300Hz内的振动;(2)基于欧拉梁和有限差分法的重载轮胎刚柔耦合模型可准确表征柔性胎体和胎侧的耦合振动特征;(3)重载轮胎刚柔耦合模型能在离散自由度为80的条件下实现较高的模态预测精度,预测误差保持在5%以内;(4)Newmark-β数值算法和刚柔耦合轮胎模型能够实现轮胎面内时域振动响应的准确模拟。     

变截面梁横向振动特性的半解析法

提出一种计算变截面梁横向振动特性的半解析法。基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论给出的弯曲刚度、质量分布沿梁轴线连续或非连续变化的变截面梁横向振动方程;将该变截面梁等效为多段均匀梁,并基于相邻两段连接处的位移(位移、转角)和力(弯矩、剪力)的连续条件,建立了两相邻均匀段之间模态函数的关系;针对简支边界条件给出了计算变截面梁横向振动固有频率的特征方程和模态函数,并用Newton-Raphson方法计算其固有频率。通过与有限元法的数值结果比较说明半解析解的高精度和有效性。     

变截面粱横向振动特性半解析法

提出一种计算变截面梁横向振动特性的半解析法.基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论给出的弯曲刚度、质量分布沿梁轴线连续或非连续变化的变截面梁横向振动方程;将该变截面梁等效为多段均匀梁,并基于相邻两段连接处的位移(位移、转角)和力(弯矩、剪力)的连续条件,建立了两相邻均匀段之间模态函数的关系;针对简支边界条件给出了计算变截面梁横向振动固有频率的特征方程和模态函数,并用Newton-Raphson方法计算其固有频率.通过与有限元法的数值结果比较说明半解析解的高精度和有效性.     

基于整体式初始位移的柔性结构低频模态试验方法

大型柔性结构由于刚度较低、结构庞大，采用传统测试方法难以获取结构的整体模态。提出了一种基于整体式初始位移的大型柔性结构低频模态试验方法。推导了任意初始位移条件下结构响应，以及初始位移条件下特征系统实现算法；在柔性结构上施加整体式初始位移来获取结构的整体振动响应，基于特征系统实现算法识别了大型柔性结构的低频整体模态。以长度为30 m的三棱柱型桁架为研究对象，验证整体式初始位移激励下结构模态参数辨识的可行性，并讨论结构在白噪声工况下的辨识精度。采用具有理论解的集中质量柔性梁模态试验进一步验证所提方法，锤击法难以激发该柔性梁的基频模态，而该方法能够准确识别柔性梁的模态。结果表明，通过在柔性结构施加整体式激励可以有效辨识出结构的低频模态参数。     

轮胎结构振动声学贡献度分析及降噪方法研究

以载重子午线轮胎295/80R22.5为研究对象,建立了其三维有限元分析模型,进行了有限元模态分析和试验模态测试,对比分析表明二者具有良好的一致性,说明所建有限元分析模型的正确性。为分析轮胎的振动噪声,建立了该子午线轮胎声学边界元模型。将滚动过程中轮胎与路面的作用力作为轮胎振动激励,运用模态声学传递向量MATV技术,分析了轮胎外轮廓结构对场点的声学贡献度,通过幅值-相位法确定胎面和胎侧是声学正贡献部件。为降低轮胎结构振动辐射噪声,在声学正贡献部件胎面和胎侧处引入聚氨酯类吸音材料,噪声分析结果表明,聚氨酯材料的使用能够有效地降低胎面和胎侧的振动加速度响应,降低轮胎的振动辐射噪声。     

薄膜充气环动态特性试验研究

充气环是新一代大型空间薄膜结构的主要支撑部件,它具有轻质柔性、局部抗弯刚度低、几何非线性、高阻尼等特点。本文针对薄膜充气环动态特性,建立了一套柔性结构的动态测试系统。由于采用普通力锤极易引起结构的局部变形,本文改进了激励方式,得到薄膜充气环的面内和面外振动频响函数。通过复模态指示函数识别极点数目,采用多项式拟合识别出结构的固有频率,阻尼比和振型。分析不同充气压力下结构动态特性的变化规律,并对薄膜充气结构动态特性测试相关问题进行讨论,实验结果为空间薄膜结构有限元模型有效性验证提供依据。     

轴向力影响下大阻尼梁高频能量流响应解析模型

针对轴向力作用下大阻尼梁的高频振动问题,基于能量流分析方法构建高频动响应解析预报模型。推导梁结构的能量传递方程和能量损失方程,结合功率平衡方程构建轴向力影响下大阻尼梁的能量密度控制方程。以简支梁为典型算例,分析结构的能量密度响应,研究轴向力和结构阻尼损耗因子对高频能量流响应的影响。数值结果表明：提出的能量流响应解析模型渐进一致逼近基于波动分析法的经典模型解,可以准确预示轴向力作用下大阻尼梁的高频弯曲振动响应。随着梁结构轴向载荷和阻尼损耗因子的增加,能量密度自激励点向两端约束边界衰减速度提高。但是,梁结构的弯曲振动总能量随轴向载荷单调增加,而随阻尼损耗因子单调减小。     

考虑高阶剪切的轮胎Gough刚度模型

轮胎是一种帘线增强橡胶复合材料结构,Gough刚度是表征轮胎侧向变形与磨耗的一个重要参数,但缺乏理论推导。本文基于高阶剪切复合材料梁理论,研究子午线轮胎带束层角度对轮胎侧向变形的影响及Gough刚度的理论基础。在Fiala横梁模型的基础上,将轮胎简化为弹性基础上的复合材料梁。胎侧及胎面胶简化为弹性基础,带束和胎体简化为复合材料梁。考虑高阶剪切位移场及帘线-橡胶材料的各向异性,利用虚功原理建立模型方程,得到了复合材料梁在侧向载荷作用下的小挠度理论解,与有限元结果和已有文献结果对比验证了其合理性。算例分析表明,当胎体等效梁结构的高宽比固定时,对应Gough刚度极大值带束角度是固定的;不同的帘线模量和橡胶模量也会对Gough刚度极大值所对应的带束角度产生不同的影响;带束层厚度对Gough刚度极大值对应的带束角度影响较小。根据Gough刚度极大值准则得到了不同高宽比下的轮胎最佳带束角度,利用实际轮胎解剖结构进行了验证。本文提出的模型为子午线轮胎带束角度优选和磨耗设计提供了理论指导。      

Exploring new fields of virtual load prediction by accurate tire simulation for large deformations and flexible rim support

During the past ten years, there has been a significant trend in automotive design using low aspect ratio tires and increasingly run‐flat tires as well. In recent publications, the influence of those tire types on the dynamic loads – transferred from the road through the wheel into the car – have been examined pretty extensively, including comparative wheel force transducer measurements as well as computational results. It can be shown that the loads to the vehicle tend to increase when using low aspect ratio tires and particularly when using run‐flat tires. These tires provide higher stiffnesses while simultaneously introducing larger nonlinearities in the sidewall behavior [1–3]. Depending on manufacturer and the combination of vehicle size and wheel properties, these deformations can be so large that the tire belt and/or sidewall have contact with the rim crown (protected by the tire sidewall). The full vehicle simulation on virtual proving grounds is well established and important for the vehicle product development process. One of the most important subsystems in the virtual load assessment process, using full vehicle simulation is the tire model. The precision of that is essential for the overall accuracy of the virtual method. So the tendencies described above strongly require adaptations and improvements in the field of tire modeling. In 2007, Fraunhofer LBF together with Honda R&D started to examine the influences of low aspect ratio and run flat tires for the accuracy of full vehicle simulation results for durability relevant scenarios [3–5]. Those activities were the starting point for a four years joint activity to extend the usability of the virtual load prediction method by full vehicle simulation to application for which strong nonlinearities in the tire (large very transient deformation), but also in the vehicle model itself occur. As a part of that joint development, this paper summarizes the activities of Fraunhofer LBF to develop a dedicated tire model, which can accurately handle very large deformations of the tire up to misuse‐like applications. The model is based on the LBF tire model CDTire. In the first chapter several nonlinear extensions of the belt and sidewall model will be described which have been implemented to capture the large deformation behavior. These model extensions are also taking into account the belt‐to‐sidewall and sidewall‐to‐rim contact. To validate and to parameterize these model extensions, Fraunhofer LBF built a dedicated flat track test rig, which can be used to realize “roll‐over‐cleat” experiments using huge obstacles, so that belt‐to‐sidewall and sidewall‐to‐rim contact can be forced. This test rig will be described in chapter 2. The third chapter is dealing with the interface of the new tire model to a flexible rim. While the load transfer from road via tire into the vehicle is relatively easy to detect, for example by using wheel force transducers, the local forces acting on the rim flanges as well as on the wheel well (when e. g. passing a curb) are much more difficult to detect (in measurement as well as in simulation). LBF developed a method to detect local tire‐to‐rim interface forces and manage flexible rim simulation in Multi‐Body‐Simulation (LMS Virtual. Lab Motion – [6]). One key issue of the overall method is the capability of the tire model to predict local rim forces on the rim flanges in a suitable way. The second key issue is to combine the tire with a model of a flexible rim (which is embedded in a full vehicle MBS model). This method can be used to perform virtual load prediction of local, transient rim forces, which are the basis for CAE based fatigue life prediction of wheels applying typical durability test track and abuse load events.     

一种优化的柔性环动力学轮胎模型的研究与应用

提出了一种优化的柔性环轮胎有限元建模方法,该方法在传统的径向弹簧支撑的柔性环模型上优化了弹簧的数量并采用B21线性梁单元等效胎体的变形。该研究应用万能试验机对哑铃型轮胎橡胶片进行单轴拉伸试验,得到了应力-应变曲线,采用有限元仿真软件Abaqus对材料拉伸数据进行了超弹性和黏弹性评估拟合,在自由状态及载荷状态下对普通子午线轮胎柔性环模型进行了线性摄动模态分析,并提取了振型与固有频率。通过与Singlemodle分析结果的对比,验证了此建模方法的有效性和准确性。该研究还应用该模型预测了在动力学条件下,速度、载荷、胎压对轮胎固有频率影响的规律,为轮胎结构分析和设计提供了参考。     

轮胎气压对汽车振动噪声的影响

影响汽车振动噪声的因素有设计、材料、胎压、结构、路况等,研究轮胎充气压力变化对轮胎和整车振动噪声的影响。通过实验数据和理论分析得知,轮胎刚度与固有频率随轮胎充气压力的升高而增加;悬架与汽车振动特性随轮胎充气压力的变化而有较明显改变;轮胎气压对气泵噪声也有不同程度的影响;胎压对轮胎噪声水平影响不大,而且对实验用轮胎噪声水平影响不具有规律性;胎压升高使得轮胎减振性能下降,增加整车冲击振动感,降低汽车行驶平顺性和乘坐舒适性。因此,合理的轮胎充气压力,不但可以降低和改善整车振动噪声;而且还可以提高汽车行驶平顺性与乘坐舒适性。     

约束膜式空气弹簧的刚度建模与分析

针对空气弹簧实际刚度与理论值相差较大的问题,建立了约束膜式空气弹簧的改进刚度模型。改进模型兼顾弹性膜弧长变化及其变形引起的腔室体积变化,理论与实验刚度的偏差为9.67%,相比传统模型计算精度提高7.63%。基于改进刚度模型的分析结果表明:大腔室体积、小有效面积、大弹性膜圆弧半径的结构设计,高弧长变化率的材料及高充气压强的工作方式有利于实现低刚度隔振特性。该研究为大承载、低频/超低频约束膜式空气弹簧的结构优化设计与精密加工提供了有效的理论依据。     

子午线轮胎静负荷实验的有限元模拟

建立了一种子午线轮胎的三维非线性有限元模型,来模拟子午线轮胎的静负荷试验。模型中考虑了橡胶材料的非线性和不可压缩性、帘线-橡胶复合材料的各向异性、轮胎大变形导致的几何非线性以及轮胎与轮辋、轮胎与路面的接触非线性边界条件。提出了一种单元重叠技术,通过重叠不可压缩橡胶单元和描述帘线的单元来模拟帘线-橡胶复合材料,这种单元重叠技术产生的轮胎模型比正交各向异性模型计算过程更稳定。通过有限元分析,得到了子午线轮胎在充气压力和静负荷作用下的变形和应力分布情况以及接地区的压力分布情况,并将计算结果与试验结果进行了比较,两者吻合得很好。     

Baseline rolling resistance for tires’ on-road fuel efficiency using finite element modeling

Calculation of truck tires rolling resistance, using the finite element method and considering variables such as incompressible visco-hyperelastic rubber materials, accurate tire geometry and steady temperature distribution, is presented. The model was validated using experimentally measured contact area and contact stresses. Rolling resistance was calculated for three values of axle load, tire inflation pressure, temperature and speed. In addition, regression analysis was used to propose a mathematical expression for predicting rolling resistance as a function of the considered variables. Finally, the contribution of tire’s rubber components to the internal energy was quantified, and it was found that sidewall and subtread were the most relevant. The results of this study will help differentiate the contribution of pavement parameters, such as mean profile depth and international roughness index, to fuel efficiency.     

一种新型轮胎的设计与分析

 为了提高轮胎的防刺破、防爆胎和安全防弹性能,减轻重量,提出一种用于某型轮式特种车辆的无气轮胎,探索出一种新的轮胎设计方法.通过力学分析,建立了轮胎的结构模型,并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS对轮胎进行与地面的非线性大变形接触分析,获得车辆静态承载时车轮的受力与变形关系及应力分布情况,得到一些重要的设计参数,从而可以合理选材,改善胎体结构,优化设计方案.通过变形和接触力的关系得到轮胎的径向刚度曲线,为下一步的仿真分析提供重要的刚度参数.     

Bending stiffness of a tire-belt structure with steel cords

The modern belt structure of a radial tire is a composite strip composed of bias-laminated rubber sheets unidirectionally reinforced with steel cords. The out-of-plane bending stiffness of the belt was analyzed by using classical lamination theory, with special consideration of the bending stiffness of steel cords made of several twisted steel filaments and the coupled bending-shear deformation. It is shown that the bending stiffness of the belt markedly decreases with increase of bias angle and is seriously influenced by restraint conditions of the coupled bending-shear strain and the anticlastic curvature. The measured results of bending stiffness and coupled bending-shear strain agree well with the theoretical predictions.     

基于LuGre摩擦模型的轮胎多边形磨损机理分析

多边形磨损是汽车轮胎磨损研究中的一个新课题,具有重要的理论价值和研究意义。考虑轮胎接地磨擦的非线性特性,建立了基于LuGre摩擦模型的轮胎多边形磨损的动力学模型。通过仿真给出了能够引起自激振动的车速和轮胎初始前束角范围。这些结果为减小或消除轮胎的自激振动提供了理论依据。